Crim Law Dolovich FA 2003 1

8/10/2019 Crim Law Dolovich FA 2003 1

1/29

Criminal Law 120 Sharon Dolovich

I. PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT.................................................................................................2

Retribution...................................................................................................................................2Deterrence....................................................................................................................................2

Rehabilitation...............................................................................................................................3Incapacitation...............................................................................................................................3

II. ACTUS REUS (CULPABLE CONDUCT)..................................................................................3

III. MENS REA (CULPABLE MIND).............................................................................................4Doctrine.......................................................................................................................................4Mistake of Fact............................................................................................................................5Strict Liability (!o "e#onstrate" culpability$............................................................................%Mistake of La............................................................................................................................&'ultural Defense..........................................................................................................................)roportionality.............................................................................................................................Le*ality........................................................................................................................................+

IV. HOMICIDE..............................................................................................................................10,. -S/s. 20DD1R11 MRD1R..........................................................................................--. MRD1R /s. 6L0,R7 M,0SL,81R............................................................--

I. 'o##on La ,pproach9)ro/ocation Re:uire"................................................................-2II. M)' ,pproach9ri**erin* 1/ent nnecessary (1;tre#e 1#otional Disturbance$........-3

he tren" toar"s the sub Statutory Man"atory D) /s. ui"e" Discretion.................................................-+Reactions9Syste#atic Racis#? ith )roof.............................................................................2@

V. RAPE.........................................................................................................................................20

,ctus Reus.................................................................................................................................2@Mens Rea9Mistake of Fact of 'onsent......................................................................................2-VI. JUSTIFICATION....................................................................................................................22

Doctrine.....................................................................................................................................2207 co##on la> ob


2/29

attere"9o#an Syn"ro#e Defense=...................................................................................23I##inent Dan*er Re:uir#ent...............................................................................................24

01'1SSI7 9 'hoice of 1/ils..................................................................................................250on9iolent 0ecessity Re (i$ Retributi/e (backar" lookin*$? (ii$ tilitarian (forar" lookin*?

inclu"in*pre/ention? rehabilitation? an" incapacitation$

Retributionant> #an #ust be punishable before punish#ent ill benefit hi# or othersG ri*ht ofretaliation ( sentence seals #oral reaction of the publicG social pathosRoyal 'o##ission on 'ap )un> punish#ent allos society to e;press "enunciation(a*ain social cleansin*$G proportionate punish#ent #aintains respect for the laFeinbur*> punish#ent is sy#bolically si*nificant A represents "isappro/al an" punish#ent keeps society to*ether9sustainin* co##on consciousnessMichael Moore> #oral culpability "e#an"s punish#ent (#oral "essert of the cri#inal?"uty of the public$G not to pacify /icti#? nor the public ill

Murphy> (Mar;ist ake$ Retributi/e theory presupposes #en are of a co##unity ofshare" /alues an" rulesG punish#ent is "eser/e" b!c one oes pay#ent for share"pay#ent. ut ine:uality creates nee" fro# so#e an" capitalist society encoura*es *ree".rin* loer inco#e into social fol" an" they #i*ht reco*niHe benefit of retribution.Moore> pre/ention? rehabilitation? an" incapacitation (utilitarian$ are not sufficient oracceptable to societyG so? retributi/is# is left

Deterrence

entha#> #en are rational calculators? "ri/en by pain pleasureG threat of pain "eters)osner> rational actor #o"el9across social an" econo#ic classes? cri#inals respon" tochan*es in opportunity costsilli*an> nonsenseG /iolent people are #oti/ate" by sha#e an" "o not calculate

Fleisher> social "efects establishe" in chil"hoo" lea" to cri#inalityG canBt be "eterre"Increase Deterrent 1ffect> increase rate of con/iction? or increase se/erity of punish#entGbut the first is costly? an" the secon" is e#pirically "oubtfulahan> public sha#in* has financial an" social i#plicationsG substitute for i#prison#entMassaro> on the other han"? sha#in* #ay encoura*e offen"ers to seek out subculturesthat accept the Jparticular nor# /iolationsKilli*an> the e#otion of sha#e is the ulti#ate cause of all /iolenceG increase it an" youBll*et #ore? you foolsG prisons an" fines are at least controllable? #easure" by the state

2


3/29

Rehabilitation

Ra"HinoicH urner> penal policy #o/e" throu*h 3 sta*es> -$ utilitarian "eterrence(e;tre#e punish#ent for any offense$G 2$ retributi/e an" proportionality (in"i/i"ualfairness? but in"i/i"uals ob certain offen"ers are a#enable to rehabilitation an" coul" arrant resources8irsch Maher> pro*ra#s that succee" in rehab are *enerally ell9fun"e"? staffe"? an"i#ple#ente"G bla#eorthiness an" susceptibility to treat#ent an" not nec. 'orrelate"

