Cross Section Elements

7/28/2019 Cross Section Elements

1/27

IBW]B KF^QKQ]QM DL QMNCFD@DE[

Erbaubtm ^ncdd` dl Mfekfmmrkfe

B @mnturm kf _mskamftkb`

^trmmtWrmsmftma oy

Ar& Qdibs ]& Ebfkrdf Jr


2/27

B rmskamftkb` strmmt&


3/27

OBNHE_D]FAQcm nrdss smntkdf dl b rdba kfnùams sdim drb`` dl tcm ld``dwkfe m`mimfts:

Qrbvm`ma wby #tcm pdrtkdf dl tcm rdbawbyprdvkama ldr tcm idvmimft dl vmckn`ms,mxnùskvm dl scduàmrs+

_dbawby #tcm pdrtkdf dl b ckecwby,kfnùakfe scduàmrs, prdvkama ldr vmcknu`brusm+

Imakbf brmb #tcm pcysknb` dr pbkftmasmpbrbtkdf prdvkama df akvkama ckecwbysomtwmmf twd bajbnmft rdbawbys+


4/27

Arbkfbem ncbffm`s bfa skam s`dpms N`mbr zdfm wkatc #k&m&, tcm akstbfnm lrdi tcm

maem dl tcm trbvm`ma wby td mktcmr b lkxma

dostbn`m dr fdfrmvmrsko`m s`dpm+

Ndfskamrma bs b skfe`m ufkt, b`` tcmsm nrdss)smntkdf

m`mimfts amlkfm tcm ckecwby rkect)dl)wby&

Qcm rkect)dl)wby nbf om amsnrkoma emfmrb``y bs tcm

puo`kn`y dwfma pbrnm` dl `bfa tcbt mfndipbssms b``tcm vbrkdus nrdss)smntkdf m`mimfts #smm Lkeurms


5/27

L keurm


6/27

^dim amnkskdfs bodut nrdss smntkdf brmibam aurkfe prdjmnt amvm`dpimft, sunc bstcm nbpbnkty bfa fuiomr dl `bfms ldr tcmlbnk`kty&

Dtcmr amnkskdfs, sunc bs lufntkdfb`n`bssklknbtkdf, brm ibam mbr`kmr kf tcmprdnmss& Uktckf tcmsm pbrbimtmrs, tcmBB^CQD eukam`kfms rmndiimfa b rbfem dl

vb`ums ldr tcm akimfskdfs td usm ldr nrdsssmntkdfb` m`mimfts&

Amnkakfe wcknc dl tcm m`mimfts tdkfn`uam bfa sm`mntkfe tcm bpprdprkbtm

akimfskdfs wktckf tcmsm rbfems ks tcm rd`mdl tcm amskefmr


7/27

]robf ckecwby nrdss smntkdf amskef lmbturms bfa tmris


8/27

Kf sm`mntkfe tcm bpprdprkbtm nrdsssmntkdfm`mimfts bfa akimfskdfs, amskefmrs fmma tdndfskamr b fuiomr dl lbntdrs, kfnùakfe tcmld``dwkfe:

\dùim bfa ndipdsktkdf #pmrnmft trunhs, ousms,bfa rmnrmbtkdfb` vmckn`ms+ dl tcm vmcknu`br trbllknmxpmntma td usm tcm lbnk`kty

Qcm `khm`kcdda tcbt oknyn`ksts bfa pmamstrkbfs wk`ùsm tcm rdutm

N`kibtkn ndfaktkdfs #m&e&, tcm fmma td prdvkamstdrbem spbnm ldr p`dwma sfdw+

Qcm prmsmfnm dl fbturb` dr cuibfibamdostruntkdfs bajbnmft td tcm rdbawby #m&e&, rdnhn`klls, `brem trmms, wmt`bfas, oukàkfes, pdwmr `kfms+

Qypm bfa kftmfskty dl amvm`dpimft b`dfe tcmsmntkdf dl tcm ckecwby lbnk`kty tcbt ks omkfeamskefma


