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Durkheim lived in a time with rapid social and industrial change, living through the early years of modernisation. When it would appear industry was over flowing with riches, to bring in a new utopic era for all, and a shift from traditional paradigms to modern and enlightened thoughts. This paper aims to identify Durkheim’s arguments presented to outline the effects to solidarity caused by ‘The Forced Division of Labour’. Analysing parts of the paper, from solidarity to social mobility, and equilibriums to emancipations. Following from Durkheim’s arguments, there is a need to organise workers spontaneous action, and to ensure they are treated equitably.
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Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
CritiqueofEmileDurkheimForcedDivisionalofLabour
Astor Kitty Chan
Word Count: 1783
Abstract
Durkheim lived in a time with rapid social and industrial change, living through the
early years of modernisation. When it would appear industry was over flowing with
riches, to bring in a new utopic era for all, and a shift from traditional paradigms to
modern and enlightened thoughts. This paper aims to identify Durkheim’s arguments
presented to outline the effects to solidarity caused by ‘The Forced Division of Labour’.
Analysing parts of the paper, from solidarity to social mobility, and equilibriums to
emancipations. Following from Durkheim’s arguments, there is a need to organise
workers spontaneous action, and to ensure they are treated equitably.
Introduction
Born the son of a Rabbi, with a family history of Rabbi’s in his family, he was the
first person in his family to break this tradition. He was in a sense, one of many
pioneering socialist to break free from their Forced Division of Labour, and seek
emancipation to seek whatever tastes or vocation they liked.
Immediately Durkheim challenges the social norms status quo by stating the
social parody of how the social structures used to maintain social norms, are the same
rules causing the anomie for the social actors?
The tone and language is very alarmist, moralistic and value ridden to set the tone
of the paper. In the first paragraph, he sets an explosive prelude, invoking a sense of
fear anomic actors and dissonance in the paper for the reader. Durkheim draws a
lawless world begotten from a visceral reaction from social anomie. Using words such
as ‘rules to exist’, ‘cause of evil’, classes or castes’, ‘division of labour’, ‘source of
Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
dissention’, ‘dispose those who exercise them’, and ‘civil war’ to compose his dialectic
diatribe. Giving a warning to society of what is to follow if anomie is allowed to occur,
without social norms and regulation.
Palumbo and Scott (2005, p59) state Durkheim presents social theory as the
moral educator. Writing with a moralistic style laden with value statements, invoking a
moral righteousness in the reader, however why are rich and poor people polarised
into a just and unjust contract dichotomy? Have poor people always only ever given
unjust contracts, can they be given a just contract, similarly argument would apply for
rich people. It is only just for a set point in time, and as Durkheim states, as they grow
or their needs change, so would the value statement position.
In the first half of the paper, Durkheim identifies causality effects of solidarity,
how traditional Mechanical Solidarity effects people. With the latter half discussing the
necessity for equality to ensuring the just reward for ones labour, arguing unjust
contracts create the rich and poor dichotomy.
Durkheim considered social and natural science realms different, but no less real.
Stating sociology has ‘rules that govern our lives as facts’, similarly to rules governing
facts of nature. Believing human society comprises of more than just social facts,
requiring institutions for a smooth operation of society, otherwise known as
‘functionalism’. This argument would suggest that for a functional society, all parts of
society has to work positively and are interdependent. Seeing sociology as providing
irrefutable evidence and universally valid knowledge of the social world, he sought
investigation and methodology appropriate for the task, written in his early work ‘Rules
of Sociological Method’ (Durkheim, 1895). Forced Division of Labour asserts and builds
an argument to continue his desire to validate sociology as a respected academic
discipline by drawing analogies from the natural science. Providing an analogy of how
each organ within an organism only claims the food consistent with its predetermined
Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
and unchangeable role, a function of Mechanical Solidarity, setting the scope and using
society as a foil. Durkheim argues the gap between tendencies of an individual and the
social role they have, the flexibility giving the organism and almost infinite number of
possible employment chances, with taste limiting their choices.
Division of Labour was defined by Harrington (Durkheim, 1984, p319) to mean
specialisation of economic and functionally interdependent trades, as well as
specialisation and coordination of tasks with each trade. Adam Smith suggested that
divisions of labour were an ‘unintended consequences of multiple individual actions …
driven by self seeking natural drives (Smith, 1776). Marx view was as a means of class
exploitation while Durkheim believed Divisions of Labour was a form of solidarity.
What Durkheim calls ‘Forced division of labour’ is more specifically comparable to
Marx’s conception of alienated labour (Harrington, 47, 55). Marx makes the assertion
that alienation from labour is ‘not voluntary, but forced’. Durkheim felt Forced Division
of Labour was more related to how people are born into roles that limits their
vocational opportunities and liberty. Working class don’t like what they have to do, and
are forced to do specific roles for various reasons.
Because of their forced divisions of labour, workers don’t have the social mobility
to pursue their taste. As their work becomes regimented and separated from others,
transforming the worker to a ‘lifeless cog’ and cause a social disconnect suggested by
Durkheim (1895). Anomic suicide and too little regulation, Durkheim suggested this
occurs when individuals feel isolated and cut off from the social group. These words
resonate with relevance in today’s neo‐post‐modern industrialisation, with abnormal
forms or social anomie in China (Johnson 2011).
Durkheim suggests most normal people exist happily in their roles, in this
equilibrium (Durkheim, 1984, p318), with their needs being proportional to their means
(i.b.i.d., p312), living in a status quo plane of existence. Following from Durkheim’s
Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
suggestion of the equilibrium, a dissonance occurs as their attribute increase and
grows, so will their expectations for remuneration. A contemporary example is China’s
growing Middle Class, or more recently, makers of Apple products ‘Foxconn’, increased
the pay rates and conditions for their workers to prevent a anomic actions (MailOnline,
2011).