Incapacitation

DiIulio> It costs society tice as #uch to let prisoner loose than to lock the# up. 'riticsar*ue that DiIulio o/eresti#ates the nu#ber of cri#es likely to be co##itte" by release".Dept. of Eustice> ar*et hi*h9rate offen"ers9selecti/e incapacitation. 'ritics ar*ue une:ualsentences for e:ual cri#es unfair b!c future beha/ior unpre"ictable. ut ar*uably Du"ley? Stephens (Ds$? rooks? an" )arker stran"e" at sea on Euly 5? ! little hope ofrescue. 6n Euly 25? Ds kill an" eat )arker. Ds an" rooks rescue" on Euly 2+.Issue> as the killin* #ur"er un"er the circu#stances=Reasonin*> e#ptation to act in these circu#stances "oes not constitute necessity. 0ecessity topreser/e life is not un:ualifie". uilty of illful #ur"er? an" sentence" to "eath. D11RR10.

Th H!"# $% P&"'h"*+ S*!* ,. I"#','#&!-,*ainst State> officials can ha/e personal biases? une:ual treat#entG political a*en"as,*ainst In"i/i"uals> lack of le*iti#acy? not "eliberate? not consistent? less securityOverall Concerns Security? Le*iti#acy? In"i/i"ual Fairness!Liberty? Distribution

II. !CTUS REUS "CU#P!$#E CONDUCT%

A*& /&9positi/e act or o#ission hen there is a "uty resultin* in cri#inal liability. M)' S2.@-9con"uct #ust inclu"e /oluntary act or the o#ission to perfor# an act physically capable of

A* &* VOLUNTAR.

Martin /. State (-+44$ A S -&3D arreste" in ho#e an" taken by police on hi*hay. Manifeste" "runken con"ition. 'on/icte" ofbein* "runk on public hi*hay. 6/erturne" b!c action as not the Jpro"uct of the effort ofthe actorK (M)'$.I&> If ill not an issue? e li/e in )aranoia. 1;tre#ely "ifficult to pre/ent in/ol. actions.)eople /. 0eton (-+&@$ 9 -&5,ct #ust be 6L0,R7. D stru**les ! police officer? *ets shot in sto#ach. In unconscious"aHe? D shoots police officers. !c of unconsciousness DBs actions in/oluntary. 0ot *uilty act.

3


4/29

8abits are consi"ere" /oluntary b!c they are knon an" pre"ictable. In )eople /. Decina (S-&+$? epileptic D chose to "ri/e but not to ha/e seiHure. Subse:uent crash as transiti/e/oluntary action b!c risk as knon. nlike Martin 0eton> in Decina? prior knole"*e.

N$"!*'$" ,. !*'$"> con/ulsions an" so#na#bulis# are thou*ht of as nonactions

an" not punishable? hile #istakes an" acci"ents can #iti*ate or potentially e;cuse actions.

L!- #&* &* '* %$/ OMISSION *$ 5&"'h!-. M$/!- $-'!*'$" ' "$* "$&h.

)ope /. State (-+&+$ A S -3D takes in "eran*e" 0orris an" her 39#onth ol" "au*hter for the eeken". In reli*ious frenHy0orris beats chil" to "eath. ecause D faile" to pre/ent abuses or seek #e"ical help for)R6R,'1D perio"? she coul" be liable. ut? she is liable for o#ission only if there is le*al"uty to act. here isnBt in this case? althou*h there is ar*uably a #oral obli*ation to inter/ene.P$-'> 'on/ictin* D coul" "eter oo" Sa#aritansG libertarian infrin*e#ent (leini* -+$.Eones /. nite" States (-+%2$ A S -+@D as frien" of #other of -@9#onth ol" ille*iti#ate baby. 'hil" "ies hile in DBs care. 0ot clear

that D as le*ally responsible for baby. 0o proof of contract or assu#ption of natural protector.'o##onealth /. 'ar"ell (-+%$ A S -+2Stepfather se;ually #olests "au*hter for 4 years. Mother fails to take sufficient steps to re#o/e"au*hter fro# har#. 2 letters to father? application for school transfer? an" preparations to #o/e"au*hter to *ran"#otherBs house not enou*h. Le*al "uty "e#an"s #oreG thou*h husb. abusi/e.I&> )erhaps a *en"er bias9 #otherBs le*al "uty N self9preser/ation. ',),'I7 6 ,'=$lac& #etter> or"s can be punishable (conspiracy? ai"in* abettin*$. oo" Sa#aritanis# not*enerally le*ally bin"in* in ,#erica.

