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Criminal Justice and the Planner’s Role
American Planning Association – Seattle, WA
Beth AltshulerRaimi + Associates
April 18, 2015
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Public Health
Community Planning
Sustainability & Climate
Change
Social Equity
Healthy Community Planning & SAFETY
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“I don’t care about more street trees and walking to the store if there are still drug dealers and gangs on my corner. I’m scarred I’ll get shot!”
Encouraging walkability needs to consider context Who lives there? Perceived v. actual safety?
Planners “Community Safety” Toolbox4
Neighborhood watch / community policing
Crime Prevention though Environmental Design
Liquor store concentration Broken windows / Eyes on the Street
Mass Incarceration in the US5
Incarceration Rates by Country6
The US = 4.6% of the world population, but has 22% of all incarcerated people globally.
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380
966
2207
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
White Latino Black
Inca
rcera
ted P
ers
ons
per
100,0
00
US Incarceration Rates by Race / Ethnicity, 2010
63.7%
16.3%12.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
White Latino Black
Racial Composition of the U.S., 2010 (US Census)
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64% of incarcerated have no GED or High School diploma
Most inmates (71%) are serving tme for non-violent offences
Concentration in Neighborhoods 9
In some cities more than half of all young adult black men are currently under the correctional control prison, jail, probation, or
parole
One in three Black men born in 2001 will be incarcerated during their lifetime.
Michelle Alexander. The New Jim Crow
Size of the problem 10
“Today a total of 7.3 million individuals are under the control of the U.S. criminal justice system:
2.3 million prisoners behind bars,
800,000 parolees,
4.2 million people on probation
If this population had their own city, it would be the second largest in the country.”Ernest Drucker. Find A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America, 2013.
Who’s impacted by the criminal justice system and violence?
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Perpetrators of Crime
Victims of Crime
Families of Perpetrators and Victims
Witness of Crime
Residents of High Crime Areas
People Who Hear About Crime (via friends or media)
Cycle of Neighborhood Poverty12
High Poverty Neighborhood
Lack of Jobs, Parks, Quality Schools, etc.
Crime & Incarceration
Destabilized Neighborhood and Families
High Concentrations
of Formally Incarcerated
Why should planners care about criminal justice?
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Health Economic
Social Ethical
Health14
Homicide is the #1 cause of death for black
males 15-34 yrs old(CDC, 2011)
Health impacts of neighborhood violence and incarceration
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Victims and perpetrators of
community violence
• Death
• Bodily Injury
• Psychosocial Impacts
Families of those involved in violence crime experience
• Loss of income
• Loss of social support due to death or injury of a loved one
Residents of high incarceration
neighborhoods
• Stress
• Infectious diseases
• Generalized anxiety and major depressive disorder
Economic16
Economic
50% of released prisoners are rearrested within 1 year;
77% within 5 years.
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Incarceration and law
enforcement competes
with state and
municipal funds that
could build community
resiliency
• parks,
• schools,
• universities,
• health care,
• housing,
• public assistance
Social19
Social
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Social 23
More than 2/3 of incarcerated woman and half of men are parents of children under 18.
Children of formally incarcerated parents likely in end up behind bars
Ethical24
The growth in the U.S. prison population has had a major impact on families, communities, and state budgets. Its
impacts have been most profound, however, among people of color and within poor, disinvested neighborhoods.
For the most disinvested neighborhoods, it is not possible to talk about building community, economically or socially,
without addressing both the conditions and policies leading to incarceration and the programs and strategies
developed to enable ex-offenders to successfully return to their communities.
Reentry: Helping former prisoners return to communities by Annie E Casey Foundation. http://www.aecf.org/resources/reentry-helping-former-prisoners-return-to-communities/
Challenges of Re-Entry
Coming Home25
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
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Michelle Alexander’s Thesis:
Mass incarceration is a way to create a legally discriminatory racial caste system against black and brown Americans without talking about race.
Formally incarcerated people are denied: the right to vote;
the right to serve on juries;
and the right to be free of legal discrimination in employment,
housing,
access to education, and
public benefits.
