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Emily Young Phil 3301, Warren
10/28/13
Critical Thinking Paper #3
“No wealthy person ever died in a draught”. Natural “disasters” are only considered
disasters when the human world is affected, and the people most impacted by them are
determined in large part by social structure not nature or innate biology. Through defining social
injustice and correlating it’s existence with patterns of human health and the events that
influence it, both macroscopically and specifically in Hurricane Katrina, I argue that social
factors are the most important in determining human health, and that “natural disasters” serve
purely to magnify existing social inequalities. Recognizing social injustice as the root cause of
health issues is crucial towards preventing disease. This perspective lends itself to focusing on a
move towards preventative health care, which could significantly impact human health on a
global scale. The clear patterns of health associated with social factors are a glaring signal that
we not only have significant control over our health, but that recognizing this is imperative
towards envisioning a healthier future.
Before any arguments can be made correlating social injustice and who experiences the
bulk of impact in a natural disaster, one might ask what exactly is considered “social injustice”?
First, the grounds for which an event can be deemed a social injustice must be clarified. The
main model of social justice in current society is distributive it determines who receives benefits
and burdens, and the grounds for which they should be received. In an ideal version of the
model, equals and unequals are treated based on their level of equality or inequality (Aristotle’s
principle of equality), though there exists varying criteria for equality and inequality. This
distribution is determined by seven material principles, two egalitarian and five nonegalitarian.
The egalitarian principles treat beings as morally equal and include basic equality, which
distributes benefits and burdens on the basis of the equality of beings themselves, and basic need,
which distributes benefits and burdens on the basis of the equality of needs among beings. The
nonegalitarian principles, however, may treat beings as morally unequal. The first of these is the
principle of merit distribution based on qualifications or what is deserved. The second is
compensation, which distributes something in accordance with lists reparation criteria for any
harm caused. The third, ability, distributes benefits and burdens based on an individual’s
capacity to provide. The fourth, utility, uses the total benefits and burdens of a group to
determine distribution. The last nonegalitarian principle is effort, which distributes on the basis
of an individual’s contribution level.
National and global trends demonstrate a clear correlation between human health and
social factors and later in the essay, the underlying social injustices of these patterns will be
demonstrated through an examination of a specific case. In the United States, the glaring
difference in the prevalence of obesity in some states in comparison to others demonstrates the
relationship between location (and by association, social class) and human health. According to
the GallupHealthways Wellbeing Index, Montana has an obesity percentage of 19.6%, while
Mississippi’s is 35.4%. Considering the numerous significant health issues related to obesity
(heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, etc.), recognizing this is crucial towards examining
and addressing health issues. These patterns exist globally as well statistics depicting life
expectancy show glaring differences across different nations according to the United Nations,
life expectancy in the Central African Republic is under 46 years, while it is 83 years in Japan.
These statistics show the chilling reality of how life for citizens of third world countries is
inevitably different from those living in first world countries. Social conditions are another
crucial factor in determining human health things like asbestos exposure at a job, being a part of
a family or social group that regularly eats at McDonalds, or having access to health education
are among the root causes of health problems. Ideas, like viruses spreading through society and
perpetuating themselves over generations, are another cause of health effects on a macroscopic
scale. Massive epidemics are caused by the spread of social ideas, such as the birth of foot
binding in China under the rule of Emperor Xiao Baojuan in 483. The idea of one emperor led to
an entire nation of women binding their feet for fourteen centuries in order to climb the social
ladder. At the core, this is an issue of sexism foot binding was one of many efforts by men to
control women. Seemingly uncontrollable outbreaks of disease are always related to human
behavior. While, on the molecular level, a virus is the cause for mortal symptoms, any effective
solution must consider how diseases spread as a result of human behavior, and what preventative
actions can be taken. Malaria, with a death count of 1.24 million in 2012, is the seventh leading
cause of death in low income countries in the United States, a total of 5 people died of Malaria
in the same year. The cause of this can be tied to human behavior cutting down rain forests
results in an increase in mosquito population, and mosquitos carry the Malaria parasite. Studies
in Brazil confirm this result, with a 5% clearing of rain forests being followed by a 50% spike in
malaria cases. Human behavior is correlated to the impact of potentially fatal diseases, far more
so than vaccines. A graph depicting the measles death count in England over time shows a sharp
drop from 1915 to 1935 yet the vaccine for malaria wasn’t introduced until 1968. An
examination of mortality rates caused by scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and typhoid depict the same
trend plummeting death counts far before the introduction of vaccines. Factors such as eating
habits, hygiene, and the introduction of indoor plumbing proceeding the spread of knowledge
about these diseases were the true solution. More effective methods of implementing health
education in the public are a crucial part of preventing disease. This all ties back into considering
the inevitable impact of poverty on health with living in less privileged communities comes lack
of access to education about healthy habits, which perpetuates unhealthy habits, and as the
statistics show, this has a significant impact on disease, life expectancy, and mortality.