9/27

^blmty dl tcm usmrs

Qcm idst bpprdprkbtm amskefldr b ckecwby kiprdvmimft ks

tcm dfm tcbt ob`bfnms tcm

idok`kty fmmas dl tcm pmdp`muskfe tcm lbnk`kty #idtdrksts,

pmamstrkbfs, dr oknyn`ksts+ wktc

tcm pcysknb` ndfstrbkfts dl tcmndrrkadr wktckf wcknc tcm

lbnk`kty ks `dnbtma


10/27

Qcm `khm`kcdda dl pmamstrkbf bfa oknyn`m trbllkn ks dfm lbntdr td

ndfskamr wcmf amskefkfe tcm nrdss smntkdf dl b lbnk`kty&


11/27

N_D^^ ^MNQKDF M@MIMFQ^ Qrbvm` @bfms

Qcm fuiomr dl `bfms fmmama ldr b lbnk`kty ksusub``y amtmrikfma aurkfe tcm ndfnmpt stbem dlprdjmnt amvm`dpimft& Kt ks usub``y tcm fuiomr dl`bfms fmnmssbry td bnndiidabtm tcm mxpmntmatrbllkn vd`uims bt b `mvm` dl smrvknm amtmrikfma tdom bpprdprkbtm ldr tcm lbnk`kty& Mbnc baaktkdfb` `bfmrmprmsmfts bf kfnrmbsm kf tcm trbllkn nbrrykfe

nbpbok`kty dl tcm lbnk`kty&Hfdwkfe luturm prdjmntma trbvm` amibfas, tcm

amskefmr, uskfe tcm bfb`ysks prdnmaurms kf tcmCkecwby Nbpbnkty Ibfub`, nbf prdvkam kfput kftdtcm amnkskdf ibhkfe prdnmss aurkfe prdjmntamvm`dpimft td amtmrikfm tcm bpprdprkbtm fuiomr

dl trbvm` `bfms ldr tcm `mvm` dl smrvknm amskrma&Ndiiufkty kfput b`sd p`bys b pbrt kf tcks amnkskdf&


12/27

B ndiiufkty iby amnkam tcrduecpuo`kn kfvd`vmimft tcbt b `dwmr `mvm`dl smrvknm ks bnnmptbo`m ldr tcmsktubtkdf tcbf tcm `mvm` dl smrvknmfdrib``y prdvkama ldr fmwndfstruntkdf prdjmnts&

Kf urobf bfa suourobf brmbs,skefb`kzma kftmrsmntkdfs brm usub``ytcm prmadikfbft lbntdr ndftrd``kfetcm nbpbnkty dl tcm ckecwby drstrmmt&

Qcmrm iby om idrm `btktuam kfamtmrikfkfe tcm fuiomr dl `bfms ldrtcmsm typms dl lbnk`ktkms&


13/27

Ldr mxbip`m, b twd `bfm lbnk`ktybpprdbnckfe bf kftmrsmntkdf nbf ommxpbfama td ldur `bfms #dfm `mlt turf

`bfm, twd tcrduec `bfms, dfm rkectturf `bfm+ bt tcm kftmrsmntkdf ktsm`lbfa tcmf rmturfma td twd `bfmsomydfa tcm kftmrsmntkdf&

Qcm fmma td akstrkoutm trbllknsblm`y wk`` amtmrikfm tcm fmma ldrbfy mxpbfskdf dl tcm bpprdbncrdbawby& Qcm baama `bfms bt tcm

kftmrsmntkdf nbf om kf b vbrkmty dlndflkeurbtkdfs td smrvm tcm trbvm`amskrms dl tcm trbllkn&


14/27

@bfm UkatcQcm wkatc dl trbvm` `bfms ks

`kiktma oy tcm pcysknb` akimfskdfs dlbutdidok`ms bfa trunhs td b rbfemomtwmmf ?&5 bfa >&< i #; bfa 2? lt+&

Emfmrb``y, bs tcm amskef spmma dlb ckecwby kfnrmbsms, sd iust tcm

`bfm wkatc td b``dw ldr tcm `btmrb`idvmimft dl vmckn`ms wktckf tcm`bfm&

Cdwmvmr, ndfstrkntma rkect dl wby

bfa dtcmr amskef rmstrkntkdfs nbfcbvm bf kipbnt df tcks amnkskdf&


15/27

B` tcduec bfm wkatc s d l >&< i brmamskrbo`m df odtc rurb` bfa uro bf

lbnk ` k t kms, tcmrm brm nkrn ui stbfnms tcbt

fmnmss k tbtm tcm usm dl bfms mss tcbf >&&> i bfms ksbnnmp tbo`m& @bfms >&7 i w kam brm

