Criminal Criminal InvestigationInvestigation

CJUS 201CJUS 201

FingerprintsFingerprintsPart 12Part 12

FingerprintsFingerprints1.1. Friction ridge skinFriction ridge skin

- hands: fingers, palms- hands: fingers, palms- feet: toes, soles, heels- feet: toes, soles, heels

a. a. Side opposite fingernailSide opposite fingernail: “: “bulb”bulb” - friction ridge outlines- friction ridge outlines

b. b. Two layers of skinTwo layers of skin - inner / outer- inner / outer

(1) (1) EpidermisEpidermis

Prints, contPrints, cont..- contains ridges- contains ridges- 2 mm thick- 2 mm thick

(2) (2) DermisDermis- - demal papillardemal papillar- origination- origination- scars / disease- scars / disease

c. c. UsesUses

(1) (1) Friction ridgesFriction ridges

Prints, cont.Prints, cont.- leaves impression- leaves impression

- body secretions- body secretions

- material touched- material touched

(2) (2) IdentificationIdentification

- permanent / individual- permanent / individual

- form on fetus- form on fetus

(3) (3) Hands / feet means to IDHands / feet means to ID

- fingers routinely used- fingers routinely used

Prints, contPrints, cont..2.2. PrintsPrints

- exact impression / image- exact impression / image

a. a. Most common meansMost common means - perspiration - perspiration - 99% water- 99% water

(1) (1) Oils / chemicalsOils / chemicals - 1% amino acids / salts- 1% amino acids / salts

(2) (2) Outside contaminantsOutside contaminants

Prints, contPrints, cont..b. b. Types of surfaceTypes of surface

(1) (1) NonporousNonporous - most productive- most productive

(2) (2) PorousPorous

- chemical treatment- chemical treatment

(3) (3) PlasticPlastic - photograph- photograph

- cannot be developed- cannot be developed

Prints, contPrints, cont..c. c. ImpressionImpression

- friction ridges - friction ridges

- inside of fingers- inside of fingers

(1) (1) TransferredTransferred

- deposit of perspiration- deposit of perspiration

(2) (2) DuplicatedDuplicated

- by this- by this

- other substances- other substances

Prints, contPrints, cont..3.3. Files maintainedFiles maintained

- sole purpose- sole purpose

a. a. ArrestArrest - WASIC- WASIC - NCIC - NCIC

b. b. State requirementsState requirements - employment- employment - driver’s license- driver’s license - certificates- certificates

Prints, contPrints, cont..c. c. Professional licenseProfessional license - health care- health care - construction- construction - accounting- accounting - education- education

d. d. Military serviceMilitary service - enlisted / civilian- enlisted / civilian

4.4. Types of printsTypes of prints- visible / latent / plastic- visible / latent / plastic

Types, contTypes, cont..a. a. Latent printsLatent prints - law enforcement- law enforcement - crime scene- crime scene

(1) (1) ProcessProcess- detecting / raising / lifting- detecting / raising / lifting

(2) (2) TermTerm- invisible - invisible - fingertips- fingertips

- secretions / contaminants- secretions / contaminants

Types, contTypes, cont..b. b. Two sources of materialsTwo sources of materials

- natural / environmental- natural / environmental

(1) (1) NaturalNatural

- perspiration- perspiration

- body residue (acids / fats / - body residue (acids / fats / salts)salts)

(2) (2) EnvironmentalEnvironmental

- foreign matter- foreign matter

- dust / soot / pollen / cooking - dust / soot / pollen / cooking oilsoils

Types, contTypes, cont..c. c. Personal factorsPersonal factors

- print left or not- print left or not

(1) (1) PhysiologyPhysiology

- perspire?- perspire?

(2) (2) Surface typeSurface type

- suitable - suitable

- unpainted wood / paper / textured- unpainted wood / paper / textured

- glass / enamel / metal / glossy- glass / enamel / metal / glossy

Types, contTypes, cont.. (3) (3) PressurePressure

- firm / not heavy- firm / not heavy- ridges light- ridges light- distort detail- distort detail

5.5. Fingerprint classificationFingerprint classification- three primary patterns (types)- three primary patterns (types)

a. a. ArchArch - ridges enter one side- ridges enter one side - rise / curve in center- rise / curve in center

Classification, contClassification, cont.. - flow out opposite side- flow out opposite side

(1) (1) Plain / tintedPlain / tinted

(2) (2) 5% – 10%5% – 10%

b. b. LoopLoop - enter on either side- enter on either side - make loop- make loop - flow out opposite side- flow out opposite side - same side- same side

Classification, contClassification, cont.. (1) (1) Plain / double loop / central Plain / double loop / central

pocket loop / pocket loop / accidentalaccidental

(2) (2) 60% - 65%60% - 65%

c. c. WhorlWhorl - enter on both sides- enter on both sides - form circle- form circle - flow out opposite side- flow out opposite side

(1) (1) 25% - 30%25% - 30%

Classification, contClassification, cont..6.6. Fingerprint patternsFingerprint patterns

- used to classify- used to classify- not individualize- not individualize

a. a. Counted: core to deltaCounted: core to delta - points of distinction- points of distinction - necessary for ID- necessary for ID

