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Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios 1 / 22
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive RadiosCan spectrum be regulated in a light-handed way?
Kristen A. Woyach
Joint work with:Anant Sahai, UC Berkeley
George Atia, Venkatesh Saligrama, Boston University
April 1, 2009
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios 2 / 22
Outline
1 Spectrum Policy from a Cognitive Radio Perspective
2 What do we really want from spectrum regulation?
3 Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios• Identity• Deterrence
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Spectrum Policy 3 / 22
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SATE
LLIT
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SATELLITE(E-S)
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SATE
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SATE
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Sate
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Amat
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DM
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(S-E
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FIXE
DSA
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(S-E
)
MOB
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FIXE
DBR
OAD
-CA
STIN
GSA
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ITE
BRO
AD-
CAST
ING
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOBILE
FIX
ED
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
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XED
SATE
LLIT
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-S)
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
Radio-location
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H E
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SATE
LLIT
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ACE
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(Pas
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FIX
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FIX
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(S-E
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SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
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SATELLITE(Passive)
FIXED
MOBILE
MO
BIL
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TER-
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LLIT
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RADIO-LOCATION
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Radio-location
MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
Amat
eur
Amat
eur S
atel
liteRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
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MOB
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FIXE
DFI
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SATE
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MOB
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FIXE
DFI
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SATE
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E(S
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EART
HEX
PLOR
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NSA
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ITE
(Pas
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SPAC
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SPAC
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S.(P
assiv
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RADI
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TRO
NOM
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(S-E)
FIXED
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
MOB
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D
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assiv
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assiv
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SPAC
ERE
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R-SA
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R-SA
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MOBILE
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MOB
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SATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
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D
MOB
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D
MOB
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Radi
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RADI
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SATE
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Amat
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(Pas
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MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO-ASTRONOMY
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
3.0
3.02
5
3.15
5
3.23
0
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.06
3
4.43
8
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.85
4.99
55.
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5.00
55.
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5.45
MARITIMEMOBILE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
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Mob
ileM
ARIT
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MOB
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STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
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TIM
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(20,
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KHZ)
Spac
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MO
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SATE
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EAM
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MOBILE
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nd M
obile
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DM
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LAN
D M
OBIL
E
LAN
D MO
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MAR
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MAR
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MAR
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OBIL
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MAR
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LAN
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DM
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SATE
LLITE
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Radio
locat
ionLA
ND M
OBIL
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R
MOB
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ATEL
LITE
(E-S
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ATEL
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MO
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MO
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FIXE
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RADI
O A
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Fixed
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MET. SAT.(s-E)
FIX
ED
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ATEL
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AERO
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RAD
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ATEL
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Mobile
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at. (S
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RADI
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ACE
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ARCH
(s-E)
(s-s)
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ION
(s-E)
(s-s)
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HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (s-
E)(s-
s)
Amat
eur
MO
BILE
Fixe
dRA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
AMAT
EUR
RADI
O A
STRO
N.SP
ACE
RES
EAR
CH
EART
H E
XPL
SAT
FIXE
D SA
T. (S
-E)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (E
-S)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBIL
EFI
XED
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH (S
-E)
(Dee
p Sp
ace) AE
RONA
UTIC
AL R
ADIO
NAVI
GATI
ON
EART
HEX
PL. S
AT.
(Pas
sive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MO
BILE
FIXE
DM
ARIT
IME
MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBI
LE (T
ELEP
HONY
)
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBIL
ELA
NDM
OBIL
EM
OBIL
EFI
XED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
0125
136.
0
137.
013
7.02
513
7.17
513
7.82
513
8.0
144.
014
6.0
148.
014
9.9
150.
05
150.
815
2.85
5
154.
0
156.
2475
157.
0375
157.
1875
157.
4516
1.57
516
1.62
516
1.77
516
2.01
25
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
0540
0.15
401.
0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.53
7546
2.73
7546
7.53
7546
7.73
7547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
01
902
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARI
TIME
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(sp
ace t
o Eart
h)MO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
Amat
eur
Radi
oloc
atio
nAE
RONA
UTIC
ALRA
DIO
NAVI
GAT
ION
SPA
CE
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ARCH
( P
assiv
e)EA
RTH
EXP
L SA
T (Pa
ssive
)RA
DIO
A
STRO
NOMY
MO
BILE
MOB
ILE
**FI
XED-
SAT
(E
-S)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D FIXE
D**
LAND
MOB
ILE (T
LM)
MOBI
LE SA
T.(S
pace
to E
arth)
MARI
TIME
MOBI
LE S
AT.
