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Cristina VeronesPhD Candidate
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, GenevaTeaching Assistant
Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
Outsourcing Pressure – Private Implementation of International
Environmental Law
• Introduction – Why talk about „private parties“?
• Some reasons for limited State action• A unified analysis of international mechanisms
open to private parties• The need for further analysis• Conclusion
Why is State action limited?
• Public good character• Problems of standing• Factual problems
• Lack of resources• Corruption
European Court of Human Rights
World Bank Inspection Panel
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
European Court of Justice
CITES Secretariat
International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Access
1 2 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16Number of mechanisms per access category
Num
ber
of m
echa
nism
s
Access category
Immediately open
Direct Direct with legal condition
Indirect Restricted
„How easy is it to reach the mechanism?“
Aarhus NCP
World Bank Inspection
Panel European Court of Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
European Court of Justice
Applicable law
1 3 50
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Num
ber
of m
echa
nism
s
Applicable law category
IEL directly applicable
Overlapping Rules
IEL soft
Law applicable to the merits
Alpine Convention
NCP
Human Rights
Committee
OECD Guidelines
2 3
Outcome
1 2 30
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Num
ber
of m
echa
nism
s
Outcome category
Specific, general
& binding
Specific, general & non-binding
General & non-binding
Specific & binding
Specific & non-binding
What can the parties „get“ at the end?Inter-
American Court of Human Rights
World Bank
Inspection Panel
North American
Agreement on Environmental
Cooperation
UNCITRAL
Latin American
Water Tribunal
Specific relief: specific violation in concrete case past oriented financial compensation
General relief: change „system“ future oriented potentially broader
The access – outcome dilemma
1 2 3 4 50
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
AccessLinear (Access)OutcomeLinear (Outcome)
Num
ber
of m
echa
nism
s
Access and Outcome categories
Access and OutcomeOutcome
Access1
1
immediately open
2
2
3
3
4
4 5
5
direct direct with legal condition
indirect restricted
Specific, general &
non-binding
Specific, general
& binding
General & non-binding
Specific, &
binding
Specific, & non- binding
IACtHR
Conclusion
Thank you!