Jobs: Ban the Box 27
• Newark, NJ’s Ban the Box legislation prohibits discrimination based on conviction history in public andprivate employment as well as housing
45 cities and counties and 7 states have “Banned the Box”
• This almost guarantees the rejection
• 6 states BAN employment for re-entry population
BUT Most public and private job applications ask about conviction history
Unemployment is a strong predictor of recidivism
Housing 28
Formally incarcerated are not a protected class under fair housing laws
Most Public Housing Authorities ban former convicted felons to live with their families leaving them homeless.
NYC, LA County, and Chicago have pilot programs in public housing
Supportive group housing faces strong NIMBYism
Homelessness 29
10% of California’s parolees are homeless (30-50% in large urban areas)
“No Sit – Lie” laws criminalize having nowhere to go
CA Jessica’s law (2006)
Prohibits sex offenders from living within ½ mile of a park or school
CA supreme court found law unconstitutional this year
School to Prison Pipeline30
Harsher school climate
Zero-tolerance programs (Schools suspending and expelling students for minor offenses)
School Resource Officers
Metal detectors
Juvenile justice youth are 38 times more likely to be incarcerated as an adult
Convicted felons are not eligible for college financial aid
Community Engagement 31
In 20 states felons permanently loose the right to vote
30 states exclude felons from Jury Service for life
Over 6% of the adult population is excluded, including about 30% of black men
Creation of disenfranchisement and mistrust of policy and government
Role of Planners 32
Know your Criminal and Juvenile Justice System
Exchange data with law enforcement and jail
Document “incarcerated” and formally incarcerated data in existing conditions reports
THEY ARE A VULNERABLE POPULATION
Invite County Probation, judges, law enforcement, and formally incarcerated to participate in community planning processes
Ensure sensitivity around socio-economic and physical impacts of jail expansion projects
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• Rewrite local policies
• Advocate for policy change at the county and state level
• Shift police department away from mass arrests
ID policies that create barriers for ex-cons and their
families
• Mental health/substance abuse services
• Quality schools
• Job training
• Youth programs
• Parks
• Reentry centers
Expand $ for resilience factors
Be an advocate for racial equity and anti-poverty programs
Discussion Questions for Planners35
How can we combat NIMBYism toward the reentry population?
What are the challenges in the planning profession do to addressing racial equity?
How do you see violence and incarnation impacting the communities you work in?
Beth Altshuler, MCP MPH CPHEpidemiologist & Urban Planner
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www.raimiassociates.com@RaimiAssociates
Presentation By:
Juan Gomez
MILPA Epistemology
(From Creation Story to Resident Power)
Based on an agricultural philosophy rooted in an interdependent community
(Tres Hermanas/Three Sisters)
Cultivating change makers by building resident based leadership capacity, cultural healing and promoting civic pathways towards racial equity.
Planning and Influencing Criminal Justice
The Praxis of City Planning and Criminal Justice:
• Social Historical Structural Bias, Planning and Oligarchy
• The New Social Justice – “Not Just Face but Space”
• Cultivating Language, Appetite and Innovation
• Bridging Allies (Planners, and CJ Advocates/Organizers)
“Those most impacted by the problem are closest to the solution”
Monterey County Juvenile Hall
SB 81 Youthful Offender Rehabilitative Facility Construction Expansion
Planning for 150 Beds and approx: 70 Youth
2007 “Outdated” Needs Assessment
Media and Email Leaks Newspaper/Insiders/Publications
Site Assessment and Planning (Salinas and Seaside)
The Next Generation of Leaders
Systems Change
“This is bigger than just the capacity of the juvenile hall, this is about human capacity and about collaboration, let’s
figure out the best way to do this.”
“I have not seen this type of community outpouring in my 13-year-career on the board, please continue to stay
involved throughout the entire process.”
- Monterey County Board of Supervisors
Exploring Planning, Policy and Praxis
Parks & Recreation/Street Repairs
Poverty/ Trauma/Susto
Code EnforcementUnconscious
Marginalization/FEAR
Planning
with Racial
Equity
Y Que: Code Enforce This!
“Know Your PODER/POWER”
What Does Integrity Do In The Face of Oppression?
What Does Honesty Do in The Face of Deception?
What Does Decency Do in The Face of Insult?
How Does Virtue face Brute Force?
* The Ordeal of Mansart by: W.E.B. DuBois
Contact: Juan Gomez
