Croda’s Guide to Sustainable PolymersReasons to buy

Bio-based additives for use in

biopolymer applications

l

l

l

Reduced environmental impact

Eff cient energy consumption

Innovation you can build onTM

Croda’s Guide to Sustainable Polymers

2

Environmental trends are moving towards sustainable, renewable products which have minimal impact on the environment. Croda is committed to delivering high performance products that meet the needs of our customers whilst ensuring our activities have minimal environmental impact.

This brochure is split into 4 sections and details the following topics:

l How our additives can reduce energy consumptionl Our range of bio-based materials l Products suitable for use in biopolymersl Our green credentials

Process ImprovementsMany of Croda’s Polymer Additive products provide significant process improvements, including:

l Increased outputl Improved polymer flow l Easier processing l Reduced processing temperatures and pressuresl Decreased friction and mold release forcel Reduced wear on equipment l Fewer rejects and waste

All of these benefits result in reduced energy consumption and can often mean a cost saving.

Increased Production Efficiency With IncroMold SA customer approached Croda for help to reduce cycle time when injection molding black HIPS TV parts. The part weighed 286 g and involved a 50 second cooling phase. The customer was able to produce 38 parts per hour when using a silicone spray every 3 shots.

Croda recommended adding IncroMoldTM S at a level of 0.4%. The customer found that they no longer had to use the silicone spray to remove the part from the mold, which allowed for a continuous production process. IncroMold S improved polymer flow, resulting in a reduced cooling time of 45 seconds (a 10% improvement). The overall result was an increase in production to 47 parts per hour or a 23% increase in product efficiency and a cost saving for the customer.

IncroMaxTM 100 functions as a slip additive and processing aid for PET by reducing internal friction. It also provides an increased output of the polymer when processing at lower extruder speeds and temperatures. Such processing improvements result in lower energy required to extrude PET which in turn provides cost savings for your business.

Energy SavingFor a processor using 10,000 tonnes of PET resin a year, the inclusion of just 0.3% IncroMax 100 can reduce the amount of energy required for extrusion by 40% when processing at 275 ºC.Annual energy for processing PET: 9.9 million MJAnnual energy for processing PET + 0.3% IncroMax 100: 5.9 million MJEnergy saving = 4 million MJ

Cost SavingThe above energy savings which are the result of adding IncroMax 100 to PET during processing translates to annual cost saving of € 20,000.*Processing cost for PET = € 495,000Processing cost of PET + 0.3% IncroMax 100 = € 475,000Annual cost saving = € 20,000*Assuming the cost of electricity to be € 0.05/MJ

udy St Ca se

udy St Ca se

Additives from bio-based sources

*The biodegradability notation denotes ≥60% biodegradation in OECD 301 series (or equivalent) 28 day test method. The inherently biodegradable notation denotes <60% biodegradation in an OECD 301 series (or equivalent) 28 day test method and the biodegradation curve has not reached a plateau.

Where literature or read across methods have been employed the prefix “expected” has been used **The bio-based content refers to the % of the end product that is derived from renewable resources

3

Consumers are becoming increasingly more aware of the nature of the packaging they use and its impact on the environment. For example, global legislation around the use of plastic bags is getting tighter as the population uses over a trillion single-use plastic bags each year. This is leading to fast growth in the use of bio-based and biodegradable plastics.

66.1% of the raw materials used by Croda in 2015 came from natural,

renewable sources

Trade name Chemical description % Bio-based content Biodegradability

Slip & anti-block

CrodamideTM ER Erucamide 95 BiodegradableCrodamide VRX Oleamide 94 Expected to be biodegradableCrodamide SRV Stearamide 94 BiodegradableCrodamide BR Behenamide 95 Expected to be biodegradable

High Performance products

Slip

IncroslipTM B Proprietary 95 Expected to be biodegradableIncroslip SL Proprietary 94 Expected to be inherently biodegradableIncroslip C Proprietary 95 BiodegradableIncroslip G Proprietary 95 BiodegradableIncroslip Q Proprietary 95 Expected to be biodegradable

Mold release

IncroMold F Proprietary 94 Expected to be biodegradableIncroMold S Proprietary 95 BiodegradableIncroMax 100 Proprietary 100 Expected to be biodegradableIncroMax PS Proprietary 95 Biodegradable

Anti-static

AtmerTM 122 Glycerol ester 100 Expected to be biodegradableAtmer 125 Glycerol ester 100 BiodegradableAtmer 129 Glycerol ester 100 BiodegradableAtmer 1013 Glycerol ester 100 Biodegradable