A closer examination of one major natural disaster, Hurricane Katrina, demonstrates
these patterns and the social injustices behind them on a more tangible scale. Even before
Hurricane Katrina hit, poor minorities were disproportionately vulnerable to it’s effects. Minority
races are the primary inhabitants of the lowlying areas of New Orleans, which are the most
vulnerable to floods. The predominantly poor African American population of New Orleans
suffered disproportionately the effects of Katrina, trapped in flooded houses and neighborhoods.
The peril of these living conditions were multiplied as corrupt local government allowed the
agenda of powerful real estate to develop swampland in the poor areas of New Orleans,
deceiving the primarily Black residents into believing they were safe. The federal response was
equally unhelpful in the years preceding Hurricane Katrina, calls to fix the failing levee system
(the last thing protecting the city from the gulf of Mexico) were ignored over successive federal
administrations. The unfavorable position of the African American lower class in New Orleans
clearly conflicts with the principles of social justice.
From an egalitarian point of view, assuming African American humans are morally equal
to White humans, they should be treated equallyat the very least, they have the same basic needs
of survival as wealthy white people such that, when what is being distributed is environmental
benefits and burdens is based on basic human needs, they should receive the same benefits and
burdens as white people. From a nonegalitarian point of view, we can contemplate the principles
of effort, merit and utility. The merit of the victims in New Orleans is argued for in Spike Lee’s
documentary, “When the Levees Broke”. Even before Katrina hit, residents showed outstanding
strength, hope, and “indomitable spirit” one woman in the documentary described her
daughter’s insisting “I won’t leave you” when given the chance to escape, knowing that staying
behind could likely mean death for both of them. Given the flood of testaments similar to this
one regarding the residents of New Orleans, the principles of merit or effort cannot possibly
justify this group of people bearing the disproportionate burdens of such perilous living
conditions. The factors determining the distribution of environmental burdens race and social
class are morally irrelevant. In terms of utility, a significant number of people would have
benefitted from a proper levee system yet this need was ignored. The devastation to lower class
people of color continued after Katrina hit. Lee’s documentary shows the shocking and grueling
images of Hurricane Katrina’s aftermath and the failure of FEMA (Federal Emergency
Management Agency) to do adequately address it. Even as victims struggled to survive following
the hurricane, a disparity existed in the depiction of different races. As Michael Eric Dyson
pointed out, white victims foraging for food and supplies were described by the media as
desperate survivors “getting by in the absence of federal and local aid”, while black victims
doing the exact same thing were depicted as criminals “looting private property” (Dawson, 486).
While the colored minorities’ basic need for survival was ignored, the National Guard quickly
stepped in to “protect private property,” comparing it to “killing terrorists” (Dawson, 486).
Again, this is at odds with the principles of social justice. The principle of compensation, for
examplethe consequences for the same activity of urban foraging following the hurricane were
different purely on the basis of race. where race is a morally irrelevant Geographer Neil Smith
explains “who lives and who dies” in natural disasters as “social calculus” (Dawson, 484). The
race and class distinctions determining which groups were predominantly impacted by Hurricane
Katrina is a clear example of this. The events following Hurricane Katrina clearly demonstrate
unjust distribution of the burdens of environmental disasters, making it a case of environmental
injustice. The arguments given in this paper prove societal participation in the unjust distribution
of environmental harms in Hurricane Katrina, therefore Hurricane Katrina is a case of
environmental injustice.
Hurricane Katrina is a case of environmental injustice, as the evidence in this paper
demonstrates through the clearly unjust distribution of its environmental burdens. Environmental
“disasters” are considered disasters only when the human world is affected, and the people most
impacted by these burdens is determined in large part by social structure not nature itself. This
means that certain groups unjustly experience a disproportionate effect of environmental harms.
While there is little to nothing humans can do to control natural disasters, a focus on resolving
social inequalities could reduce the resulting mortalities. “Extreme” weather events such as
Hurricane Katrina are purely magnifications of existing inequalities. Recognizing this significant
correlation between health issues and social factors is imperative towards improving overall
human health. Adopting this rootcause analysis through implementing preventative measures
instead of the current curative strategy of treating disease avoiding a doctor’s visit in the first
place could have huge ramifications for the world. Social factors sexism, classism, racism, and
other forms of unjustified domination, as well as the interrelations amongst them, are the root
cause of human death and disease. Recognizing the intercorrelation between patterns of
unjustified dominationmale over female, white over minority races, rich over poor, humans over
other species, etc, is crucial towards addressing the resulting impacts on health.
Sources:
1) Wijkman, Anders, and Lloyd Timberlake. Natural Disasters, Acts of God or Acts of
Man? London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1984. Print.
2) "Distributive Justice." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_justice>.
3) "In U.S., Adult Obesity Rate Now at 27.7%." In U.S., Adult Obesity Rate Now at 27.7%.
Web. 28 Oct. 2013. <http://www.gallup.com/poll/170264/adultobesityrate.aspx>.
4) "Foot Binding." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_binding>.
5) Web. 28 Oct. 2013. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310.pdf>.
6) "Loss of Rain Forest Leads to Malaria Spike, UW Researchers Find." Loss of Rain Forest
Leads to Malaria Spike, UW Researchers Find. 27 Dec. 2014. Web. 28 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.jsonline.com/news/health/96503509.html>.