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Crinoid Paleoecology
Geology 632: Paleoecology
Echinoderms: 21 classes (16 extinct) including:
• Crinoids• Blastoids• Cystoids• Edrioasteroids• Asteroids• Ophiuroids• Echinoids• Holothurians
Crinoid Blastoid
Cystoid
Edrioasteroid
AsteroidOphiuroid
Echinoids:
sand dollar (left)
sea biscuit (below)
Holothurian: sea cucumber
Classification of Crinoids• Paleozoic Crinoids
– Subclass Camerata: pinnulate arms– Subclass Disparida: nonpinnulate arms– Subclass Cladida: pinnulate and nonpinnulate– Subclass Flexibilia: nonpinnulate arms
• Mesozoic and Cenozoic Crinoids– Subclass Articulata: pinnulate arms
• Isocrinids - stalked• Comatulids - free living
Examples of Mississippian Crinoid Clades
A. Camerate crinoid with pinnulate arms. Abatocrinus grandis
B. Disparid crinoid with non-pinnulate arms. Synbathocrinus swallovi
C. Advanced cladid crinoid with pinnulate arms. Decadocrinus tumidulus
D. Primitive cladid crinoid with non-pinnulate arms. Cyathocrinites barydactylus
E. Flexible crinoid with non-pinnulate arms. Onychocrinus ulrichi
Actinocrinites: a camerate; note the pinnulate arms
Cyathocrinites, a primitive cladid with nonpinnulate arms
Actinocrinites and Barycrinus, Mississippian
Diversity of crinoid genera over geologic time. High modern
diversity is a taphonomic artifact.
Encrinus, the survivor of the
Permian extinction
event, founder of the
Articulata
Endoxocrinus at a depth of 692 m, Bahamas
Cenocrinus, 310 m, Bahamas
Endoxocrinus, 430 m, Bahamas
Endoxocrinus and ophiuroids, 573 m, Bahamas
Neocrinus, 424 m, Bahamas
Neocrinus, 424 m, Bahamas. Current = 20cm/s
Neocrinus, 424 m, Bahamas
Tube feet on the pinnules of crinoid arms
Modern comatulid crinoids, Bahamas
Modern comatulid crinoids, Bahamas
Living basketstar: convergent evolution on Paleozoic nonpinnulate crinoids
Crinoid Faunas
Osagean-Meramecian stratigraphy and time intervals for crinoids
1.B o o nv ille
2 .C la rk C o .
3 .Ke o k uk
4 .Wa rs a w
5 .N a uv o o
6 .H a m ilt o n
7 .U.Q ua rry
8 .L.Q ua rry9 .India nC rk10 .Wa ldrip
11.B o yS c o ut
12 .A lle ns C rk
13 .B M K
14 .KY S o lit e
15 .Whit e s C rk
- 0 .4 - 0 .3 - 0 .2 - 0 .1 0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3
C o o rdina t e 1
- 0 .2
- 0 .1
0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
Coo
rdin
ate
2
MDS Plot, K&A, 1987, Table 1 data (species counts)
Stress = 0.06
Low Energy Facies
High Energy Facies
Carbonate Facies
M O N O
D IS P A RC Y A T H O
P O T E R
F LE X
1.B o o nv ille
2 .C la rk C o .
3 .Ke o k uk
4 .Wa rs a w
5 .N a uv o o 6 .H a m ilto n
7 .U.Q ua rry
8 .L.Q ua rry
9 .India nC rk
10 .Wa ldrip
11.B o yS c o ut
12 .A lle ns C rk
13 .B M K
14 .KY S o lit e
15 .Whit e s C rk
- 0 .0 2 4 - 0 .0 16 - 0 .0 0 8 0 0 .0 0 8 0 .0 16 0 .0 2 4 0 .0 3 2 0 .0 4
A xis 1
- 0 .0 3
- 0 .0 2 4
- 0 .0 18
- 0 .0 12
- 0 .0 0 6
0
0 .0 0 6
0 .0 12
0 .0 18
Axi
s 2
CA Plot, K&A, 1987, Table 1 data (species counts)
Low Energy Facies
High Energy Facies
Carbonate Facies
= ADV. CLADIDS
= PRIM. CLADIDS
New Providence Shale at Button
Mold Knob, near Louisville, KY.
Low-energy facies. First Paleozoic
fossils west of the Appalachians were
collected here in 1816.
Crinoidal debris weathering from the New Providence Shale, Kentucky
Crinoid stem in the New Providence Shale, KY
The lower Warsaw Fm., Keokuk, Iowa. Mixed carbonates and clastics.
Mississippian limestone bluffs along the Mississippi River in Illinois. Carbonate platform.
Burlington and Keokuk limestones, Iowa. Carbonate platform environment.
Crinoidal bioherm, Fort Payne Fm., Kentucky. Organic carbonate buildups.
Crinoidal limestone, Fort Payne Fm.
Crinoid calyces in the Fort Payne Fm.
Upper Warsaw Fm., St. Louis, MO. Cross-bedded limestones: high energy environment
Closeup of cross-bedded limestones.
Examples of Mississippian
crinoids: various species of
Cyathocrinites, a nonpinnulate
cladid
Examples of Mississippian
crinoids: various
species of Barycrinus, a nonpinnulate
cladid
Various species of pinnulate
cladid crinoids
Various species of pinnulate cladid
crinoids
The camerate crinoid
Agaricocrinus
The camerate crinoid,
Dizygocrinus
