Steven BriggsNationally recognized criminal justice expert

Learn to:• Understand the sociological,

environmental, and psychological causes of criminal behavior

• Appreciate the techniques law enforcement officers use to investigate crimes

• Consider the methods that have been developed to solve and punish crime

• Measure crime and identify the important points of criminal theory

CriminologyMaking Everything Easier!™

Open the book and find:

• Common criminal traits

• The causes of violent crimes

• Recent efforts to secure victims’ rights

• The processes used to solve crimes

• A step-by-step walkthrough of the criminal justice process

• Ways to recognize and fight back against crime

• Jobs in the criminal justice field

• Ten notorious, unsolved crimes

Steven Briggs is a career prosecutor and nationally recognized lecturer

on law enforcement and criminal law topics. He has trained many

organizations, including the National District Attorneys Association, the

National White Collar Crime Center, and the Russian-American Rule of Law

Consortium. He is also an adjunct professor of criminal justice.

Social Science/Criminology

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Your thorough guide to comprehending and combating crimeAre you fascinated by criminology, forensics, and detective work? This you-are-there guide takes you deep into the world of crime, giving you a better understanding of the dark recesses of the criminal mind and how law enforcement officials investigate crime. You’ll gain real-world knowledge of the reasons for and consequences of crime, the way society responds to it, and, most important, how crime can be prevented.

• Enter the world of crime — understand what crime is, how it is measured, and the various ways crime affects victims and society

• Identify different types of crime — from white-collar crime to organized crime to terrorism, examine the nature of crime and why certain criminals are attracted to specific crimes

• Know who commits crimes, and why — explore different theories that attempt to explain why people commit crimes

• Take it to the streets — follow law enforcement officials and federal agencies as they chase and apprehend the bad guys

• Seek justice — meet the key players in the criminal justice system and see why and how the guilty are punished

• Deal with juveniles — know the differences between adult and juvenile systems, realize why youths are treated differently, and review modern methods for treatment

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inology

Briggs

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by Steven Briggs with Joan Friedman

CriminologyFOR

DUMmIES‰

Criminology For Dummies®

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

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About the Authorsteven briggs has spent most of his legal career as a criminal prosecutor, working at the local, state, and federal levels. He has handled cases from petty theft to organized crime and capital murder. Several of his cases have been broadcast on national TV and have become the subjects of true crime books. Mr. Briggs also oversaw his state’s criminal division, where he man-aged the organized crime, financial crime, and criminal intelligence units, as well as the state anti-terrorism and crime victim’s programs. In addition, Mr. Briggs managed his state’s district attorney assistance prosecution unit and special agents unit, which targeted complex crime, including Internet preda-tors, social security fraud, and narcotics traffickers. An accomplished trainer, Mr. Briggs has regularly instructed state, national, and international audiences on a variety of criminal justice topics. A graduate of Dartmouth College and the University of Oregon School of Law, Mr. Briggs was a college football coach before pursuing his legal career.

DedicationFor Marla and Elena.

Author’s AcknowledgmentsI would like to give a big thanks to my agent, Barbara Doyen, as well as Development Editor Joan Friedman for their excellent work and guidance in preparing this book. Technical Editor Ken Rueben was, as always, a great resource and friend. Internationally recognized juvenile justice expert David Koch was very gracious with his time, as was Cynthia Stinson, the most knowledgeable person I know on the topic of crime victim services. Copy Editor Amanda Gillum and Project Editor Natalie Faye Harris worked very hard on improving this book’s readability. I must also acknowledge the lingering influence of Blinker Black and all his fraters. Finally, I would like to thank the men and women of the criminal division, who were not only the source of many great examples in this book, but whose sacrifice of personal interest in the pursuit of justice has been a constant inspiration to me.

