33
Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate There is a change in the EEG

Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Criteria for Any Epileptic Event

• Clinical Phenomena– Something has to happen

• Paroxysmal Nature– It is an attack, not

a permanent condition

• EEG Correlate– There is a change in

the EEG

Page 2: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Epileptic Seizure

• Transient excessive discharge of nerve cells resulting in an seizure

Page 3: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Epilepsy: Etiology

Page 4: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

ILAE Classification of Seizures

1. Localization-relateda. Idiopathicb. Symptomatic

2. Generalizeda. Idiopathicb. Idiopathic and/or symptomaticc. Symptomatic

3. Undetermined4. Special Syndromes

Page 5: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Non Brain Etiologies

High Fever or Rapid Increase in Body Temperature

Page 6: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Febrile Seizures

• Ages: 4months to 6 years• Most common sz disorder in children

– (2-4% of all children)

• Sz are generally short, generalized but may be focal

• Febrile sz do not cause brain damage• Recurrence: 25-40%• Prevalence:

– USA 2-5%– Japan 8.3%

Page 7: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Risk for recurrent febrile seizures

1. Family history of febrile seizures

2. Age younger than 18 months

3. Height of peak temperature-the lower the temperature the higher risk of recurrence

4.Duration of febrile illness-the shorter the duration the Higher risk of recurrence

Page 8: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Febrile Seizures & Epilepsy

• Recurrent FS, even multiple recurrences, are not important predictors of epilepsy.

• No known long term benefits from trying to prevent recurrent FS.

• 15% of children with epilepsy had FS• 2-4% of children with FS will develop epilepsy• 96-98% of children with FS will NOT develop

epilepsy.

Page 9: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Risk for epilepsy

1.Complex febrile seizure:

more than 15 minutes

focal

recurrence in 24 hours.

2.Neurologic disease, developmental delay etc…

3. Family history of epilepsy

Page 10: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Febrile Seizures: Assessment

• Indication for lumbar puncture – Deteriorating condition of child– Neck stiffness– Photophobia– Continuing fever without obvious reason

Page 11: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Febrile Seizures: Treatment?

• Anti-pyretics do not reduce no. of FS• AED: Phenobarbital produces unclear

results but replete with adverse effects• AED: Not effective• Diazepam PR: May be effective in

stopping FS in the home• Diazepam PO: Apparently not effective• Best Treatment: Reassurance

Page 12: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

What to do!

• Keep Calm!• Only move person if in danger• Turn the head to one side if possible• Do not try to stop the seizure• DO NOT FORCE ANYTHING INTO MOUTH• Call ambulance if sz lasts more than 5 minutes,

there are multiple sz or person is hurt or has difficulty breathing

• Stay with person and allow to rest and recover from the seizure

Page 13: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

What to do!

Page 14: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Case Report

• 18 month old previously healthy baby• Parents refused vaccinations• Two day history of irritability, and on day of

admission 2 events of tonic movements on left side of body

• Examination: 39˚, somnolence, stiff neck• Diagnosis?• Recommendations?

Page 15: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Epilepsy Syndromes

• Types of seizures

• EEG patterns

• Characteristic course and prognosis

• Age-dependant

• Some syndromes have idiopathic and symptomatic forms

Page 16: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

.בת שש וחצי שנים פנתה למרפאה עקב הפרעת קשב ורכוז

מחלה נוכחית: מזה ארבעה חדשים המורה שמה לב לשינוי התנהגותי הכולל ירידה בהקשבה נטיה לחלום במהלך השיעור ולא להקשיב. מדי פעם שמדברים אליה לא

מגיבה, מבט לעיתים בוהה.

אבחנה מבדלת בשלב זה:

) כחלק מהפרעת קשב ורכוז.day-dreamingחולמנות(1.

.2Complex partial seizure

.3Petit - Mal Epilepsy

עוד במחלה נוכחית:

Page 17: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

ברקע:

הריון ולידה תקינים. ללא סבוכים פרינטלים.שניה משלושה להורים ילידי הארץ ללא קרבה

משפחתית. התפתחות מוטורית ושפתית תקינה. חסונים כמקובל, ללא רגישות לתרופות.

בבדיקה:

לחץ דם ודופק תקינים. בדיקה גופנית ונוירולוגית תקינה.