III. MENS RE! "CU#P!$#E MIND%

M" /!9#ental state re:uire" by offense to acco#pany act that pro"uces or threatens har#

Doctrine

Material 1le#ents of 6ffense>(-$ 0ature of con"uct (alays present$G (2$ atten"ant circu#stances (so#eti#es present$G (3$

result (often present$Must pro/e a le/el of #ens rea ith respect to each ele#entCCC

Re*ina /. 'unnin*ha# (-+5&$ A S 2@5D larcens *as #eter in base#ent of house. Loosely ce#ente" all in base#ent connectin* hisresi"ence to those of parents9in9la. Statute re:uires #aliciously causin* poison to en"an*er life.'ourt interprets it to #ean either intent or recklessness? i.e.? foresi*ht of conse:uence. rial


5/29

(2$ "$7'"-> aare that con"uct is of certain nature or that circu#stances e;ists an" thatcon"uct is practically certain to cause result (if applicableG sub conscious "isre*ar" of a substantial an" un no state of aareness? but actor shoul" be aare (reasonable #an stan"ar"$GactorBs failure to percei/e risk is *ross "e/iation fro# reasonable stan"ar" of care (ob If no le/el #entione" in statute? reckless is #ini#u# re:B". 'ulpability assi*ne" tooffense applies to all #aterial ele#ents? unless o! state". 8i*her culpability #ay substitute forloer re:uire#ent. ,areness of hi*h probability of e;istence sufficient for knoin*ly.In Santillanes /. 0e Me;ico (-++3 S A 2--$? line "ran b!n cri#inal an" ci/il ne*li*ence.

lack letter> Moti/e irrele/ant to cri#inal liability. M)' "isfa/ors strict liability.

S5'%' ,. 9"/!- I"*"*(use" in so#e non9M)'


6/29

D con/icte" of unlafully takin* an un#arrie" *irl un"er -% !o consent of the parents. heappellate court affir#s con/iction? ar*uin* that the act as takin* a *irl in anotherBs possessionithout consent. , *uilty #in" as necessary for these three ele#ents? not to the circu#stance ofthe *irlBs a*e. herefore a #istake of the circu#stance as irrele/antG "i"nBt ne*ate the fact thatD took the *irl ithout her fatherBs per#ission. Further? (-$ it as #orally ron* (*/'* -'!'-'*$

to take a *irl? an" (2$ /8-to "o so !o per#ission. roun"e" in S6'I,L 06RMS.1stablishe" lesser ron* principle> if #oral ron* (in society$? con/ict of the *reatest offense.D'"*> Stan"ar" shoul" be> (-$ reasonable *roun"s to belie/e? an" (2$ "oes belie/e. If yes toboth? then #istake is a /ali" e;cuse an" there is no cri#e.hite /. State (-+33$ S A 22&D aban"ons pre*nant ife? althou*h he "i"nBt kno that she as pre*nant hen he left her. hecourt rule" that knole"*e as not re:uire"? analo*iHin* to statutory rape an" applyin* a strictliability stan"ar". nlike in )rince? here the a*e as see#in*ly arbitrary? pre*nancy allos abri*ht line test an" a clear in"ication of societyBs nor#? hich the statute as create" to a""ress.

3 ays to characteriHe con"uct> (a$ con"uct neither i##oral? nor ille*al (#istaken u#brella$G (b$

i##oral but not ille*al (ar*uably )rince9i##orality accor"in* to society outei*hs #istake"efense$G (c$ ille*al? but lesser offense (#istaken blanks are bullets$.0otes> Most punish#ent re*ar"less of culpability. 'an there be a ,eterrenteffect=

In alint (-+22 S A 23%$ the "efen"ants ere con/icte" of sellin* coca "eri/ati/es !o an or"erfor# re:uire" by the 0arcotic ,ct of -+-4 an" *i/en 59year sentences. he court reasone" that a"efense of i*norance is insufficient hen the statuteBs *oal is Jsocial better#entK. he courtin"icate" a ,L,0'I0 1S> likelihoo" of prosecutin* innocent seller /s. e;posin*innocents to potential har#.In Dottereich (-+43 S A 23%$ the "efen"ant? '16? as con/icte" of shippin* #isbran"e" (2counts$ in interstate co##erce in /iolation of Fe"eral Foo"? Dru*? an" 'os#etic ,ct. he courtreasone" that the sprea" of I0DSRI,LIQ,I60 has left consu#ers open to #any har#s?su**estin* that the state nee"s to protect innocents fro# "an*er.he .S. Supre#e 'ourt ent the other ay in Morissette /. .S. (-+52 S A 23&$. Defen"antas a


7/29

:uality is often neutral (like the trial court


8/29

In .S. /. ,lbertini (-+& S A 2%$? the "efen"ant as ,'I1D b!c the court foun" that hereasonably relie" upon an official state#ent of the + thcircuit app ct.9*rante" hi# per#ission toprotest at na/al base? "espite ha/in* recei/e" notice fro# the base. he "ecision is appeale" tothe .S. Supre#e 'ourt? hich later re/erses the "ecision. ut in the #eanti#e? D proteste" atthe base a*ain. Mistake of la reasonable "efense= (-$ If there is so#e "oubt (cert *rante"$? then

reliance #ay 06 be reasonable. (2$ If there is no reasonable "oubt? then #ay rely. )L,00I0