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Contents at a GlanceIntroduction ................................................................ 1

Part I: Defining and Measuring Crime ........................... 7Chapter 1: Entering the World of Crime ......................................................................... 9Chapter 2: What Is Crime? .............................................................................................. 23Chapter 3: How Crime Is Measured and Why It Matters ............................................ 33Chapter 4: Helping Those in the Wake of Crime: Victims ........................................... 47

Part II: Identifying Types of Crime .............................. 57Chapter 5: Getting Violent: Crimes of Force ................................................................. 59Chapter 6: Hitting You in the Pocketbook: Property Crimes ..................................... 77Chapter 7: Dressing Sharp and Stealing Big: White-Collar Crimes ............................ 93Chapter 8: A Group Effort: Organized Crime and Gangs .......................................... 105Chapter 9: Tackling a Worldwide Problem: The Narcotics Trade ........................... 127Chapter 10: Front-Page News: Terrorism.................................................................... 145

Part III: Figuring Out Who Commits Crimes and Why ................................................................. 159Chapter 11: What Factors Lead to Crime? .................................................................. 161Chapter 12: Regarding Crime as a Rational Decision: Rational Choice Theory ..... 177Chapter 13: Looking at Society’s Role in Crime ......................................................... 189Chapter 14: Can Your Mind or Body Make You a Criminal?..................................... 199Chapter 15: Critical Theory: Theories off the Beaten Path ...................................... 209

Part IV: Fighting Crime ............................................ 219Chapter 16: Battling Crime at the Local Level ............................................................ 221Chapter 17: Tackling Crime at the Federal Level ....................................................... 235Chapter 18: Solving Crimes: The Process ................................................................... 247

Part V: Prosecuting and Punishing Crime ................... 265Chapter 19: Seeking Justice: The Players and Their Roles ....................................... 267Chapter 20: Finding the Truth: Pleading Guilty or Going to Trial ............................ 283Chapter 21: Punishing the Guilty: Why and How Society Does It ............................ 301Chapter 22: Examining the Juvenile Justice System .................................................. 325

Part VI: The Part of Tens .......................................... 337Chapter 23: Ten Jobs to Consider in Criminal Justice .............................................. 339Chapter 24: Ten Notorious, Unsolved Crimes ............................................................ 349

Index ...................................................................... 359

Table of ContentsIntroduction ................................................................. 1

About This Book .............................................................................................. 1Conventions Used in This Book ..................................................................... 2What You’re Not to Read ................................................................................ 2Foolish Assumptions ....................................................................................... 3How This Book Is Organized .......................................................................... 3

Part I: Defining and Measuring Crime .................................................. 3Part II: Identifying Types of Crime ....................................................... 4Part III: Figuring Out Who Commits Crimes and Why ....................... 4Part IV: Fighting Crime .......................................................................... 5Part V: Prosecuting and Punishing Crime ........................................... 5Part VI: The Part of Tens ....................................................................... 5

Icons Used in This Book ................................................................................. 5Where to Go from Here ................................................................................... 6

Part I: Defining and Measuring Crime ............................ 7

Chapter 1: Entering the World of Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Defining the Terms: What Crime Is and How You Measure It .................... 9

Identifying elements of criminal behavior ........................................ 10Gathering crime statistics ................................................................... 10

Recognizing the Various Costs of Crime .................................................... 11Noting the financial impact................................................................. 11Respecting the price a victim pays.................................................... 12

Considering Categories of Crime ................................................................. 13Studying individual crimes ................................................................. 13Focusing on organized crime ............................................................. 14Spotlighting terrorism ......................................................................... 15

Figuring Out What Makes Someone Commit a Crime ............................... 15Making a rational decision .................................................................. 16Pointing the finger at society ............................................................. 16Blaming mental and physical defects ................................................ 17

Waging a War against Crime ........................................................................ 17Policing the streets .............................................................................. 17Getting the feds involved .................................................................... 18Working together in task forces ......................................................... 19

Bringing Criminals to Justice ....................................................................... 19Prosecuting crime ................................................................................ 19Determining punishment .................................................................... 20Giving juveniles special attention ...................................................... 20

Criminology For Dummies viiiChapter 2: What Is Crime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Understanding the Two Categories of Criminal Activity .......................... 23Violating natural laws: Acts that are inherently bad ....................... 24Violating manmade laws: Acts that aren’t inherently bad ............. 25

Identifying Elements of a Criminal Law ...................................................... 25Distinguishing civil from criminal law ............................................... 26Defining felonies and misdemeanors ................................................ 27Requiring a physical act ...................................................................... 27Having a guilty mind ............................................................................ 28

