Crosscutting Concepts (C3)– Melding Mechanisms, Models, & Minds

Richard A. Duschl The Pennsylvania State UniversityBuilding Capacity for State Science Education – September 30, 2011

Crosscutting Concepts Core Ideas

+ Scientific Practices Inquiry & Nature of Science

Curriculum Instruction Aligned + Assessment Instruction-Assisted Development & Learning Performances

When did NOS become a focus of Science Education?

James Bryant Conant (1947) On Understanding Science: An Historical Approach (Yale University Press) Science Education for Non-scientists – lawyers, writers, teachers, public servants, businessman

Clarification of Popular Thinking about Methods of ScienceClose study of a FEW SIMPLE Case Histories

Cultural Assimilation of Science . . .in the New Age of machines and experts.Some understanding of science – Pure & Applied (Is research & method different?) vs. Social Sciences (Is it really science?)

Tactics & Strategies of Science as the goal of science education for non-scientists (p 12)“The stumbling way in which even the ablest of

the early scientists had to fight through thickets of enormous observation, misleading generalizations, inadequate formulations and unconscious prejudice is the story which it seem to me needs telling” (p 15)Philosophical analysis has led to misunderstandings of science (Logical positivism, language & logic)“The case histories would almost all be chosen from early days in the evolution of the modern discipline.” (p 17)

Physics – 17th & 18th CenturiesChemistry – 18th & 19th CenturiesGeology – early 19th CenturiesBiology – 18th & 19th Centuries (certain phases)

From Duschl & Hamilton (2011). Science. In P. Alexander & R. Mayer, eds. Handbook on Learning and Teaching, London: Routledge.

[P]hilosophy of science had been conducted in a relatively a priori fashion…with philosophers of science just thinking about what scientists ought to do, rather than about what they actually do do. This all began to change in the 1960s and 1970s, when philosophy of science took its’ so-called “historical turn.” [emphasis in original] (Carruthers et al., 2002, p. 3)It became important, then, to see science, too, as a natural phenomenon, somehow recruiting a variety of natural processes and mechanisms–both cognitive and social–to achieve its results. Philosophers of science began to look, not just to history, but also to cognitive psychology in their search for an understanding of scientific activity. (Carruthers et al., 2002, p. 4)

Pickering’s Mangle of Practice“three elements: a “material procedure” which involves setting up, running and monitoring an apparatus; an “instrumental model,” which conceives how the apparatus should function; and a “phenomenal model,” which “endows experimental findings within meaning and significance . . . a conceptual understanding of whatever aspect of the phenomenal world is under investigation. The “hard work” of science comes in trying to make all these work together” (Zammito, 2004; pp. 226-227).Ford, M. (2008). “Grasp of practice” as a reasoning resource for inquiry and nature of science understanding. Science & Education, 17, 147–177.

 

Deepening & BroadeningScientific Explanations

(Thagard, 2007)Epistemic Achievements

Relativity TheoryQuantum TheoryAtomic Theory of MatterEvolution by Natural SelectionGenetics/Cell TheoryGerm Theory of DiseasePlate Tectonic Theory

Epistemic Attempts/Failures

Crystalline Spheres AstronomyCatastrophist (Flood) GeologyPhlogiston Theory of ChemistryCaloric Theory of HeatVital Force Theory of PhysiologyEther Theories of Electromagnetism and OpticsTheories of Spontaneous Generation

Thomas Eakin

“The GrossClinic”

1875

Taking Science to School (TSTS)

Ready, Set Science! (RSS)

National Research Council 2007

What Is Science?Science is built up of facts as a house is of stones,

but a collection of facts is no more a science than a pile of stones is a house. -Henri Poincare

Science involves:Building/Refining theories and modelsCollecting and analyzing data from observations or experiments Constructing & Critiquing argumentsUsing specialized ways of talking, writing and representing phenomena

Science is a social phenomena with unique norms for participation in a community of peers.NRC, 2007 Taking Science to School

Teaching Science Practices 1. Science in Social InteractionsA. Participation in argumentation that leads to refining knowledge claims

B. Coordination of evidence to build and refine theories and models

2. The Specialized Language of ScienceA. Identify and ask questionsB. Describe epistemic status of an ideaC. Critique an idea apart from the author or proponent3. Work with Scientific Representations and Tools

A. Use diagrams, figures, visualizations and mathematical representations to convey complex ideas, patterns, trends and proposed.

NRC, 2007 Taking Science to School

National Research Council 1996 AAAS 1993

National Science Education Standards Content DomainsBig CsLife SciencePhysical ScienceEarth/Space ScienceInquiry

Little CsUnifying Principles & ThemesScience & TechnologyScience in Personal & Social ContextsNature of Science

NAEP 2009

C3The set of crosscutting concepts defined here is similar to those that appear in other standards documents, in which they have been called “unifying concepts” (NSES) or “common themes” (SFAA) . Regardless of the labels or organizational schemes used in these documents, all of them stress that it is important for students to come to recognize the concepts common to so many areas of science and engineering.