In 8opkins /. State (-+5@ S A 2&@$? on the other han"? the "efen"ant as '60I'1D fora"/ertisin* #arria*e ser/ices "espite state la. ,"/ice fro# the StateBs ,ttorney as to thecontrary? but that is insufficient *roun" for i*norance "efense. ,*ain? "iscoura*e pri/ate interp.In Raley /. 6hio (-+5+ S A 2&-$ the Supre#e 'ourt ent the other ay? folloin* the M)'S2.@4(3$ in "enouncin* Jentrap#ent by estoppel.K In Raley? Ds ha" been tol" by co##issionin/esti*atin* un9,#erican acti/ity that they coul" take the 5th. a" a"/ice *i/en 6hio la at theti#e. hey ere ,'I1D of refusin* to anser :uestions b!c a"/ice as fro# the S,1.

Cultural De'ense

FOR C&-*&/!- D%" A9AINST C&-*&/!- D%"0o #ens rea A total i*norance of la ne:ual treat#ent (Ds an" /icti#s$

Different #oral conception 8art pre9conceptionT )ractical "ifficulty in "rain* stan"ar"sIn"i/i"ualiHe" (-$ Mona A i##i*rant of the 8#on* tribe of Laos ki"naps an" rapes Loatian9,#erican

o#an (',$. )ractice for future i/es in hill tribe. D sentence" to only -2@ "ays in


9/29

,.'. 1in* ar*ues that (-$ "e*rees of punish#ent help influence popular #orality an"(2$ if penalty is e;cessi/e the har# of the cri#e is "e9e#phasiHe"? ith the penalty *ettin* all theattention (an" prisoner *ettin* sy#pathy$ A counterpro"ucti/e? shakes I01RI7 of syste#.

Stephen points to stru**le beteen *oals> #*//" ,. ,"!"=/*/'&*'$". o "eter?those ! *reatest te#ptation (e.*.? poor$ #ust be threatene" ! *reatest punish#ent. 7et? those !

least te#ptation ho #ay? for e;a#ple? co##it the sa#e cri#e for sport? e ish to punish outof /en*eance #ore than those ! *reat te#ptation.

N!//$7 7'"#$7 %$/ #,'!*'$" %/$ *!*&*$/ "*"'" > $"- /!,'* $% $%%" !" '*'!*In 8ar#elin /. Michi*an (-++- S A 23$? the Defen"ant as char*e" ! possession of %&2*ra#s of cocaine. Sentence" by the state to life i#prison#ent !o parole. Supre#e 'ourt splitson this one? but the '60I'I60 as ulti#ately uphel" (i.e.? not "isproportionate$.

(a$ Scalia an" Rhe:uist for plurality9no proportionality re/ieG let le*islati/e intent befolloe" (too sub(-$ inherent *ra/ity of offense? (2$ co#parison !in

(-$ separation of poers9 he statutory "efinition of hu#an bein* in -5@ "i"nBt inclu"e unborn fetus. hatBshatBs on the books to"ay. here are to hur"les to the court up"atin* the la> (-$


10/29

of ho#ici"e statute an" b$ pro#ote


11/29

!. /STvs. 0NDDE1REE MURDER

C!//$-- *!"#!/#+ '"*"*@ #-'/!*'$"@ 5/#'*!*'$" $--!5# *$ ! '"- '"*!"*.

In 'o##onealth /. 'arroll (), A S 3+%$? D kille" his abusi/e? sa"istic? an" na**in* ife.hey ha" been #arrie" for & years. D ha" been on soli" career path in ar#y but as force" b!c ofife. ife suffere" fracture" skull an" schiHophrenia in -+5G subse:uently abusi/e toar"

chil"ren. D kept a loa"e" pistol on the in"osill by the be" for protection. Folloin* lon*ar*u#ent? ife falls asleep. D thou*ht about the *un an" *rabbe" it? shootin* her tice in thehea".'ourt /!$"#that (-$ Jno ti#e is too short for a icke" #an to fra#e in his #in" the sche#eof #ur"er?K enou*h for pre#e"itation. (2$ Further lack of *oo" plannin* "oes not in"icate lack ofpre#e"itation. ItBs about the killin* #o#ent? not afterthou*hts. (3$ Final blo> psychiatristsshoul"nBt "eci"e the state of #in" of a killerG courts shoul". ,ffir#e"> IL7 6F -SD1.MRD1R b!c re#e#bere" *un? "eliberately took it "on? "eliberately shot ife tice.