At the time Durkheim wrote The Division of Labour, he drew a distinction
between traditional and modern society, common for evolutionist. Durkheim stressed
evolution away from traditional ‘Mechanical Solidarity’ which represented simpler
static societies, towards complex and sophisticated ‘Organic Solidarity’. Mechanical
Solidarity expressing the rigid control of social norms. With increasing specialisation
and diversity, Mechanical Solidarity must evolve weakening the collective
consciousness. As technology and society evolved, so did the requirements for Organic
Solidarity, to deal and cope with these changes.
Durkheim saw the Forced Division of Labour and class conflicts as a catalyst for
anomie. With organisms trapped within a vocation, even if they sought growth and to
rise above the class and vocation, from the social structures that binds them down.
When works are unable to bear their suffrage, and are bound an able to even
fight, Durkheim warms of spontaneous action, you have emancipation. Durkheim talks
about the organisms anomic action, caused when the bond that holds someone to a
group is weakened and they feel isolated, a pathogen of organics solidarity. In
Durkheim’s paper about Suicide, he examines reasons for what he labels the four basic
reasons for suicide. To mitigate group flash points that can erupt to a violent and
dangerous anomic event, social controls are need to act as floodgates. But as dissent
within the labour force grows, the strength of the floodgates weakens.
Durkheim discusses the normalisation of how aspirations are thwarted and
inequity becomes tolerated, caused from frustrations founded from professions with
Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
little development. This is very common with lower socio‐economic and socio‐political
groups with little power caused from the forced divisions of labour. They cannot fight
the power, nor can they become the power to make appropriate social and civil
change.
Durkheim makes a bold statement questioning how if contracts are forced, this
would cause the contractual solidarity to be in question. Taking a moralistic stance,
stating ‘contracts should be freely agreed’ and there should be no constraints and
challenges the validity of such social contracts if they are obtained when the person
with the social collateral profits unfairly from such a situation. He is almost preaching
the immorality of usury costs (Durkheim, 1984, p319) of something when it bears no
relationship to efforts to produce it. A practice that Marx would argue is typical of a
greedy capitalist, profiting from their means of production. Durkheim does
acknowledge (i.b.i.d. p320) that contracts of usury are commonly refused in civilised
society.
Durkheim did not consider divisions of labour as class exploitations as Marx did,
but saw class divisions and conflict as side effects of social change, an illness begat
from modern society (Palumbo & Scott, 2005, p59). As injustices become more
intolerable, labour becomes weaker and so will the social solidarity, a danger and
weakness of Organic Solidarity as individuals are isolated, creating a loss to the
collective consciousness.
He states how economists have separated man from society, requiring social
action to regulate the liberties of everyone (Durkheim, 1984, p320), and ensuring
equity for all. Regulating liberties creates an oxymoron that reinforces the forced
division of labours and limiting grow and opportunities for people.
The hereditary transmission of wealth will always create a forced Division of
Labour, with caste, class and other social structures reinforcing this prejudice,
Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
distributing goods unequally. Although progressive steps help reduce this effect,
society still works towards reducing the disparity and breaking generational poverty
and Forced Divisions of Labour. Although Durkheim suggests equality between citizens
is becoming greater, this would be more like seeing society through the rose coloured
glasses of industrial modernisation. In the contemporary era of the 21st Century, these
social woes still exist (Johnson 2011).
Discussion
In conclusion to the paper, one sees how Durkheim even though he rejects his
Forced Division of Labour, still tasks a moralistic style to his writing. Durkheim saw the
moral needs for social integration, and wanted the science of sociology to provide solid
foundation of knowledge to underpin social integration. This would mitigate social
anomie, to bring in an era of utopic harmonious state health.
Write about the importance of state intervention as means to avoid anomie that
could be caused by the Forced Division of Labour, form government vocations to
provide more opportunities for lower classes, or having contractual agreements that
ensure equitability and no usury practices. Durkheim building on the ‘Utilitarian’ idea
by Jeremy Bentham stated one of the government’s role was to ensure ‘the greatest
happiness of the greatest number’ and ‘Liberalism’ belief that this would be a result of
development of parliamentary democracy and constitutional law (txtbk p25).
Durkheim’s ideas of The Forced Division of Labour reinforce Utilitarian and Liberalism
secular ideas.
When Durkheim argument is analysed, it can be seen that he warms of the
dangers of Forced Divisions of Labour. Progress should be towards social order, rather
than towards the emancipation of the individual human being. (Bilton et. al., 2002, p,
470).
Durkheim Dialectic Divisional Discourse
References
Ambler, S. (2012, March, 29). iPhone workers go on strike in China. Retrieved from http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/iphone‐workers‐go‐strike‐china
Bilton, T., Bonnett, K., Jones, P., Lawson, T., Skinner, D., Stanworth, M., & Webster, A., (2002). Introductory Sociology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Durkheim, E. (1893), The Division of Labour, repr. London: Macmillan, 1984 (originally in French)
Durkheim, E. (1895), The Rules of Sociological Method, repr. London: Macmillan, 82 (originally in French)
Durkheim, E. (1896), Suicide: A Study in Sociology, repr. London: Routledge, 1952 (originally in French)
Mail Online, (2011, May 1). You are NOT allowed to commit suicide: Workers in Chinese iPad factories forced to sign pledges. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article‐1382396/Workers‐Chinese‐Apple‐factories‐forced‐sign‐pledges‐commit‐suicide.html (
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