Tissue Engineering Laboratory Georgia Tech (Nersessian, 2008)

Science for All Americans

Common ThemesSystemsModels – Physical, Conceptual, MathematicalConstancy & Change –

Constancy - Stability and Equilibrium, Conservation, Symmetry, Patterns of Change – Trends, Cycles, ChaosEvolution – Possibilities, Rates, Interactions

Scale

NSESUnifying Concepts and Processes

Systems, order and organizationEvidence, models and explanationChange, constancy and measurementEvolution and equilibriumForm and Function

NSES

Cubes (C3) for Cubers(CS3)

Patterns (5)Cause & Effect (5)Scale, Proportion & Quantity (2)Systems and Systems Models (1, 3, 7)Energy and Matter in Systems (4)Form & Function (6)Stability (1)

Science: College Board Standards for College Success

Science & (Engineering) Practices

1. Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering) (1)2. Developing and using models (4)3. Planning and carrying out investigations (2)4. Analyzing and interpreting data (3)5. Using mathematics and computational thinking (5)6. Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering) (4)7. Engaging in argument from evidence (4)8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information (1-5)

Science: College Board Standards for College Success

Science & (Engineering) Practices

Patterns (3, 4)Cause & Effect (2)Scale, Proportion & Quantity (4)Systems and Systems Models (5)Energy and Matter in Systems (1)Form & Function (1)Stability (4, 5)

Science: College Board Standards for College Success

C3

“(The) crosscutting concepts begins with two concepts that are fundamental to the nature of science: that observed patterns can be explained and that science investigates cause and-effect relationships by seeking the mechanisms that underlie them.”

C3The next concept—scale, proportion, and quantity—concerns the sizes of things and the mathematical relationships among disparate elements.The next four concepts—systems and system models, energy and matter flows, structure and function, and stability and change—are interrelated in that the first is illuminated by the other three. Each concept also stands alone as one that occurs in virtually all areas of science and is an important consideration for engineered systems as well.

Source-Transmission-Receptor

Theory of ObservationShapere, D. (1982). The concept of observation in science and philosophy. Philosophy of Science, 59,

485-525.

Theory of Source - Theory of Transmission - Theory of Reception Neutrino Capture Experiments – Vats in Deep Earth MinesOcean Salinity Measurements – Satellite detected Salinity Variations in Oceans to Model Climate Change Groundwater Depletion Measurements – Coupled satellites processing gravity fluctuations

Problematizing Evidence/Discovery Science

Theory/Model-Building Viewof Scientific Inquiry

Duschl, 2003 ‘E-E Continuum’ Assessment of Inquiry

Pattern/Model

Explanation/Theory

Measurement/Observation

Data

EvidenceProblem/Question

Evidence-Explanation Continuum• It has in its heart the question: “What

counts”?• It seeks to work out the details of the

process of constructing scientific explanations

• It refers to both the content and nature of explanations and the dialectic process of explanation construction and communication within social contexts

• It considers not only cognitive, but also epistemological and social aspects of dealing with data that lead to a change in scientific understandings

4 Strands of Scientific Proficiency

Know, use and interpret scientific explanations of the natural world.

Generate and evaluate scientific evidence and explanations.

Understand the nature and development of scientific knowledge.

Participate productively in scientific practices and discourse.

 INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN CROSSCUTTING CONCEPTS AND

DISCIPLINARY CORE IDEASCrosscutting concepts should be reinforced by repeated use of them in the context of instruction in the disciplinary core ideas presented in Chapters 5-8. Crosscutting concepts can provide a connective structure that supports students’ understanding of sciences as disciplines and that facilitates their comprehension of the systems under study in particular disciplines. Crosscutting concepts should not be taught in isolation from the examples provided in the disciplinary context. Moreover, use of a common language for these concepts across disciplines will help students recognize that the same concept is relevant across different contexts.

Assessments to Capture Performance, Gauge Progress

Embedded - part of daily teaching/activitiesFormal/informal observations Ss performance relative to content and epistemic practices.

Benchmark - occur periodically within moduleTied to specific epistemic/reasoning practice; e.g., causal explanations; modeling; argumentation

Performance - larger events, Ss presented with problem that requires both content and epistemic practices

Use knowledge in generative way, use evidence to support explanations,

Create Learning PerformancesWhat are Learning Performances?

Learning performances define, in cognitive terms, what it means for learners to “understand” a particular ideaLearning performances define how the knowledge is used in reasoning about questions and phenomena

Why Learning PerformancesKnow or understand is too vaguePerformances require learners to use the ideas.

Use terms that describe the performance you want students to learn and be able to do.

Identify, Define, Refine, Analyze and Interpret data, Explain, Build, Model, Design …

New View of NOSC3 & SPs

Emphasizes the role of models and data construction in the scientific practices of theory development. Sees the scientific community, and not individual scientists, as an essential part of the scientific process. Sees the cognitive scientific processes and scientific practices as a distributed system that includes instruments, forms of representation, and agreed upon systems for communication and argument.

New Technologies and Tools give rise to New Theories - Thank You!

New Technologies

Electro-spray Ionization Mass Spectrometer Nobel Prize for John Fenn - Yale University

Evolution of Seismographs

New ToolsCrust of the Earth as Related to Zoology

San Francisco Topo Map & Google Earth

Geographic Information Systems

New Theories Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny