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Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO divertor target J.-H. You, E. Visca, Ch. Bachmann, & EUROfusion Divertor Project Team J.-H. YOU et al. | IAEA Divertor Workshop | 29 Sep. – 2 Oct. 2015 |

Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

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Page 1: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO divertor target

J.-H. You, E. Visca, Ch. Bachmann, &EUROfusion Divertor Project Team

J.-H. YOU et al. | IAEA Divertor Workshop | 29 Sep. – 2 Oct. 2015 |

Page 2: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

armor

heat sink Plansee

Plasma‐facing unit (ITER)

Vertical target (ITER)

DEMO divertor in EUROfusion

Technical boundary conditions (DEMO)

Power to exhaust: 259 MW in total Power deposited in PFU: 112 MWParticle flux: ~1024/m²∙sHeat flux stationary: max. 10MW/m² transient:  max. 20 MW/m² neutron irradiationW: 3 dpa/fpy, Cu: 6‐10 dpa?/fpyNumber of pulsesstationary: 5000 cycles?transient:   300 cycles?Replacement period: 2 fpy   

Page 3: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Missions

assure the envisaged power exhaust goal for DEMO  deliver holistic design concept for the DEMO divertor develop feasible technology for high performance target (NB. irradiation)

Approaches water‐cooling for the early DEMO, helium‐cooling as long‐term option reliable cooling capability as paramount requirement (also for slow transient) advanced novel Target design concepts vs. baseline model (ITER‐like)  design study as well as technology development incl. HHF tests dedicated (structural) design rules tailored for the joined PFCs

EUROfusion work package ‘Divertor’

Page 4: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10 12 14 16 18 20

Critical heat flux (M

W/m

²)

Water velocity (m/s) 

Pressure: 5 MPaTube diameter: 12 mmSwirl (Tong‐75)

150 °C160 °C180 °C200 °C220 °C

‐max. surface heat flux: 20 MW/m² ‐ heat flux peaking factor: ~1.6‐ envisaged margin to the CHF: ~1.5‐ local critical heat flux: ~48 MW/m² 

‐ tube diameter: 12 mm‐ pressure: 5 MPa 

‐ temperature: 150 °C ‐ velocity: 16 m/s 

Design rationale: cooling condition

Estimated cooling capability of Target

You, Fus. Eng. Des (submitted)

Page 5: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Target heat sink: performance of irradiated CuCrZr alloy

local fracture due to exhausted ductility Sd

plastic flow localisation Seratchetting 3Sm

Design stress limits over temperature

Allowable operation temp. rangeaccording to elastic design rules:250 °C – 300 °C

Impracticable for DEMO divertor

ITER SDC‐IC Annex AYou, Nucl. Fusion (2015)

Page 6: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Target heat sink: performance of CuCrZr tube

10 MW/m² 15 MW/m² 18 MW/m²Max. temp. at top 263 °C 316 °C 348 °CMid‐temp. at side 172 °C 181 °C 187 °CMin. temp. at bottom 150 °C 150 °C 150 °C

Predicted temperature profiles in the cooling tube (coolant: 150 °C)

Critical material issues for the heat sinkirradiation creep 

high‐temperature strength

neutron embrittlement toughness /non‐ductile structural design

°Cmax

mid

You, Nucl. Fusion (2015)

Page 7: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Target heat sink: design with novel design rules

Structural design scheme

T>250°C: recovery of embrittlement Se, Sd criteria: no issue  3Sm criterion: only for elastic design plastic design rules (LCF, creep‐fatigue)

T<200°C: negligible uniform elongation Se criterion not satisfied

T>150°C: total elongation exploitable (strain‐controlled loading!)

employ a non‐ductile design rulefor 150 °C < T < 250 °C

Tensile test curves of CuCrZr

You, Nucl. Fusion (2015)You, Nucl. Mater. Energy (2015)Fenici, et al., J. Nucl. Mater. (1994)

Page 8: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Target heat sink: design with novel materials

Wf-Cu composite tube

200 mm 

v. Müller, You (IPP)You, Nucl. Mater. Energy (2015)

W wire-reinforced Cu composite

Page 9: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

CuCrZr

Wp/Cu

W

Wp/Cu composite block with a W armor tile (5 mm thick)

You, Brendel et al., J. Nucl. Mater. (2013)

Particulate W-Cu composite

Target heat sink: design with novel materials

Wp-Cu composite mock-up

22×24×150 mm³

v. Müller, You (IPP)

Page 10: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

W/Cu laminate

Target heat sink: design with novel materials

W laminate pipe (1000 mm)

W/V laminate

Reiser, Rieth (KIT)

Water‐cooled mock‐up (W/Cu)

Helium‐cooled mock‐up (W/V)

Page 11: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Highly porous Cu felt layer‐ thermal conductivity: ~15 W/mK‐ elastic modulus: <1GPa

Target heat sink: design with novel materials

Barrett et al. (CCFE)

Page 12: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Chromium block/ tungsten armour

v. Müller, You (IPP)