Linking Criminal Behavior to Cultural Mores ............................................ 29Understanding that crimes change over time .................................. 29Recognizing the impact of location ................................................... 30Realizing that politics play a role ...................................................... 31

Chapter 3: How Crime Is Measured and Why It Matters . . . . . . . . . . .33Gathering Crime Stats: How Much Crime Is There? .................................. 33

Relying on crime reports .................................................................... 34Tallying the number of arrests ........................................................... 37Spotlighting unreported crime: Victimization surveys ................... 40Accepting the shortcomings of crime statistics .............................. 41

Putting Crime Stats to Use ............................................................................ 41Considering the Costs of Crime ................................................................... 43

Funding the justice system ................................................................. 43Measuring the costs to society and victims ..................................... 46

Chapter 4: Helping Those in the Wake of Crime: Victims . . . . . . . . . . .47Looking at the Historical Treatment of Victims ........................................ 47Identifying the Impact of Crime on Victims ............................................... 48

Physical scars ....................................................................................... 48Emotional effects ................................................................................. 49Economic loss ...................................................................................... 49

Pinpointing Who Is Likely to Be Victimized ............................................... 50Expanding Victim Services in the 21st Century ......................................... 51

Crime victim compensation ............................................................... 51Support of victim advocates .............................................................. 52Direct help from private, nonprofit groups ...................................... 53

Observing the Laws That Protect Victims’ Rights .................................... 54Invoking victims’ rights ....................................................................... 54Enforcing victims’ rights ..................................................................... 56

Part II: Identifying Types of Crime .............................. 57

Chapter 5: Getting Violent: Crimes of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Identifying Types of Violent Crimes ............................................................ 59Defining Homicide ......................................................................................... 60

Murder ................................................................................................... 60Manslaughter ........................................................................................ 62

ix Table of Contents

Negligent homicide .............................................................................. 62Assisting a suicide ............................................................................... 63

Attacking or Threatening Someone: Assault and Battery ........................ 63Vehicular assault ................................................................................. 64Spousal assault ..................................................................................... 65Child abuse ........................................................................................... 66

Forcing Sexual Contact: Rape, Sodomy, and Child Molestation .............. 67Rape and sodomy ................................................................................ 67Child molestation ................................................................................. 68

Taking Property under the Threat of Violence: Robbery ......................... 70Kidnapping ..................................................................................................... 71Pinpointing Causes of Violence ................................................................... 73

Struggling with drugs and alcohol ..................................................... 73Feeling the lasting effects of family troubles .................................... 74Suffering from mental problems ........................................................ 75Being influenced by society ................................................................ 76Making a personal choice ................................................................... 76

Chapter 6: Hitting You in the Pocketbook: Property Crimes . . . . . . . .77Categorizing Types of Theft ......................................................................... 78

Shoplifting ............................................................................................. 78Scamming people out of their money ............................................... 79Taking personal and credit card information: Identity theft ......... 81Stealing autos ....................................................................................... 83Breaking and entering: Burglary ........................................................ 85Committing outdoor property theft .................................................. 86

Defining Property Damage ............................................................................ 87Committing arson ................................................................................ 87Vandalizing property ........................................................................... 88

Looking at the Causes of Property Crime ................................................... 88Wrestling with drug addiction ........................................................... 88Making a career choice ....................................................................... 90Being drawn to bright and shiny objects .......................................... 91Battling kleptomania ........................................................................... 91

Chapter 7: Dressing Sharp and Stealing Big: White-Collar Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Identifying Types of White-Collar Crime .................................................... 93Stealing from the boss: Embezzlement ............................................. 94Evading taxes........................................................................................ 95Selling phony investments: Securities fraud .................................... 96Dumping waste and endangering employees:

Environmental crime ....................................................................... 97Cheating business and service clients .............................................. 98Cheating consumers: False advertising and price fixing ................ 98Mixing politics and crime ................................................................... 99

Criminology For Dummies xThe Challenges of Investigating White-Collar Crime ............................... 100

Measuring the costs (in time and money) ...................................... 101Facing a dearth of financial investigators ....................................... 101