7oun* /. State (,l. -+2 A S 4@@$ puts a colorful spin on this> Jpre#e"itation an" "eliberation#ay be for#e" hile the killer is pressin* the tri**er that fire" the fatal shot.K 7oun* in/ol/e" a

car" *a#e a#on* frien"s *one ary? en"in* ith the D shootin* an" killin* 2 frien"s. IL76F -SD1 MRD1R.

V/& 9&*h/' *!"#!/#+ $ *' &* 5! *$ '"#'!* 5$''-'* $% #-'/!*'$"

In State /. uthrie ( A S 4@@$ D stabbe" a co9orker in a restaurant kitchen in the neck ! aknife. D suffere" fro# panic attacks? chronic "epression? an" ha" an obsession ! his nose.icti# )illsbury points out that the #oti/e for the killin* (se;ual frustration an" ra*e$ is#orally "is"ainful. ,pplyin* the pre#e"itation test #issin* the #oral i#portance.In Forrest (0' -+&$? D shot ter#inally ill father? sobbin* ! e#otion. IL7 6F -SD1MRD1R.P/$-> )re#e"itation? no "oubt? but beha/ior still aberrational.

$. MURDER vs. O#UNT!R4 M!NS#!U1HTER

e look to hether so#e #iti*atin* circu#stance e;iste". Provocation or e-otional ,isturb.

--


12/29

I. 'o##on La ,pproach9)ro/ocation Re:uire"

Maher (Mich -%2 A S 4@&$ establishe" a 45!/* *!"#!/#+ (1) !*&!- 5/$,$!*'$"@ (2) 7!5/$,$!*'$" /!$"!-@ (3) '"&%%''"* $$-'" *'@ (4) "$ !*&!- $$-'". 0ote that (2$ an" (3$

are 6E1'I1 tests? as the court puts it on 4@? sufficient for Jreasonable? or"inary hu#annatureK to lose self9control? not necessarily to kill. D obser/e" ife *oin* into oo"s ! #an an"later returnin* ! #an. Frien" tol" hi#? en route to bar? that DBs ife ha" been ! #an the "aybefore. D entere" the bar? sai" so#ethin* to ? then shot hi# throu*h the left ear. he court/!$"#that ha/in* seen his ife *o into the return fro# the oo"s ! the #an? folloe" in hotpursuit? hear" fro# a frien" that they ha" been to*ether the "ay before? J*reat perspiration?K an"hasty #anner of shootin* in"icate" provocation. Re/erse" an" re#an"e". 06 IL7 6FMRD1R.P$-' P/$-+Dissent points out that Jcause of the pro/ocation #ust occur in his presence.KRela;in* the stan"ar" for #ere suspicion coul" encoura*e killin*s of innocents base" on hearsay.

$/# !-$" !/ "$* "$&h %$/ 5/$,$!*'$". P/$,$!*'$" &* '"%-! *h 5!'$" $% !/!$"!- !" (P!/* 2 $% M!h/ *!"#!/#).

he irour" court (MD -++- A S 4@5$? on the other han"? fin"s D IL7 6F MRD1R. Dan" ere both in the ar#y an" ha" been #arrie" for 2 #onths. file" char*es for abuse?threatenin* DBs career? /erbally insulte" D? an" "e#an"e" "i/orce. 1/i"ence that she ha"co##itte" a"ultery. taunts D? askin* hi# repeate"ly Jhat are you *oin* to "o=K 8e pulls outknife fro# behin" his back an" stabbe" her -+ ti#es.he court /!$"# that Jthe pro/ocation in this case as not enou*h to cause a reasonable #anto stab his pro/oker -+ ti#es.K or"s are not a"e:uate pro/ocation. Further? the court sai" thatone shoul" not focus on peculiar frailties of #in" of D (re e:uality (se;is#$. 8istorical links to property. So courts interpret 0,RR6L7. I0Dennis? the court R1E1'1D "efense b!c D "i"nBt itness intercourse? only other se;ual acts. Inurner (S 4-2$? the court R1E1'1D "efense b!c D an" ere not #arrie"? only cohabitants.,n" in ,rau


13/29

V'*' $*h/ *h!" *h 5/$,$8/ !"# D 7h$ -''* 5/$,$!*'$"

In Mauricio (0E -++@ A S 4-4$? D as forcefully e ,6ur( "eci"es both parts of the test? applyin* sub


14/29

about a""iction. he court sai" that DBs *lue sniff a""iction shoul" ei*h on courtBs e/aluationof *ra/ity of pro/ocation? but a person of or"inary self9control oul" not ha/e reacte" so. 9&'-*.