bnnmptbo`m df dw spmma lbnk ` kt kms&

@bfms ?&5 i w kam brm bpp rdpr kbtm df

`dw vd`ui m rdbas kf rurb ` bfa rmskamft kb`brmbs&


16/27

B `bfasnbpma imakbf


17/27

ImakbfsBf kipdrtbft ndfskamrbtkdf kf tcm amskef dl bfy

iu`tk`bfm ckecwby ks wcmtcmr td prdvkam b imakbf bfa, kldfm ks prdvkama, wcbt tcm akimfskdfs scdu`a om& Qcmprkibry lufntkdfs dl ckecwby imakbfs brm td:

^mpbrbtm dppdskfe trbllkn l`dws

Wrdvkam b rmndvmry brmb ldr dut dl ndftrd` vmckn`ms

B``dw spbnm ldr spmma ncbfems bfa `mlt turfkfe bfa ]

turfkfe vmckn`ms Ikfkikzm cmba`kect e`brm

Wrdvkam wkatc ldr luturm `bfms #pbrtknu`br`y kf suourobfbrmbs+

Wrdvkam b spbnm ldr `bfasnbpm p`bftkfe tcbt ks kf hmmpkfewktc sblmty fmmas bfa kiprdvms tcm bmstcmtkns dl tcmlbnk`kty

Wrdvkam b spbnm ldr obrrkmrs&


18/27

Ampmfakfe df bemfny prbntknm bfaspmnklkn `dnbtkdf rmqukrmimfts, imakbfsiby om amprmssma, rbksma, dr lùsc wktc tcm

surlbnm dl tcm trbvm`ma wby&Imakbfs scduà cbvm b akimfskdf tcbtks kf ob`bfnm wktc tcm dtcmr m`mimfts dltcm tdtb` ckecwby nrdss smntkdf&

Qcm emfmrb` rbfem dl imakbf wkatcs ks

lrdi 2&? i #1 lt+, usub``y kf urobf brmbs, td?1 i #37 lt+ dr idrm, kf rurb` brmbs&

Bf dllsmt dl bt `mbst b =77 ii #2&= lt+scduà om prdvkama omtwmmf bfy vmrtknb`m`mimft `dnbtma wktckf tcm imakbf, suncbs b nuro dr obrrkmr, bfa tcm maem dl tcmbajbnmft trbvm`ma `bfm&


19/27

Qcm amskef bfa wkatc dl imakbfsbebkf rmqukrm trbamdlls ldr amskefmrs&

Kf `dnbtkdfs wcmrm tcm tdtb`

bvbk`bo`m rkect dl wby ks rmstrkntma, bwkam imakbf iby fdt om amskrbo`m kl ktrmqukrms fbrrdwkfe tcm brmbs bajbnmft tdtcm dutskam maem dl tcm trbvm`ma wby&

B rmbsdfbo`m odramr wkatc ks

rmqukrma td smrvm bs b oullmr omtwmmfprkvbtm amvm`dpimft b`dfe tcm rdba bfatcm maem dl tcm trbvm`ma wby, bfa spbnmiby om fmmama ldr skamwb`hs, ckecwbyskefs, utk`ktkms, pbrhkfe, arbkfbem

ncbffm`s bfa strunturms, prdpmr s`dpmsbfa n`mbr zdfms, bfa bfy rmtbkfma fbtkvmp`bft ibtmrkb`&


20/27

Df tcm dtcmr cbfa, wkamr

imakbfs prdvkam idrm spbnm ldr

p`bft ibtmrkb`, dllmr b rmluem ldrpmamstrkbfs bt kftmrsmntkdfs,

bfa cm`p sdltmf tcm `ddh dl tcm

rdbawby&

Kfn`uakfe bfa amskefkfe

imakbfs rmqukrms puo`kn kfput td

lkfa tcm amskef tcbt immts tcm

fmmas dl tcm ndiiufkty&


21/27

Qwd wby `mlt turf`bfms kiprdvm sblmtybfa mllknkmfny ldr

vmcknu`br trbllknout ad fdt blldra bsblm rmluem ldr pmamstrkbfs


22/27

Qcm usm dl twd wby `mlt turf `bfmsdf urobf strmmts kf amfsm`yamvm`dpma suourobf ndiimrnkb`

brmbs cbs kfnrmbsma bs bfb`tmrfbtkvm td rbksma imakbfs wktc`mlt turf dr ] turf obys&

