Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

1550-1715Absolute monarchy, a form of government

where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally-organized

direct opposition in force

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_map_of_Europe_(polar_stereographic_projection)_cropped.svg

7:1 Wars of Religion

• Objectives:• Who are Huguenots?• Official religions of the time in Europe• What is the “Act of Supremacy?” • What was the main cause of religious wars?

• Trying to win converts & eliminating each others authority was the main cause of the religious wars.

• Economic, social, political forces also played important part.

• (1560) Calvinism & Catholicism b/c highly militant.

• P211 voices of past

• Huguenots (HYOO-guh-nawts)• -French protestants influenced by John Calvin

• Henry of Navarre • -converted (Fr.) once realizing he’d never be

accepted when crowned (1594) & fighting ended

• To solve religious problems, the• Edict of Nantes – which recognized Catholic as

official religion of France but gave Huguenots right to practice, worship and hold office.

• King Philip II (Spain)• - The most Catholic King & supporter of

militant Catholicism.

• By 1598 (end of Philip reign) Spain was most populous empire & controlled almost all of S. Am.– Bankrupt from spending on war– Forces out of date– Inefficient gov’t

Queen Elizabeth

Repealed laws favoring Catholics(moderate to please most)

ACT OF SUPREMACY – named Eliz. The only supreme governor of both Church & state

• Armada – fleet of ships

• Spanish Armada defeated by English Sea Dogs opened way for English to settle N. Am. Coast.

7:1 Wars of Religion

• Objectives:• Who are Huguenots?• Official religions of the time in Europe• What is the “Act of Supremacy?” • What was the main cause of religious wars?

7:2 Social Crisis, War & Revolution

• Objectives:• Explain the 30 years war• Describe Commonwealth

• Economic Crisis: more imported Gold/Silver• • Increased population • • demand for land & food•

• drove price$ UP = inflation

• Wacky witchcraft 1600’s were common village culture of times

• Religion spread due to this concern• Heretics accused could be tortured.

• DID YOU READ?:• What were characteristics of the majority of

those accused?

• 30 YEARS WAR – last of religious wars

• (see pg 216 & 218)

• Peace of Westphalia – stated all German states could determine their own religion.

• Now the 300+ states that made up Holy Roman Empire were recognized as independent w/ power to conduct own foreign policy= end to HRE as one political unit

• MEANWHILE:

• England (not involved in 30 yrs. war) had own civil war b/t King & Parliament over who should govern England.

• King James I – divine right of Kings= Kings got power from God.

• Puritans – (protestants in Eng. w/ Calvinist idea)

• Charles I – imposed rituals on Church of Eng. Many saw as return to Catholic practices….

• As King pushed = more chose America!

• Cavaliers – supporters of King (Royalist)• vs.• Roundheads – supporters of Parliament

• Oliver Cromwell – military genius w/ new model army helped parliament win control

• Commonwealth = republic destroying both King & Parliament = military dictatorship………..

7:3 Response to Crisis

• Absolutism = ruler hold absolute total power

• Louis XIV (Fr) – best example– Established household at Versailles – Finances crucial issue– Jean Baptiste Colbert – Mercantilism = < imports & > exports

• Glorious Revolution = • William of Orange invited to Eng.

Married Mary (James II daughter)

• 1689 Parliament offers throne to• William & Mary who accept w/ a• Bill of Rights• Toleration Act 1689 – granted puritans

right to worship = no more persecutions

• Destroyed the divine right theory of Kingship

Prussia & Austria Expand• Ivan IV - 1st ruler to have title of czar

(Russian for Caesar)

• What got him the name of “Ivan the terrible?”

• Peter the Great – czar 1689-1725• Wanted to westernize Russia

• St. Petersburg – “window to the west”

7:4 European Culture

• Mannerism – style that emerged in Italy 1520’s

• Golden Age of literature = • William Shakespere

• Thomas Hobbes • -political thoughts

• John Locke• - political thoughts were against one

absolute ruler but more on protecting rights, constitutional gov’t

• Thomas Hobbes- Political thoughts that– Absolute power needed to preserve order

– JOHN LOCKE – Political thoughts against Absolute power • Protecting rights• Constitutional gov’t

SUMMARY

• Describe the divine rights theory• “ 30 yrs. War• Peace of Westphalia• Puritans & why to America?• Who led Commonwealth in England?• Describe the Glorious Revolution• Czars Ivan IV & Peter• Locke & Hobbes