(Spa
ce to
Eart
h)Mo
bile
(Aero
. TLM
)
MO
BILE
SAT
ELLI
TE (S
-E)
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(S
pace
to E
arth)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(R)
(spac
e to E
arth)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
5
10.5
10.5
510
.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
5
15.1
365
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.6
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE (E
-S)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE Aeronautical
Mobile
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(60
kHz)
FIXE
DM
obile
*
STAN
D. F
REQ.
& T
IME
SIG.
MET.
AIDS
(Rad
ioson
de)
Spac
e Op
n. (S
-E)
MOBIL
E.SA
T. (S
-E)
Fixe
d
Stan
dard
Freq
. and
Time S
ignal
Satel
lite (E
-S)
FIXE
D
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(20
kHz)
Amate
ur
MO
BIL
E
FIXE
D S
AT. (
E-S)
Spac
eRe
sear
ch
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital Letters
Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MO
BILE
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
AE
RO
NA
UTI
CA
LR
AD
ION
AV
IGA
TIO
N
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (P
assiv
e)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH
BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared
P L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GFI
XE
DM
OB
ILE
*
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GF
IXE
DB
RO
AD
CA
ST
ING
F
IXE
D
M
obile
FIX
ED
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
G
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
BRO
ADC
ASTI
NG
FIXE
DBR
OADC
ASTIN
GFI
XED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
DBR
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S..
This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Spectrum Policy 4 / 22
Privatization
Introduced 1959, Adopted 1993
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Spectrum Policy 4 / 22
Privatization
Introduced 1959, Adopted 1993
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Spectrum Policy 4 / 22
Privatization
Introduced 1959, Adopted 1993
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Spectrum Policy 5 / 22
Commons
Introduced 1994, Adopted ?
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > What do we really want? 6 / 22
Outline
1 Spectrum Policy from a Cognitive Radio Perspective
2 What do we really want from spectrum regulation?
3 Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios• Identity• Deterrence
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > What do we really want? 7 / 22
Heterogeneous coexistence for content/transport synergy
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > What do we really want? 8 / 22
Problem: uneven users
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > What do we really want? 9 / 22
Problem: Hit and Run Radios
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > What do we really want? 10 / 22
What should spectrum regulation look like in the future?
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Crime 11 / 22
Outline
1 Spectrum Policy
2 What do we really want?
3 Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios• Identity• Deterrence
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Crime 12 / 22
Goal: light-handed regulation for Cognitive Radio
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Crime 13 / 22
Fingerprinting Cognitive Radios
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Crime 14 / 22
Nabbing a crook: the Princess and the Pea Effect
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Crime 15 / 22
Multiple cheaters
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 16 / 22
Recap of sharing rules
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 17 / 22
Spectrum Jail
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 18 / 22
Choosing to cheat: “In for a penny, in for a pound”
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 19 / 22
Regulator ‘utility’
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 20 / 22
Cognitive Radio utility
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 21 / 22
Understanding overhead: percentage of jail-time
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios > Punishment 22 / 22
Closing Statements
1 Spectrum policy
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION A
DMINI
STRATI
ON
MO
BILE
(AE
RONA
UTIC
AL T
ELEM
ETER
ING
)
S)
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UNITEDSTATES
THE RADIO SPECTRUM
NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
GOVERNMENT/ NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE
RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND
ACTIVITY CODE
NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED
MARITIME MOBILEFIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
Radiolocation
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
IGAT
ION
Aeron
autic
alMo
bile
Maritim
eRa
dionav
igation
(Radio
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ns)MA
RITIM
ERA
DIONA
VIGAT
ION
(RAD
IO BE
ACON
S)
Aeron
autica
lRa
diona
vigati
on(R
adio
Beac
ons)
3 9 14 19.9
5
20.0
5
30 30 59 61 70 90 110
130
160
190
200
275
285
300
3 kHz 300 kHz
300 kHz 3 MHz
3 MHz 30 MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz
3 GHz
300 GHz
300 MHz
3 GHz
30 GHz
AeronauticalRadionavigation(Radio Beacons)
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
Aeron
autic
alMo
bile
Mariti
meRa
diona
vigati
on(R
adio
Beac
ons)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADIO
NAVIG
ATIO
N(R
ADIO
BEAC
ONS)
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION(RADIO BEACONS)
AeronauticalMobile
Aeron
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al Mo
bile
RADI
ONAV
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ION
AER
ONA
UTIC
ALRA
DIO
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ION
MAR
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OBI
LE AeronauticalRadionavigation
MO
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(DIS
TRES
S AN
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MAR
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MAR
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ITE (E
-S)
FIXED
SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)MO
BILE
FIXED
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH (S
-E)(De
ep Sp
ace) AE
RONA
UTIC
AL R
ADIO
NAVI
GATIO
N
EART
HEX
PL. SA
T.(Pa
ssive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MOBIL
EFIX
EDMA
RITIM
EMO
BILE
MARI
TIME
MOBIL
E (TE
LEPH
ONY)
MARIT
IME
MOBIL
ELA
NDMO
BILE
MOBIL
EFIX
ED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
0125
136.