Target heat sink: design with novel materials

Chromium block HHF test mock‐up Temperature range at center line(10MW/m2, Cr: 2mm, 200 °C)3mm W: 725 ‐ 1172 °C (> DBTT)2mm Cr: 345‐ 725 °C Tube CuCrZr: 200 ‐ 323 °C

LCF lifetime (Cu interlayer)> 5000 cycles at 10 MW/m² 

for 400 °C < T < 800 °CCTE: 9 ‐ 10×10‐6/KE:      280 ‐ 255 GPa:      76 ‐ 63 W/mKDBTT: 250 ‐ 300 °CRp0.2:  165 ‐ 140 Mpa

Page 13: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Low activation target concept

Stamm, JNM (1998)

Page 14: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Target concepts Coolant Armor Interlayer Heat sink Design logics

ITER‐like(ENEA)

water W Cu CuCrZr Baseline design. To be evaluated for DEMO

Thermal break(CCFE)

water W Porous Cu felt 

CuCrZr Reduce heat flux concentration & stiffness 

Composite(IPP)

water W Wwire/Cu composite

Enhance high‐temp.strength & toughness

Chromium(IPP)

water W Cu Cr blockCuCrZr tube

Lower DBTT &low activation (Dome)

Functionally graded (CEA)

water W W/Cu FGM CuCrZr Enhance joining quality

W laminate 1(KIT)

water W Cu W/Cu laminate

Enhance high‐temp.strength & toughness

W laminate 2(KIT)

helium W Cu? W/V laminate

Enhance high‐temp strength & toughness

Target: design concepts under development

Details on the subproject ‘Target’ will be presented at ICFRM‐17 

Page 15: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

W/Cu laminate

Functionally graded

Wf/Cu composite(200 mm long tube)

Target: advanced design concepts (water-cooled)

Cr block (high dpa region)

Wp/Cu composite(low HHF region)

Thermal break 

ITER‐like 

Page 16: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

He-cooled target in WPDIV

classified as long‐term option: basic R&D for FPPan alternative design concept based on W/Cu laminate tube 

→ DBTT within the allowed temperature range of irradiated Eurofer(ODS)?

Target: advanced design concept (helium-cooled)

Page 17: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Summary

Water‐cooling as near‐term design option (He‐cooling: long‐term)

Cu‐base materials for Target heat sink, Eurofer steel for Cassette body 

150 °C as local inlet temperature at strike point 

Envisaged goal of max. heat flux density to exhaust: 20 MW/m²

Critical material issues identified for heat sink & armour

Advanced novel design concepts + baseline model

Non‐ductile structural design rules (toughness/plastic strain)

Technology development (materials, joining, etc.)

1st phase mock‐up fabrication in 2015,  HHF test campaigns in 2016

Page 18: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Pintsuk, Fus. Eng. Des. (2013)

20 MW/m² (4 mm) 15 MW/m² (2 mm)

LCF life at W surface 86 cycles 617 cycles

ITER divertor targetHHF fatigue test20 MW/m²300 load cycles

Li, You, Fus. Eng. Des. (2015)

Target: tungsten armour cracking

Temperature (20 MW/m²) Thermal stress (HHF/cooling) Plastic strain (5th cycle)

Recrystallized(4 mm)

Page 19: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

During coolingDuring HHF loading

J-integral at different crack lengths

Crack: 1.5 mm

Crack: 3.5 mm

Crack: 5.5 mm

Crack: 1.5 mm

Crack: 3.5 mm

Crack: 5.5 mm

During HHF loading

During cooling

Stress fields at different crack lengths

Li, You, Fus. Eng. Des. (2015)

Target: tungsten armour cracking

Page 20: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Li, You, Fus. Eng. Des. (2015)

Target: tungsten armour cracking

Page 21: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

During cooling During cooling

15 MW/m² 18 MW/m²Li, You, Fus. Eng. Des. (2015)

Target: tungsten armour cracking

Page 22: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

ErOx

ErOx/W

ZrOx

ZrOx/W

Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010)

In-situ synchrotron tomography

Riesch, You, Acta Mater. (2013)

Bending test (single-fiber composite)Microstructure

Target: W wire-reinforced W composite for armour

Page 23: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Work package ‘Divertor’: work breakdown structure

Page 24: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Melting point<500°C  Radioactivity/TritiumAvailability/Cost  Strength at 300°CDuctility at 200°C Water corrosion

Solid elements at RT with thermal conductivity > 50 W/mK

Target heat sink: material requirements

TaX

You, Nucl. Fusion (2015)

Page 25: Critical issues & challenges in the engineering of DEMO ... Meeting... · Du, You, Composite Sci. Tech. (2010) ... Microstructure Bending test (single-fiber composite) Target: W wire-reinforced

Cassette: revised model (2015)

Baffle: attached to the breeding blanketStrongly reduced size  (54 Cassettes)

Gain in tritium breeding ratio: 1.13  1.19Nuclear heating power: 147 MW