B`tcduec fdt bs bmstcmtknb``yp`mbskfe bs rbksma, p`bftma imakbfs,

ndftkfudus `mlt turf `bfms nbfkiprdvm nbpbnkty&

Qwd wby `mlt turf `bfms emfmrb``ybrm fdt rmndiimfama kf rmskamftkb`

brmbs omnbusm tcmy ad fdt blldra bsblm rmluem ldr pmamstrkbfs& B`sd, tcmfuiomr dl arkvmwbys nbf nrmbtmufsblm vmckn`m ibfmuvmr


23/27

^cdu`amrs kfnrmbsm sblmty bfa ckecwby nbpbnkty bfa prdvkam b

p`bnm ldr pmamstrkbfs bfa oknyn`ksts wcmf fd skamwb`hs

brm prdvkama


24/27

^cdu`amrsB`tcduec tcm pcysknb` akimfskdfs

dl butdidok`ms bfa trunhs `kikt tcmobskn wkatc dl trbvm` `bfms, tcmtrmbtimft dl tcbt pdrtkdf dl tcmckecwby td tcm rkect dl tcm bntub`trbvm`ma wby, tcbt ks, tcm /rdbawbymaem,/ prdvkams tcm amskefmr wktc bermbtmr amermm dl l`mxkok`kty&

Qcks ks trum kf odtc urobf bfa

rurb` brmbs, b`tcduec akllmrmft amskefm`mimfts brm idrm bpprdprkbtm kfmbnc `dnbtkdf&


25/27

^cduàmr wkatcs typknb``y vbry

lrdi bs `ktt`m bs 7&< i #? lt+ df ikfdr

rurb` rdbas, wcmrm tcmrm ks fd surlbnkfe,

td bodut >&< i #2? lt+ df ibjdr ckecwbys,wcmrm tcm mftkrm scduàmr iby om

stbok`kzma dr pbvma&

Qcm trmbtimft dl scduàmrs ks

kipdrtbft lrdi b fuiomr dlpmrspmntkvms, kfnùakfe sblmty, tcm

nbpbnkty dl tcm ckecwby smntkdf, kipbnt

df tcm surrdufakfe mfvkrdfimft, bfa

odtc tcm kfktkb` nbpktb` dut`by bfa

dfedkfe ibkftmfbfnm bfa dpmrbtkfe

ndsts& Qcm scduàmr amskef scduà

ob`bfnm tcmsm lbntdrs&


26/27

Ldr mxbip`m, b amskefmr iustndfskamr tcm kipbnt dl tcm scduàmrwkatc bfa dtcmr rdbaskam m`mimfts

df tcm surrdufakfe mfvkrdfimft bfa,bt tcm sbim tkim, cdw tcmsmakimfskdfs wk`` bllmnt nbpbnkty&

Mvmf wktc b ibxkiui `bfm wkatcdl >&< i #2? lt+, tcm bosmfnm dl b

scduàmr dr tcm prmsmfnm dl bfdostruntkdf bt tcm maem dl tcm trbvm``bfm nbf rmsu`t kf b rmauntkdf kfnbpbnkty dl bs iunc bs >7 pmrnmft,ndipbrma td bf brmb wcmrm scduàmrdr n`mbr zdfm mxksts tcbt ks bikfkiui 2&3 i #< lt+ wkam&


27/27

Df tcm dtcmr cbfa, skefklknbft

mfvkrdfimftb`, snmfkn, dr ckstdrkn

rmsdurnms iby om bavmrsm`y bllmntma

oy b wkamfma scdu`amr&

Bfdtcmr ndfskamrbtkdf ks tcm

bnndiidabtkdf dl pmamstrkbfs bfa

fdf idtdrkzma vmckn`ms& Kf ibfypbrts dl tcm nduftry, ckecwby

scdu`amrs prdvkam b smpbrbtm

trbvm`ma wby ldr pmamstrkbfs,

oknyn`ksts, bfa dtcmrs #wcmf fdskamwb`hs brm prdvkama+&

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