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Crew Resource Management (CRM)

Artic|e Information

Category: Human Factors Trainin~

Content source: SKYbrary

Content contro|: Air Pilots

Pubtication Authority: SKYbrary

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actors_Training)

(/index.ph p/About_SKYbrary)

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Contents

¯ 1 Description

¯ 2 ICAO and EASA Regulations

¯ 3 Related Articles

¯ 4 Further Reading

Description

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Crew Resource Management (CRM) is the effective use of art available resources

for flight crew personnel to assure a safe and efficient operation, reducing error,

avoiding stress and increasing efficiency.

CRM was developed as a response to new insights into the causes of aircraft

accidents which followed from the introduction of flight data recorders

(/index.php/FDR) (FDRs) and cockpit voice recorders (/index.php/CVR) (CVRs) into

modern jet aircraft. Information gathered from these devices has suggested that

many accidents do not result from a technical malfunction of the aircraft or its

systems, nor from a failure of aircraft handling skills or a lack of technical

knowledge on the part of the crew; it appears instead that they are caused by

the inability of crews to respond appropriately to the situation in which they find

themselves. For example, inadequate communications between crew members

and other parties could lead to a loss of situational awareness

(/index.php/Situationat_Awareness), a breakdown in teamwork in the aircraft,

and, ultimately, to a wrong decision or series of decisions which result in a

serious incident (/index.php/Serious_lncident) or a fatal accident

(/index.p h p/Accident).

The widespread introduction of the dynamic flight simulator as a training aid

allowed various new theories about the causes of aircraft accidents to be

studied under experimental conditions. On the basis of these results, and in an

attempt to remedy the apparent deficiency in crew skills, additional training in

flight deck management techniques has been introduced by most airlines.

Following a period of experimentation and development, the techniques

embraced by the new training became known collectively as CRM. The

importance of the CRM concept and the utility of the training in promoting safer

and more efficient aircraft operations have now been recognised worldwide.

CRM encompasses a wide range of knowledge, skills and attitudes including

communications, loss of situational awareness

(/index.php/SituationaLAwareness), problem solving, decision making

(/index.php/Decision_Making), and teamwork; together with all the attendant

sub-disciplines which each of these areas entails. The elements which comprise

CRM are not new but have been recognised in one form or another since aviation

began, usually under more genera[ headings such as ’Airmanship’, ’Captaincy’,

’Crew Co-operation’, etc. In the past, however, these terms have not been

defined, structured or articulated in a format way, and CRM can be seen as an

attempt to remedy this deficiency. CRM can therefore be defined as a

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management system which makes optimum use of at[ available resources -

equipment, procedures and people - to promote safety and enhance the

efficiency of flight operations.

CRM is concerned not so much with the technical knowledge and skills required

to fly and operate an aircraft but rather with the cognitive and interpersonal

skills needed to manage the flight within an organised aviation system. In this

context, cognitive skills are defined as the men[at processes used for gaining

and maintaining situational awareness, for solving problems and for taking

decisions. Interpersonal skills are regarded as communications and a range of

behavioura[ activities associated with teamwork. In aviation, as in other walks of

tile, these skit[ areas often overlap with each other, and they also overlap with

the required technical skills. Furthermore, they are not confined to multi-crew

aircraft, but also relate to single pilot operations, which invariably need to

interface with other aircraft and with various ground support agencies in order to

comptete their missions successfutty.

(The above paragraphs were taken from a paper by the CRM Standing Group of

the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS))

Classroom training in CRM must be provided in conjunction with simulator

reva[idation training. Of particular importance is its integration with Line Oriented

Flight Training (/index.php/Line_Oriented_F[ight_Training) (LOFT), which involves

response to realistic scenarios where the application of CRM principles will

usually be the road to sucessfu[[y coping. LOFT details have become a standard

component of most commercial operator aircraft type training.

CRM originally was referenced as "cockpit resource management," but the term

was later broadened to encompass the entire crew.

ICAO and EASA Regulations

An operator shall establish and maintain a ground and flight training programme,

approved by the State of the Operator ... The training programme shall ... include

training in knowledge and skills related to human performance ... (ICAO Annex 6

Part 1 Chapter 9 Para 9.3.1)

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A[[ flight crew members are required to complete CRM training at various stages

of their careers, inctuding initial and recurrent training and on appointment to

command. Training must be carried out by approved instructors and must fo[tow

approved syllabi, which must be detailed in the Company Fright Operations

Manual (/index.php/Operations_ManuaD. (See IR-OPS ORO.FC.115 and ORO.FC.215

(http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshetf/books/2102.pdf); see also Acceptable Means

of Compliance and Guidance Material to IR-OPS ORO.FC.115 and ORO.FC.215 (htt

p://www.skybrary.aero/bookshe[f/books/2127.pdf)). (For EU-OPS see Sub-part N:

EU-OPS 1.940 (http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshe[f/books/818.pdf#search--1.940),

succeeding paragraphs and associated supplementary materiaD

In [ate 2017, EASA pub|ished Safety Promotion material on CRM Training

Implementation (https://www.easa.e u ropa.e u/docu me nt- lib rary/genera[- pub[icati

ons/crm-training-imp[ementation). The purpose is to share recommended

practices and information on CRM and promote the development of CRM training

for both Air Operators having CRM training responsibilities and Competent

Authorities having oversight responsibilities.

Related Articles

¯ Team Resource Management (TRM)

(/index.ph p/Team_Resou rce_Manage me nt_(TR M))

¯ Crew Resource Management (OGHFA BN)

(/index.ph p/Crew_Resou rce_Management_(OG H FA_B N))

Further Reading

¯ ICAO Human Factors Digest No 2 Circular AN/217 (1989) republished in its

original form by UK CAA as CAP 720 (2002) (http://www.skybrary.aero/books

he[f/books/890.pdf)

¯ ICAO Doc 9683 - Human Factors Training Manual

¯ EU-OPS 1 Commercia| Air Transport (Aeroplanes)

¯ JAR-OPS 3 Commercial Air Transport (Helicopters)

¯ EASA Safety Promotion material on CRM Training Implementation, 2018 (htt

ps://www.easa.eu ropa.eu/docu me nt-[ib rary/genera[- pu b[ications/crm-trainin

g-implementation)

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¯ Flight Safety Foundation ALAR Briefing Note 2.2 - Crew Resource

Management (http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshe[f/boo ks/851.pd f)

¯ A paper by the CRM Standing Group of the Royal Aeronautical Society

(RAeS - 1999) (http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshe[f/books/232.pdf)

¯ U.K. CAA Standards Document 29: Guidance Notes for Accreditation

Standards for CRM Instructors and CRM Instructor Examiners (http://www.s

kybrary.aero/bookshe[f/books/988.pdf), Version 5

¯ UK CAA Standards Document No. 80, Version 1, Alternative Training and

Qualification Programme (ATQP) (http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshe[f/books/

2495.pdf), July 2013

¯ Culture in the cockpit - CRM in mu[ticultura[ world (http://www.skybrary.aer

o/bookshe[f/books/2503.pdf), an article by Michael Eng[e, NASA, published

in Journal of Air Transportation Worldwide, vo[ 5, no.1 - 2000

¯ Airbus Flight Operations Briefing Note ’CRM aspects in Incidents and

Accidents’(1994) (http://www.skybrary.aero/boo kshe[f/books/171.pdf)

¯ FAA "Lessons Learned from Transport Airplane Accidents (http://[essons[ear

ned.faa.gov/)"

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