Anti-fog

Atmer 100 Sorbitan ester 100 BiodegradableAtmer 103 Sorbitan ester 100 BiodegradableAtmer 1006 Glycerol ester 100 Expected to be biodegradableAtmer 1010§ Glycerol ester 99 Expected to be biodegradable

Pigment dispersion

Atmer 104 Sorbitan ester 100 Expected to be biodegradable

WPC lubricants

IncroMax 100 Proprietary 100 Expected to be biodegradable

Additives for bio-polymers

Biopolymers are polymers that are made from bio-based materials (consisting of renewable carbon) such as cellulose, starch, protein and DNA.

The biopolymer market is growing rapidly and attracting much interest, however, there are still some questions and concerns around performance and processability. In order to compete with conventional plastics, biopolymers require additives to improve these issues.

Problems With BiopolymersBiopolymers can exhibit a number of problems including:

l High friction / adhesionl Limited impact strength and heat resistancel Can require enhancements in melt strength, thermal stability and lubrication

Key Benefits Of Our AdditivesCroda offer a range of additives that are suitable for use in bio-based polymers that can help overcome a number of these issues, including:

l Slip & anti-blockl Mold releasel Torque releasel Anti-staticl Anti-fogl UV absorption

4

Slip In Polyester Based BiopolymersCroda’s slip additives for polyester based bio-polymers can improve overall processability in PLA film and sheet manufacturing and during injection molding by:

l Decreasing friction by up to 50%l Improving mold releasel Improving packaging density of molded partsl Increasing scratch and scuff resistancel Improving surface qualityl Improved pigment dispersion and melt flow during processing

These additives have minimal impact on colour, clarity and physical properties of the biopolymer.

Renewable base Application

Starch-based polymers Films, molding, extrusion

Polyhydroxyalkanoates Molding, films

Polylactic acid Films, molding, fibres

Green polyethylene Films, injection molding

Blends Films, extrusion, molding

PLA biopolymer (no slip control)

0.5% IncroMax 100

0.5% Crodamide ER/BR (7:3)

Example

Figure 1: Kinetic CoF of Crodamide ER/BR and IncroMax 100 in PLA

Product selection

5

Our range of additives can be added directly to the polymer at the processing stage, pre-compounded or included via a masterbatch. Typical addition levels are around 0.1 – 1% depending on the polymer type and effect required.

Trade name Recommendation Application

Speciality plasticisers

SyncroflexTM range Flexible packaging and molding, flow improver, flexibility improver

UV absorbers

Solasorb UV-200F* Food contact applications

Slip & anti-block

Crodamide ER l SlipCrodamide VRX SlipCrodamide SRV Anti-blockCrodamide BR Anti-blockCrodamide 203 Controlled slipCrodamide 212 Controlled slipCrodamide EBSV Anti-block and dispersion aidCrodamide EBO Slip, anti-block and anti-tack

High performance products

Slip

Incroslip B Torque releaseIncroslip SL Friction reduction where high oxidative stability is requiredIncroslip C l Torque releaseIncroslip G l Friction reduction where high oxidative stability is requiredIncroslip Q Torque release

Mold release

IncroMold F Internal mold releaseIncroMold S l Internal mold releaseIncroMold K Anti-scratchIncroMold T Internal mold releaseIncroMax 100 l Friction reduction and mold release in PETIncroMax 300 Friction reduction and mold release in PCIncroMax PS Friction reduction and mold release in styrenics

Anti-static

Atmer 110 Anti-static in particular PETAtmer 129 Anti-static in polyolefins and flexible PVCAtmer 190 Anti-static in HIPS, ABS, non-transparent rigid PVCAtmer 1013 Anti-static in polyolefins, EPEs and flexible PVC

Anti-fog

Atmer 100 Anti-fog in PE and EVA food wrapAtmer 103 l Anti-fog for agricultural films in LDPE and PVCAtmer 185 Anti-fog for agricultural films, especially EVAAtmer 688§ Anti-fog in laminated PE filmAtmer 1010§ Anti-fog in food wrapAtmer 1440 Anti-fog in polyolefin food wrap

Pigment dispersion

Atmer 104 Better dispersion in PE and PVC

* FDA food contact approval§ Only available for supply in USA

l Highly recommended for use in biopolymers Recommended for use in some biopolymer applications

Our green credentials

Croda’s Sustainability PolicyFor Croda, sustainability means doing business the right way; environmentally, socially and financially. All of our employees around the world contribute to sustainability on a daily basis and we are fully committed to:

l Using renewable raw materials and environmentally sensitive and safe processesl Producing innovative, high quality products with sustainable benefits in usel Supporting our people and communities in which we operate

“Sustainability is fundamental to who we are and what we do. It touches every area of our business: from the way we design our products and run our manufacturing sites, to the way we work with our suppliers and engage with our communities.”