0
137.
013
7.02
513
7.17
513
7.82
513
8.0
144.
014
6.0
148.
014
9.9
150.
05
150.
815
2.85
5
154.
0
156.
2475
157.
0375
157.
1875
157.
4516
1.57
516
1.62
516
1.77
516
2.01
25
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
0540
0.15
401.
0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.537
546
2.737
546
7.537
546
7.737
547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
01
902
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARIT
IME MO
BILE S
ATELLIT
E(spa
ce to E
arth)
MOBIL
E SATE
LLITE (S
-E)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
Amat
eur
Radi
oloc
atio
nAE
RONA
UTIC
ALRA
DIO
NAVI
GAT
ION
SPA CE
RESEA
RCH ( P
assive)
EARTH
EXPL
SAT (Pa
ssive)
RADIO
ASTRO
NOMY
MO
BILE
MOBIL
E **
FIXED
-SAT
(E-
S)FIX
ED
FIXE
D FIXED
**
LAND M
OBILE
(TLM)
MOBIL
E SAT.
(Space
to Ear
th)MA
RITIME
MOBIL
E SAT.
(Space
to Ear
th)Mo
bile(Ae
ro. TLM
)
MO
BILE
SAT
ELLI
TE (S
-E)
MOBIL
E SATE
LLITE
(Space
to Ear
th)AER
ONAUT
ICAL M
OBILE
SATEL
LITE (R
)(spa
ce to E
arth)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
5
10.5
10.5
510
.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
5
15.1
365
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.6
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTER
-SATE
LLITE
RADIOL
OCATIO
NSAT
ELLITE
(E-S)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADIO
NAV.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE Aeronautical
Mobile
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (6
0 kH
z)FIX
EDMo
bile*
STAN
D. FR
EQ. &
TIME S
IG.
MET. AID
S(Ra
diosond
e)Spa
ce Opn.
(S-E)
MOBIL
E.SAT
. (S-E)
Fixed
Standa
rdFre
q. and
Time S
ignal
Satell
ite (E-
S)
FIXED
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIGN
AL (2
0 kH
z)
Amate
ur
MO
BILE
FIXED
SAT.
(E-S)
Spac
eRe
searc
h
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital Letters
Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MOBIL
EBR
OADC
ASTIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
AE
RO
NA
UTI
CA
LR
AD
ION
AV
IGA
TIO
N
SPAC
E RES
EARC
H (Pa
ssive
)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH
BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared
P L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
MOBI
LE*
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIX
ED
Mob
ile
FIXE
DBR
OADC
ASTIN
G
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXED
FIXED
FIXE
D
FIXE
DFI
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D
LAN
DM
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LE
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NAUT
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locati
onFI
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LAND
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ARITI
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MOBIL
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Earth E
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Met-Sa
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-S)MET
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MO
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LAND
MO
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LAND
MO
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MO
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ATIO
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AT (S
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ATEL
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AT (S
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AT (S
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AT.
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AT.
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ATEL
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ATIO
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OCATIO
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ITE
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ATEL
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(E-S
)FI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (E
-S)
MO
BILE
FIXE
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rth
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ration
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ite (S-
S)
std fre
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time
e-e-sa
t (s-s)
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ERE
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FIXE
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ITE
MO
BILE
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- e)
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-S) FX-S
AT(S-
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STIN
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LE**
FIXED
SATE
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(E-S
)
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TELL
ITE (
E-S)
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(E-S
)
MO
BILE
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ONA
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ITE
FIXE
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T(E-S)
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AT.
MO
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).
FIXE
DM
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E-S)
MO
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FIXE
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PL-SA
T (Pa
ssive)
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ES
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SPAC
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ES.
MOBI
LEFI
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AT
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ATIO
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)
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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
2 What do we really want?
3 Crime and Punishment for Cognitive Radios
UC Berkeley Wireless Foundations K.A. Woyach