A!'"* C!5-'"> In Mc'lain D shot an" kille" husban" of + years. 8e beat her on topre/ious occasions? se/eral years apart. he court "eci"e" that the battere" o#an status asirrele/ant. b!c in:uiry re:uire" reasonable person test. In e""er? the court acte" a*a(fro# the

sub


15/29


16/29

an" "yin*. he court "eci"e" it as *rossly ne*li*ent that the parents (-$ realiHe" the baby assick in ti#e to sa/e it but chose not to seek ai" (i#portant to pro;i#ate cause$? (2$ kne helpas a/ailable (ha" use" it in the past$? an" (3$ ha" resources to help. n"er ob hose ob T!8 V'*' A Th C$

-%


17/29

In Sta#p (', app -+%+ A S 45@$? Ds bur*lariHe" business pre#ises of 8oney#an at *unpoint.Ds re:uire" to lie on floor. ? obese %@9yr ol"? suffere" chest pains an" "ie" of heart attack.Foreseeability not re:uire". 'ausation enou*h. IL7 un"er F1L6079MRD1R.

)urpose!)olicy

(-$ Deter killin*s "urin* course of felonyG (2$ "eter feloniesG (3$ retributionC/'*''> )rosecutin* for #ur"er for killin* by Jpure #isa"/enture a""s nothin* to the /alueof hu#an life.K (Macaulay S A 452$

Li#it -B$*h G&* %$/ !"# G5/$'!* !&=%$/!- &* *'-- 5/$,".

In in* (, -+$? 2 "ru* s#u**lers crash a li*ht plane into a #ountain top. - "ies. Since flyin*not a felony? the other is 06 IL7 since not foreseeable that car*o increase" chance ofkillin* in this #anner.U"-!7%&-!* #$*/'" ('#!"$/ !"-!&h*/).In illia#s (S 45%$ D as char*e" !#anslau*hter for "ri/in* un"er e;pire" license. ), app ct re/erse"9e;pire" license 06 !&!--

$""*#to acci"ent. D$"* "$* 7h/ '#!"$/ ' #'"# *$ 5/$** h&!"SAFET. . . in )oell (0' -++3 A S 45%$ DBs Rotteiler "o*s escape" fro# fence" yar"?killin*


18/29

8ypo> )rison escape #ay be "an*erous to life if co##itte" in a "an*erous #anner.

Li#it 4M//+ ! 8'--'" integral5!/* $% *h %-$" 0either Irelan" nor urton tests ser/es purpose of F9MYno "eterrent effect.

Li#it 5!)enc( vs. Pro8i-ate Cause Theories

In 'anola (0E -+&& A S 4&-$? D robbe" Shoul" D be *uilty un"er F9M forkillin* of co9felon= 0E Sup 't says 06? 06 IL7. ,pplies !" *h$/? reasonin* thatcri#inal liability #ust W "e*ree of #oral culpability. )roportionality has e/ol/e".

(1) !)enc(> *uilty un"er F9M if killin* is Jactually or constructi/ely hisK or so#eoneactin* '" $"/* 7'*h h' '" %&/*h/!" $% ! $$" $?*

(2) Pro8i-ate cause "broa,er%> killin* is /!$"!- !"# %$/!-result. I#plicationYno intent necessary.

H5$ 1> 'o9felon kills onerY(i$ un"er a*ency? D *uilty b!c co##on purposeG (ii$ un"erpro;i#ate cause? D *uilty b!c *unfi*ht reasonably foreseeability conse:uence of ar#e" robb.H5$ 2> 0on9felon kills non9felonY(i$ un"er a*ency? D not *uilty b!c not in concert or infurtheranceG (ii$ un"er pro;i#ate cause? D *uilty b!c *unfi*ht foreseeable.

MPC @0/A.0"/%"b%participate in a close list of felonies? killin* ! #ens rea (R or 0$ ,0D

felony bu#ps killin* up into e;tre#e in"ifference for /alue of hu#an life (MRD1R$

F. DE!TH SENTENCE

Fur#anYre**YMc'leskyinstitutional racis#!freakish an" anton proble#s re#ain

A/&"* !!'"*

(-$ 1rror> no *oin* back an" about -@@ people ha/e been release" fro# "eath ro since Fur#an(2$ Deterrence unpro/en> statistics are inconclusi/e? but anec"otal e/i"ence still con/inces so#e(on the other han"? the snipers ere apparently un"eterre" by ,Bs "eath penalty$

-


19/29

(3$ Lo :uality of representation> ri*htBs stu"y shoe" layers "runk? sleepin*? i*norant of thela Due )rocessT(4$ Le*iti#acy> "ifference b!n hat State has the ri*ht to "o an" hat #oral "esserts #i*ht b

Doctrine9Stop Inconsistent ,pplication

In Fur#an (S Sup 't -+&2$? the S Sup 't con"e#ne" the ,RIR,RI01SS an"',)RI'I6S01SS of "eath penalty sentences. 't S6)S "eath penalty (D)$? but is split 594.6nly rennan an" Marshall (2$ say D) /iolates th,#9cruel an" unusual punish#entG (2$Steart an" hite concur b!c D) is J*antonl( an, 'rea&ishl( i-pose,K I0'60SIS10T.Dissent ar*u#ent base" on (i$ history of D) in ,#erica? (ii$ public opinion in S shosappro/al? (iii$ courts shoul"nBt step on le*islati/e turf. o ays to interpret>

(-$ Le*islators can #ake capital punish#ent #an"atory for certain cri#es.(2$ 'ourt can establish *ui"elines to "eci"e ho *ets D) (consistency proble# re#ains$.