Page 18: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Seven year old with CAE

Page 19: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

המשך ברור:

: פעילות הרקע תקינה. כוללת פעילןת בטא קדמית ואלפא אחורית .EEGבדיקת הרץ. מוגברת בנישום יתר.3לאורך התרשים מדי פעם פעילות כללית של זיז וגל בתדירות

Childhood absance epilepsy

Page 20: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

ILAE Classification of Seizures

1. Localization-relateda. Idiopathicb. symptomatic

2. Generalizeda. Idiopathicb. Idiopathic and/or symptomaticc. Symptomatic

3. Undetermined4. Special Syndromes

Page 21: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate
Page 22: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

A 5 year old boy wakes his parents in the middle of the night. He is unable to talk. He is drooling.

30 seconds later he falls to the ground with a tonic-clonic seizure

Page 23: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

BECRS

Page 24: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

BECRS

• Benign Rolandic Epilepsy• 3-12 years• Seizures disappear (majority) during

adolescence• Focal motor and/or secondarily generalized• Seizures tend to occur during sleep, last hour or

first 2 hours• EEG: Spikes over the central region and/or

adjacent midtemporal and parietal

Page 25: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Seizure of Temporal Lobe Onset

FP1-F7

F7-T3

T3-T5

T5-O1

FP2-F8

F8-T4

T4-T6

T6-O2

FP1-F3

F3-C3

C3-P3

P3-O1

FP2-F4

F4-C4

C4-P4

P4-O2

FZ-CZ

CZ-PZ200 uV

2 sec

Page 26: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

בן תשעה חדשים.

תלונה עיקרית: תנועות מוזרות.

מחלה נוכחית: מזה שבועיים ההורים שמו לב לכפוף הזרועות קדימה במקביל לכיפוף הראש מספר פעמים רב ביום. כמו כן מתיחת ידיים לאחור שחוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב באופן מוגזם.

ברקע:ראשון להורים ילידי הארץ ללא קרבה משפחתית. הריון ולידה תקינים.

ללא סבוכים פרינטלים. במשפחה כולם בריאים. התפתחות- מתהפך בטן גב, לא זוחל לא יושב. ממלמל הברות בודדות. חסונים כמקובל, רגישות לתרופות-לא ידועה.

לגיל. ריאות, לב, בטן ב.מ.פ.עור-שלושה כתמים היפופיגמנטרים50%בבדיקה: חיוני ועירני. הקף ראש משוננים בקצה.

נוירולוגית: עדיין צניחת ראש.תנועות עיניים תקינות. ללא רפלקסי ילודאין רפלקסי הגנה, לנדאו גבולי.רפלקסים גידיים תקינים.

בבינסקי סמטרי.טונוס לא מוגבר בגפיים עליונות מופחת בגו ובגפיים תחתונות.

Page 27: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

במסגרת הברור:

שהדגים היפסאריתמיה.EEGבוצע

ראש שהדגים נודולים סב-אפנדימלים בגבול החדרים הלטרלים.CTבוצע

אבחנה:

Tuberous sclerosis presenting as Infantile spasms.

תנועות משונות....,לסכום:פגור התפתחותי , כתמים היפופיגמנטרים על העור

Page 28: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Infantile Spasm: Where does spasm start?

Page 29: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate
Page 30: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Definition of West Syndrome

• Infantile spasms

• Hypsarrhythmia

• Developmental plateau, regression or delay

Page 31: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Etiology

• Symptomatic

• Idiopathic

• Cryptogenic

Page 32: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

Acquired:Intra-uterine, perinatal, postnatal infection, ischemic event: stroke, SVT, HIE,PVL, trauma, brain tumors

Genetic:

Brain malformations due to a known genetic etiology:T.S, ARX,x-linked lissencephaly- doublecortin,

Known genes for M.R : rett-like CDKL5,

Chromosomal aberrations:Ring chromosome 20, 4p-, 1p -,chromosom15 duplication.

Metabolic diseases:NKH, B6 dependant ,PKU, mitochondrial-Leigh syndrome

Page 33: Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate

ILAE Classification of Seizures

1. Localization-relateda. Idiopathicb. Symptomatic

2. Generalizeda. Idiopathicb. Idiopathic and/or symptomaticc. Symptomatic

3. Undetermined4. Special Syndromes