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Crime Statistics. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Developed by the IACP and FBI (1927) Summarizes the incidence and rate of Reported crimes in America. Utilizes reports from 16,000 law enforcement agencies. When it began, it utilized reports from 400 cities in 43 states. (1930). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Crime Statistics
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
Developed by the IACP and FBI (1927) Summarizes the incidence and rate of
Reported Reported crimes in America. Utilizes reports from 16,000 law
enforcement agencies. When it began, it utilized reports from 400
cities in 43 states. (1930)
UCR Crime Index
Sum of 7 crimes. Gives a crime rate based on population. Used to fund crime prevention programs. Part I Offenses:
– Murder, Forcible Rape, Robbery, Aggravated Assault, Burglary, Larceny-Theft and Motor Vehicle Theft.
UCR Crime Index Cont.
Clearance Rate:
The proportion of reported crimes that have been solved through arrest or other means
Based on arrests not convictions
Hierarchy Rule: – When a series of
crimes occur during the same incident, only the most serious crime is counted.
PART I Crimes
Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault Burglary Larceny Theft Motor vehicle Theft Arson
PART I OFFENSES MURDER
– Unlawful killing of one human being by another. May include 1st and 2nd degree murder and manslaughter.
– Not included: suicides, justifiable homicide (self-defense), negligent or accidental deaths, and attempted murders
FORCIBLE RAPE– The carnal knowledge
of a female forcibly against her will.
– Not included: rape of a male and same sex rape. Statutory rape without force
– Least reported of Part 1 offenses.
Crime Clock
Murder
July & August - highest number of reports
most common in southern states persons age 20-24 most likely
victims most perpetrators also 20-24
years-old
Murder
highest clearance rate of Part I offenses (typically over 60%)
firearms most frequent weapon of choice (71%)
knives second most frequent (13%)
MURDER
only 24% committed by strangers
most murders are committed by “acquaintances”
27% are the result of an “argument”
Reasons for NOT reporting rapes:
The lack of belief in ability of police to apprehend the suspect.
The concern that the victim would receive unsympathetic treatment from police.
The desire to avoid the embarrassment of publicity.
Reasons for not reporting Rape
The fear of reprisal by the rapist.
The fear of additional “victimization” by court proceedings.
The desire to keep family/friends from knowing.
RAPE statistics Most rapes are committed by
acquaintances of victim. Most rapists appear to be motivated by
the need to feel powerful. July and August are months with highest
number of reported rapes. December, January, and February are
months with lowest number of reported rapes.
Part I Offenses cont.
Robbery– A personal crime that
involves face-to-face confrontation .
– May involve weapons or intimidation
– Not included: purse snatching and pocket picking
Aggravated Assault– A weapon is involved
or medical attention is needed.
– Includes: attempted assaults when a weapon is used.
– Not included: simple assaults, pushing and shoving and fistfights.
Robbery facts
Most of those arrested are: male (90%) under age 25 (61%) minorities (56%)
Robbery rates in 2002 (per 100,000): large cities – 395.2 rural areas – 17.7
Aggravated Assault Facts
56% clearance rate (lower than murder) summer months highest number
reported Feb., Nov., and Dec. lowest number reported
35% blunt object 28% hands and feet 19% guns 18% knives
Aggravated Assault Facts
Clearance is relatively low because of the uncooperativeness of the victim.
The victim knows assailant. The assailant is either the husband or the
boyfriend. The victim considers offense a “personal”
matter. The victim believes he “got what he deserved.” The victim fears revenge if charges are
pursued.
PART I OFFENSES Cont.
Burglary– Primarily a property crime
– 3 classifications:
• Forcible entry
• Unlawful entry w/o force
• Attempted forcible entry
– Most jurisdictions don’t require forcible entry
Larceny-Theft– Theft FROM a motor
vehicle
– Shoplifting
– Thefts from buildings
– Theft of MV parts and accessories
– Bicycle Theft
– Thefts from coin-operated machines
– Purse snatching
– Pocket picketing
Burglary facts 31% of all burglaries are unlawful
entries. 63% are forcible entries. 6.5% are attempted forcible entries. 2 million burglaries reported in 2001. Daytime burglaries are the most
common. The clearance rate in 2001 was only
13%.