Reactions> Statutory Man"atory D) /s. ui"e" DiscretionS*!* -'-!*'$"935 states ha/e las that capital punish#ent is appropriate for certain cri#es

/B cases3the case 'or 1ui,e, Discretionre** /. eor*ia (S 4+5$. $i'urcate trial b+n liabilit( an, sentencin). D char*e" ! 2counts of ar#e" robbery an" 2 counts of #ur"er. &92> D) ,))LI1S. Stan"ar" of "ecency "oin"ee" e/ol/e? but courts #ust bo to le*islati/e intent.P&/5$> retributionG cleansin*societyBs #oral outra*e still /aluable. 7ur(#ust ha/e&'#!""urin* sentencin* phase. M)' , co"e inclu"e lists of a**ra/atin* con"itions to push cri#e o/er the e"*e. Split the trial>

(a$ Deter#ine *uilt? absent sentencin*(b$ Deter#ine sentenceG (-$ "eliberate action ! reasonablee;pectation of causin* "eath? (2$ if D as likely a continuin* threat to society? (3$ hether DBsresponse as unreasonable *i/en pro/ocation? if applicable to case. S*!*&*$/ h 7=#'/*'$".

Too 'ar5. . . In Lockett /. 6hio (-+& A S 5@-$? the 'ourt struck "on 6hio statute hichnarroe" the list of #iti*atin* circu#stances a


20/29

! stop si)n5In 'allins /. 'ollins (-++4$? in his "issent Eustice lack#un ar*ue" that e/en theLockett solution as unpalatable. 'onstitution "e#an"s rationalit(an" consistenc(. 7ou canBtha/e ob ut#ost resistance Substantial'urrent stan"ar"> reasonable resistance (at least probati/e$ 6b proof of resistance helps a/oi" con/iction base" only on suspect testi#ony

'riticis# of Resistance

2@


21/29

1liHabeth Stanko (S 32$ ar*ues that the )1RS)1'I1 is :uestionable. e e/aluate a fe#alee;perience of #ale /iolence throu*h hat #ales (socially a**ressi/e$ consi"er typical oraberrant. here is fe#aleBs /ie of hat is threatenin*=In arnes (', Sup -+%$? the court says resistance re:uire#ent is :uestionable> so#e freeHe?e/en s#ile hen terrifie"G resistin* coul" increase risk of serious har#? an" the la "oesnBt

re:uire a person to risk in 1strich ar*ues that beatin*s? physical an" e#otional? prece"e" particular e/ent.)re/ious force le" to present *eneral fear.

M&* G%$/'- $5&-'$" 5h'!- serious/iolence ! o#an so#eti#es losin* her coolG (3$ contrition an" lo/in* beha/ior fro# #an.o#en often unillin* to reach out b!c of sha#e or there is nohere to *oG plus thereBs alaysso#e hope b!c of phase 3 that husban" ill refor#.'ourt applies self9"efense rule> actor #ust reasonably belie/e that lethal force is necessary toprotect hi#self a*ainst "eath or serious bo"ily har#. Reasonable beliefWf(DBs cre"ibility$. !.E8pert testi-on( ha, probative value coul, sho* honest belie' in i--inent ,an)er o'

,eath "sub6ective portion%. $. Coul, also e8plain inabilit( to leave.R1M,0D1D to help


24/29

h/ #$ *h *!* %!-- threat not i--e,iate.Polic(DonBt *i/e in"i/i"uals the ri*ht to "eci"e hen killin* is necessary.

ut MPCrela;es re:uire#ent? "e#an"in* that "efensi/e force be Ji##e"iately necessary.K,pplie" in State /. Eanes (ash -++3 A S &3$ 99 a threat or pattern of beha/ior can "o.