(1) (1) FranceFrance = 17 = 17

(2) (2) EnglandEngland = 16 = 16

Patterns, contPatterns, cont.. (3) (3) SpainSpain = 10 to 12 = 10 to 12

(4) (4) United StatesUnited States = 12 = 12

(5) (5) Washington StateWashington State = 12 = 12

b. b. Evidentiary valueEvidentiary value

- crime scene- crime scene

- victim- victim

- person identified- person identified

Patterns, contPatterns, cont..7.7. Methods of classifyingMethods of classifying

- mathematical formula- mathematical formula- shapes / position / size- shapes / position / size

a. a. CharacteristicsCharacteristics - unique properties in ridge detail- unique properties in ridge detail - different from each other- different from each other - different from one another- different from one another

b. b. TypesTypes - ending ridge- ending ridge

Methods, contMethods, cont.. - bifurcation- bifurcation - dot- dot - short ridge- short ridge - island (enclosure)- island (enclosure)

c. c. FBI: catalog of printsFBI: catalog of prints - NCIC- NCIC

(1) (1) Taken in USTaken in US

(2) V(2) Vary: state to stateary: state to state

Methods, contMethods, cont..d. d. Collection: two purposesCollection: two purposes

- evidence of patterns- evidence of patterns

- positive identification- positive identification

8.8. Lifting of fingerprintsLifting of fingerprints

a. a. DustingDusting

- specific steps- specific steps

(1) (1) Brush is cleanBrush is clean

Lifting, contLifting, cont.. - roll handle- roll handle

(2) (2) Shake powderShake powder- loosen- loosen

(3) (3) Apply lightlyApply lightly- follow contour lines- follow contour lines

(4) (4) Remove excessRemove excess

(5) (5) PhotographPhotograph

Lifting, cont.Lifting, cont.

b. b. LiftingLifting

- commercial lift card- commercial lift card

(1) (1) White / black backgroundWhite / black background

- color of powder- color of powder

- rubber lifter- rubber lifter

(2) (2) Transparent tapeTransparent tape

- different sizes- different sizes

- palm size- palm size

Lifting, contLifting, cont..c. c. Transfer to cardTransfer to card

- identification- identification

9.9. Chemical developmentChemical development- paper / cardboard / unpainted wood- paper / cardboard / unpainted wood

a. a. Iodine methodIodine method - crystal fumes- crystal fumes - absorbed by oils- absorbed by oils - yellowish/brown print (fade)- yellowish/brown print (fade) - will fade / photograph immediately- will fade / photograph immediately

Development, contDevelopment, cont..b. b. NinhydrinNinhydrin - organic chemical- organic chemical - amino acids / protein- amino acids / protein

(1) (1) Kept 2 hoursKept 2 hours: room : room temperaturetemperature

- 1 to 3 days to fully develop - 1 to 3 days to fully develop

(2) (2) Purple-colored printPurple-colored print- photograph immediately- photograph immediately

c. c. Silver nitrateSilver nitrate

Development, contDevelopment, cont.. - sodium chloride- sodium chloride - perspiration- perspiration - organic material- organic material

(1) (1) Reddish-brownReddish-brown- disappear 2 hours- disappear 2 hours

(2) (2) Ultra-violet lightUltra-violet light- photograph immediately- photograph immediately

d. d. Cyanoacrylate fumingCyanoacrylate fuming

Development, cont.Development, cont.

- esters / resins- esters / resins - “- “super gluesuper glue””

(1) (1) Fuming chambersFuming chambers- vehicles- vehicles- pads opened / placed- pads opened / placed

(2) (2) Non-porous surfacesNon-porous surfaces- photographed- photographed- dusted- dusted- alter other biological - alter other biological

evidenceevidence

Development, contDevelopment, cont..e. e. RadiationRadiation

- raises prints- raises prints

(1) (1) Ultraviolet raysUltraviolet rays

- shows prints- shows prints

- dusted- dusted

(2) (2) LaserLaser

- vitamins in perspiration- vitamins in perspiration

- skin / paper products- skin / paper products

Fingerprint SystemsFingerprint Systems1.1. AFISAFIS

- Automated Fingerprint Identification - Automated Fingerprint Identification Sys.Sys.

a. a. TechniciansTechnicians

- digitize information- digitize information

- inkless prints- inkless prints

- scanned- scanned

- electronic image- electronic image

- stored in data base- stored in data base

- access: NCIS / WASIC- access: NCIS / WASIC

Systems, contSystems, cont..b. b. Suspect printSuspect print

- classified (arch / loop / whorl / - classified (arch / loop / whorl / etc.)etc.)

- 12 matching characteristics- 12 matching characteristics

- data base computer- data base computer

(1) (1) Produce comparisonsProduce comparisons

- several matches- several matches

- technician examines- technician examines

(2) (2) Scan 1 million in 4.5 minutesScan 1 million in 4.5 minutes

Systems, contSystems, cont..2.2. Assessing surfaceAssessing surface

- three types- three types

a. Non-Porousa. Non-Porous - glass / plastic / polished metal- glass / plastic / polished metal - finished wood / processes paper- finished wood / processes paper

(1) (1) TexturedTextured- photograph- photograph

(2) (2) SmoothSmooth

Surface, contSurface, cont.. (3) (3) CurvatureCurvature

b. b. PorousPorous

- paper / wood / some painted - paper / wood / some painted surfacessurfaces

(1) (1) ChemicalChemical

- photograph- photograph

(2) (2) FluoresceFluoresce

- photograph- photograph

Surface, contSurface, cont..c. c. PlasticPlastic - putty / plastics / adhesives- putty / plastics / adhesives - paint (semi-hardened) / plaster- paint (semi-hardened) / plaster

(1) (1) PhotographPhotograph

3.3. Rolling printsRolling prints- from ‘V’ outward- from ‘V’ outward

a. Right handa. Right hand - thumb = 1- thumb = 1

Rolling, contRolling, cont.. - index = 2- index = 2 - middle = 3- middle = 3 - ring = 4- ring = 4 - little = 5- little = 5

b. b. Left handLeft hand - thumb = 6- thumb = 6 - index = 7- index = 7 - middle = 8- middle = 8 - ring = 9- ring = 9 - little = 10- little = 10