Steve Foots, Group Chief Executive

Raw Material SourcingCroda is committed to consistently sourcing and using a high level of natural, renewable raw materials to make our products. This continues to differentiate us from our competition and makes a significant contribution to our sustainability program.

For example, the rape seed oil that is used in the manufacture of our Crodamide range fixes CO

2 from the atmosphere during the

growing stage, helping to reduce global warming.

Minimising Global Environmental ImpactTo maintain safe levels of carbon emissions, it is estimated that by 2040 the world needs to reduce its emissions by 50%. Croda is committed to do its bit and continually strive to use natural, renewable raw materials.

Croda works hard to minimise the environmental impact of our operations by reducing volatile organic compounds (VOC) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reducing waste to landfill and reducing water consumption. This is partly achieved by an increased use in non-fossil fuel energy sources.

Here are some highlights of our global initiatives to reduce the impact of our operations

6

Responsibly Sourced and Supported HEROWe are users of both low and high erucic rapeseed oil based on multiple sourcing options in Europe and other regions. The oil we use is extracted from rapeseed in a process where nothing is wasted.

The vast majority of the rapeseed we use is grown by a network of growers located in the best temperate climates. Long standing and good relationships with many of these growers, help us both to understand the value of transparency, quality and sustainability.

We also agree contracts for crops well in advance of planting, giving farmers a degree of financial security, and in return ensuring that our customers have a reliable, high quality, consistent supply of HERO.

48.9% reduction in VOC emissions

since 2010

5.5% reduction in water consumption

since 2010

56.8% reduction in waste to landfill

since 2010

24.2% energy from non-fossil

fuels

6.5% reduction in GHG emissions

since 2010

Reducing Environmental Impact at our Hull SiteOur manufacturing site in Hull, UK is an important site for Polymer Additives and is where a large proportion of our products are manufactured. The site has managed to reduce its carbon emissions by around 55% since 2000 partly due to the installation of a 2MW wind turbine. Since the turbine was installed the site’s imported electricity demand has also reduced and the turbine now supplies around 40% of the site’s electricity requirements. At full output the wind turbine will exceed the site’s requirements and electricity is exported to the national grid.

Figure 2: Carbon emissions from our manufacturing facility in Hull

Figure 4: Water consumption per tonne production

Figure 3: Energy consumption per tonne production

7

Sustainable Transport ChoicesCroda also minimises its environmental impact through transport of raw materials. Rape seed oil is delivered to the manufacturing site by boat, displacing approximately 1000 trips by road tanker and avoiding subsequent traffic congestion and fuel consumption. The boat minimises its fuel use by timing trips up and down the river according to tidal flow.

We have also worked closely with rapeseed growers, optimising controls to reduce seed haulage through transferring seed directly to our crushing facilities, rather than from the farm to a seed store and then on to the crush. This has saved approximately 600 lorry movements annually.

Since 2000, energy and water consumption at Croda’s manufacturing facility in Hull has reduced by around 50% per unit of production

Non-warranty:The information in this publication is believed to be accurate and is given in good faith, but no representation or warranty as to its completeness or accuracy is made. Suggestions for uses or applications are only opinions. Users are responsible for determining the suitability of these products for their own particular purpose. No representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made with respect to information or products including, without limitation, warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement of any third party patent or other intellectual property rights including, without limit, copyright, trademark and designs. Any trademarks identified herein are trademarks of the Croda group of companies. ©2017 Croda Europe Ltd 03/17 BP007/1

Further information

Croda sales and distribution are coordinated through an extensive worldwide network of associates and agents. For details of your local representative please contact your nearest Croda regional office.

Visit our global website at www.crodapolymeradditives.com

Europe, Africa, Middle EastCroda Europe LtdTel +44 (0)1405 860551pa-europe@croda.com

Asia PacificCroda SingaporeTel +65 65519600 pa-asia@croda.com

Latin AmericaCroda do Brasil LtdaTel +55 19 3765 3500 marketingla@croda.com

North AmericaCroda Inc, USATel +1 732 417 0800pa-northamerica@croda.com