Prosecuting and Punishing White-Collar Crime ...................................... 102Equating good suits with good verdicts ......................................... 102Testing the limits of corporate liability .......................................... 103Making punishments fit the crimes ................................................. 104

Chapter 8: A Group Effort: Organized Crime and Gangs . . . . . . . . . . .105Grasping the Basics of Organized Crime .................................................. 105Obsessing over the Italian Mafia ............................................................... 106

Tracing the growth and decline of the Sicilian mob ..................... 106Recognizing the Mafia’s impact on public policy .......................... 107

Identifying Other Ethnic-Based Organized Crime Groups ...................... 108Looking at What Organized Crime Groups Do ......................................... 109

Selling narcotics ................................................................................. 110Marketing counterfeit and pirated products .................................. 110Committing fraud ............................................................................... 112Loan sharking ..................................................................................... 113Extorting money ................................................................................. 113Committing violence to support the “business” ............................ 114Laundering money ............................................................................. 114

Fighting Organized Crime ........................................................................... 115Using criminal intelligence ............................................................... 115Overcoming jurisdictional boundaries: Task forces ..................... 116Proving conspiracy ............................................................................ 116Setting up wiretaps ............................................................................ 117Relying on informants ....................................................................... 119Going undercover .............................................................................. 120Taking back the money: Forfeiture .................................................. 120

Getting an Inside Scoop on Criminal Gangs ............................................. 121Youth and street gangs ..................................................................... 121Motorcycle gangs ............................................................................... 124Prison gangs ....................................................................................... 126

Chapter 9: Tackling a Worldwide Problem: The Narcotics Trade . . . .127The Global Workings of Dealing Drugs ..................................................... 127

Making drugs illegal ........................................................................... 128Growing plants for the drug trade ................................................... 129Mixing chemicals for the drug trade ............................................... 133Moving dope to your neighborhood ............................................... 134

Treating Drug Users .................................................................................... 137Examining types of treatment .......................................................... 139Using drug courts .............................................................................. 140Shifting treatment goals .................................................................... 140

Preventing Drug Use .................................................................................... 141Educating the public.......................................................................... 142Testing for drugs ................................................................................ 142

xi Table of Contents

Chapter 10: Front-Page News: Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Recognizing Types of Terrorist Threats ................................................... 146

Striking as an organization ............................................................... 146Acting alone ........................................................................................ 146Choosing a weapon ............................................................................ 147

Facing International Terrorist Threats ..................................................... 148Al Qaeda .............................................................................................. 149Hezbollah ............................................................................................ 150Hamas .................................................................................................. 151

Dealing with Domestic Antigovernment Groups ..................................... 151Identifying violent threats ................................................................ 152Using paper crimes ............................................................................ 152

Focusing on Single-Issue Terrorists .......................................................... 153Committing crimes to save animals ................................................ 153Fighting for the environment............................................................ 154Targeting abortion ............................................................................. 155Acting out of hate............................................................................... 156

Fighting Back against Terrorism ................................................................ 157Eliminating terrorist motivation ...................................................... 157Eliminating operational capability: Law enforcement’s role........ 158

Part III: Figuring Out Who Commits Crimes and Why .... 159

Chapter 11: What Factors Lead to Crime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161Noting Personal Characteristics That Many Criminals Share ............... 161

Age: Seeing crime as a young person’s game ................................. 162Gender: Men take first place in crime ............................................. 164Income: Does less money in your pocket lead to more crime? ... 165Race: Does skin color influence criminality,

or is racism to blame? ................................................................... 166Education: Higher degrees equal lower crime rates ..................... 169Religious affiliation: The benefits of practicing a faith .................. 169

Looking at the Impact of Societal Conditions on Crime ......................... 170Pop culture: Inspiring violence through entertainment ............... 170A bad economy: Does recession lead to crime? ............................ 171Your zip code: Identifying regional differences in crime rates .... 173

Studying the Impact of Atmospheric Changes ........................................ 176

Chapter 12: Regarding Crime as a Rational Decision: Rational Choice Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Taking a Quick Tour through Classical Theory ....................................... 177Calculating the Benefits and Drawbacks of Crime .................................. 178

Analyzing risks and rewards ............................................................ 178Choosing the type and place of crime............................................. 180Factoring in personality and skills................................................... 181Meeting the offender’s needs ........................................................... 181