Larceny/Theft Facts
is the most frequently reported crime.
total value of property stolen is around $5.2 billion.
PART I OFFENSES Cont.
Motor Vehicle Theft– Self propelled vehicles
that run on the ground, not on rails.
– Excludes: trains, airplanes, bulldozers, farm equip., ships, boats & spacecraft
Arson
– Intentional and unlawful burning of structures
– Burning of vehicles
– Unable to integrate stats into crime index
– Not many agencies report
Types of Motor Vehicle Theft
short-term transportation long-term transportation commission of another crime profit
• highly organized professionals• amateur auto strippers who steal for
parts.
Types of Motor Vehicle Theft
Carjacking Legally, carjacking is a type of robbery,
not a motor vehicle theft. It accounts for just over 1% of all car
thefts. Victims and perpetrators tend to be
young African-American males. About half of carjackings are committed
by gangs or groups. About 24% of victims sustain injuries.
Arson Facts juveniles are arrested for a greater share
of this crime than any other.
arson for profit – involves a professional arsonist who sets fires for a fee.
arson fraud – involves an owner burning his or her business property to escape financial problems or for insurance.
Major offenses
Rate per 100,000 Number
murder 5.6 16,204forcible rape 33.0 95,136robbery 145.9 420,637Agg. assault 310.1 894,348burglary 746.2 2,151,875larceny-theft 2445.8 7,052,922motor vehicle theft 432.1 1,246,096arson 32.4 74,921
Part II Offenses
Drug-Law violations Driving under the Influence Simple Assault Disorderly Conduct Liquor Law violations Public Drunkenness Fraud Vandalism
Part II Offenses
Weapons Curfew Violations Offenses against the family (nonsupport) Receiving Stolen Property Runaways Forgery and Counterfeiting Sex Offenses Etc.
NIBRS
National Incident Based Reporting System Attempt to improve the UCR Details are gathered about each criminal
incident. Replaces Part I and Part II offenses with 22
general offenses Eliminates hierarchy rule
NIBRS
Reports on the elements of crime such as:– Alcohol or other drug influence.– Type of weapon used.– Location of crime.– Etc.
Distinguishes between attempts and completed crimes.
Records rapes of males and females.
NCVS
National Crime Victimization Survey Dept. of Justice and Bureau of Justice Statistics Based on victim self-reports through a survey Began in 1972 Tries to uncover the “dark figure of crime,” that
which is unreported. Shows that crime is more prevalent than UCR
indicates.
NCVS Cont.
25% of American households are touched by crime each year.
Includes rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, burglary, personal and household larceny and motor vehicle theft.
Excludes: murder, kidnapping, victimless crimes, commercial robbery and burglary of businesses.
Uses hierarchal counting Surveys people 12 y.o. and older.
NCVS Cont.
Surveys 42,000 households representing 75,000 people.
No business burglaries or thefts. No crimes against young people.
NCVS vs. UCR
NCVS Rape includes victimization of both males and females.
NCVS Includes sexual assault. Arson is not included in the NCVS NCVS = survey: UCR = police depts. report
to FBI
Interesting Facts
The chance of violent attacks is much higher for young black males than any other group.
1in 21 for black males 1 in 369 for white females.
• Crime and the Nation’s Households, 2000.
SPECIAL CATEGORIES
Crime against women Crime against the elderly Hate Crime Corporate and White-Collar Crime Organized Crime Gun Crime Drug Crime High-Tech and Computer crime
Crime Statistics research
Pick one of the following cities and find crime statistics for that city:– New York -Los Angeles– Boston -Houston– Atlanta -New Orleans– Chicago -Miami– Philadelphia -Washington D.C.
City Research Where did you find the statistics for that city? Are the statistics you found based on law
enforcement agency reports or individual surveys?
How many murders were committed in that city in the latest reported year?
How many assaults were committed in that city in the latest reported year?
What race is the majority of the suspects?