NECESSIT4 3 Choice o' Evils

D $$# "7 In n*er (Ill Sup -+&& A S @+$? D escape" fro# prison? !o notifyin*police. 8e ha" been se;ually #oleste" by 3 in#ates an" testifie" a*ainst the#. Recei/e" "eaththreats anony#ous "eath threats. rial


26/29

'. ,n" in 8utchins (-++- Mass$? the court re6ecte,the ar*u#ent of -e,ical necessit(for#ari oth perfor# balancin* test base" onFACTC

= Ge( uestions> (-$ Reasonable at the ti#e (Ill$ /s. reasonable in fact!retro (M)'? 07$G(2$ I##inence (M)' Ill A no positionG 07 re:uires$G (3$ ei*ht on either si"e of e/il e:. (Ill M)' #ore thanG 07 clearly outei*hs$G (4$ contributory fault (07 unfor*i/in*G M)' says

"efense n.a. if nec #ens rea for act P act contributin*G Ill na"a$

F'"!- "$*> 1lasticity of "efense of necessity. 'o##on la cri#es abolishe" but court *i/ebenefit of the "oubt to D? alloin* "efense occasionally e/en hen not in statute. Fi*ht risk.

Sel'3De'ense; Necessit(; DuressS-%D%" 8onest (sub (-$

essential to cri#e!pre/ention (loiterin* ! intent$? or (2$ e;cuses!"eny bla#e

for har# "one (#istake of fact$b. olitional "efect9lack of ill (e.*.? "uress$

2. I//5$"'-9ina"e:uate capacity to #ake rational


27/29

recei/e" nothin* for false report. 'har*e" of conspirin* to obtain #oney by false pretenses in/iolation of 0E 2,>+9-.Rulein non9#ur"er? "uress e;ists if D (-$ as coerce" to en*a*e (2$ in unlaful con"uct (3$ bythreat to person or that of another (4$ of unlaful force (5$ hich or"inarily fir# person oul"not be able to resist (ob6ective$. 'on/iction R11RS1D an" re#an"e" un"er "uress instruction.

O*h/ -"* Most courts re


28/29

8o#ici"e+ ''""*@ '"!5!- -*h!- *h/!* (-$ ecause of #ental "isease "i"nBt ha/e SS,0I,Lcapacity to (2a$ appreciate" ron*fulness of or (2b$ confor#!control con"uct.ut #ental "isease "oesnBt inclu"e if only #anifeste" in cri# or antisocial acts.

roa"er A both co)nitivean"volitional

Polic(Still about punishin* the bla#eorthy.

8ypo -> D thinks heBs s:ueeHin* a le#on hen heBs actually s:ueeHin* so#eoneBs throat.MB0a*htenBs co*niti/e test coul" ork.8ypo 2> D is a pyro#aniac. MB0a*htenBs co* test onBt ork. ut other to probably oul".

Defen"in* ! Insanity ("ue process concerns$(-$ 'o#petency to stan" trial A(2$(3$ 'o#petency to ser/e ti#e!sentencin* A(4$ 'o#petency for e;ecution A

R,/!-K#$7" 7= ,$-'*'$"!- (%$--$7'" H'"8- !:&'**!-)In Lyons (S ,pp -+4 A S +@$? D *ot a""icte" to painkillers after takin* prescriptions forpain. 'lai#s "ru* a""iction physiolo*ically an" psycholo*ically i#paire" #ental stateG !"*$"%$/ $"#&*.M!?$/'*+(-$ beha/ioral science canBt e#pirically "iscern b!n Ji#pulse thatas irresistible an" i#pulse not resiste".K (2$ here appears to be o/erlap b!n satisfyin*/olitional an" co*niti/e tests. (3$ esti#ony about /olitional likely confusin* for


29/29

here "o the states fall= C$"'*', $"-=MN!h*"> ',? [? I0? - others.MPC> 22 states.

V!/'!*'$"+ B&/#" $" P/$&*$/C$"'*', AND V$-'*'$"!- S!"'* M&* P/$,"

In reen (0 -+2 A S +%$? D ha" -@ yr history of #ental proble#s> hear" /oices su**estin*

that he kill people to beco#e 8itler? ha" /iolent outbreaks a*ainst stu"ents an" brother?hospitaliHe"? refuse" to bathe? lau*he" at inappropriate ti#es. Shoots police#an? fle" fro# scene?hi" eapon. 't says P has the bur,enan" applies /ariation of M)'> (i$ D as not sufferin*fro# #ental "efect at ti#e of act? (ii$ coul" appreciate ron*fulness ,0D confor# con"uct.8ere (-$ is satisfie" *i/en e;perts an" pro*ressi/e history of psychosis. (2$ 1/en if D appreciate"ron*fulness (fleein*? hi"in* eapon$? )roscecution faile" to sho act as inconsistent *ithinsanit( "coul,n Insanity shoul" bear on sentence? not liability. Debate for stan"ar" fruitless.)sychiatry cannot "ifferentiate b!n ho is personally bla#eorthy an" ho is not.P/$%. h-/> 1le#ent of con"e#nation is ser/e" by cri#inal process. Ds shoul" be #orallycon"e#ne" (con/icte"$ only for acts that ere the pro"uct of choice.M$//'> )unishin* the sick (insane$ is

Documents

Crim Law Dolovich FA 2003 1