Criminology For Dummies xiiCreating Rational Deterrents to Crime ..................................................... 182

Running the risk of being caught (and punished) ......................... 182Increasing the severity of punishment............................................ 184Aiming for speedy punishment ........................................................ 184Preventing the rewards ..................................................................... 186

Examining the Limits of Rational Choice Theory .................................... 186Considering humans who behave irrationally ............................... 186Seeing how crime often pays ............................................................ 188Dealing with the values gap .............................................................. 188

Chapter 13: Looking at Society’s Role in Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189Introducing Social Disorganization Theory ............................................. 189Studying Strain Theory ............................................................................... 190

Anomie theory .................................................................................... 191General strain theory ........................................................................ 191Institutional anomie theory .............................................................. 192Subculture theories ........................................................................... 193

Considering Social Learning Theories ...................................................... 194Differential association theory ......................................................... 194Techniques of neutralization theory ............................................... 195

Delving into Social Control Theories ........................................................ 196Containment theory........................................................................... 196Social bond theory ............................................................................. 197

Chapter 14: Can Your Mind or Body Make You a Criminal? . . . . . . . .199Biological Positivism: Trying to Link Appearance to Crime .................. 199Wrestling with the Influence of Genetics .................................................. 200

Figuring out how parents influence criminal behavior ................. 201Creating criminals through evolution ............................................. 202

Blaming the Brain ........................................................................................ 202Eating a poor diet ............................................................................... 202Grappling with the wrong brain chemistry .................................... 204Having a low IQ .................................................................................. 204

Struggling with Mental Illness .................................................................... 204Dealing with a Personality Disorder .......................................................... 205

Focusing on antisocial personality disorder .................................. 206Distinguishing psychopaths ............................................................. 206

Chapter 15: Critical Theory: Theories off the Beaten Path . . . . . . . . .209Labeling Someone a Criminal ..................................................................... 210

Changing someone’s self-image ....................................................... 210Erasing the criminal label ................................................................. 211Finding the theory’s weakness ......................................................... 212

Exploring Feminist Theory ......................................................................... 212Examining Leftist Realism: A Response to Law and Order .................... 213Making Peace ............................................................................................... 215

xiii Table of Contents

Seeking Healing through Restorative Justice ........................................... 216Encouraging justice within a community ....................................... 216Debating treatment versus incarceration ....................................... 217

Part IV: Fighting Crime ............................................. 219

Chapter 16: Battling Crime at the Local Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221Keeping the Streets Clean: The Players at the Local Level .................... 221

Distinguishing sheriffs from police chiefs ...................................... 221Driving the streets: Patrol officers ................................................... 223Focusing on neighborhoods: Community officers ......................... 224Supervising patrol officers: Sergeants............................................. 224Investigating crimes: Detectives ...................................................... 225Giving police officers special assignments ..................................... 226Counting on civilian employees ....................................................... 227Greater than the sum of their parts: Task forces .......................... 228Bringing in citizen cops: Reserves ................................................... 228

Thinking about Theories of Policing ......................................................... 229Policing at the community level....................................................... 229Fixing broken windows ..................................................................... 231Adopting intelligence-led policing ................................................... 232

Chapter 17: Tackling Crime at the Federal Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235Sorting through the Alphabet Soup of Federal Agencies ....................... 235

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).............................................. 236Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) ..... 238Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) ....................................... 239Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) ............................... 240Secret Service ..................................................................................... 241U.S. Marshals Service ........................................................................ 242Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ......................................................... 242Other federal law enforcement agencies ........................................ 243

Coordinating Federal and Local Efforts .................................................... 244Working with local law enforcement ............................................... 244Federal funding: Tapping federal resources to maximize effect ....245

Chapter 18: Solving Crimes: The Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247Responding to a Crime Scene .................................................................... 247

Interviewing witnesses ...................................................................... 248Interrogating suspects ...................................................................... 249Gathering physical evidence ............................................................ 250Writing a report .................................................................................. 251

Using Special Crime-Fighting Tools and Techniques .............................. 252Conducting crime scene investigations .......................................... 254Applying for search warrants ........................................................... 255