Credit System: Concept, Policy, Practice and Procedure Today should be better than yesterday

Credit System: Concept, Policy, Practice and Procedure

Today should be better than yesterday

Scope for Discussion

• Credit system – introduction and the history• Credit : why and what• Credit and student learning• Credit and qualifications• Credit transfer and exit credit• Case study• Code of practice, guidelines and procedures• Calculating / simulation credit and developing

scheme of studies• Conclusion (Q&A)

Outcomes: the participants should be able,

• to relate credit system and its applications and interpretations in MQF:

• to critically examined the various definitions and understanding of credit system:

• to relate credit system with

- student learning,

- learning outcomes,

- qualifications and

- credit transfer

Outcomes: the participants should be able,

• to relate and calculate,(1) student learning time (SLT) /

student academic load,

(2) credit value for specific course

(3) total credit for specific program of study

(4) number of weeks of program,

(5) the number of semester and

(6) develop scheme of study based on student academic load per week and the semester length

The Beginning

National Workshop on Credit system conducted by Quality Assurance Division of the Ministry of Higher Education on 31 Jan – 2 Feb 2005 proposed that,• A credit should be calculated based on 40

national hours

Note: The concept of 40 national hours is compatible to LAN guideline that a credit normally requires 40 hours of student learning.

Basic Glossary / Definition

Malaysian Qualification Framework : an explanation or national education system description, understood at international level, explains all qualifications and learning outcome in higher education and connect these qualifications meaningfully.

Qualifying level: is an award level analysed with generic products or qualification parser which characterise typical qualifications in it; For each genetic level result differentiates student’s abilities from (i) depth and complexity of knowledge and understanding, (ii) knowledge and skill application, (iii) autonomy and creativity degree in decision-making, (iv) communication skills, (v) practice area and sophistication etc

Source: Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (KKM)

Basic Glossary / Definition

Profile: refers to a specific subject or study area of a qualification or different characteristics in a qualification cluster of various fields which has a pressure or the same level. (For example, Bachelor’s through coursework, research, combination or based on expertise). Profile also refers to the qualification of the same name but serves different purposes (for example, skill certificate and academic certificate as a tertiary education preparation.

Qualification: degree, diploma or certificate awarded by both public and private institutes of higher learning or by authorised parties and/or confirm the achieved learning outcome, normally succesfully completed a recognised higher learning programme.

Why Credit ?

1. an instrument to estimate the amount (volume) of student learning (normally expressed in hours) to enable the student to achieve the expected learning outcomes

2. To develop curriculum, graduation requirements and award of a qualification as determined by the fields of study and the level of qualificaitons.

3. To facilitate student mobility and equivalency of course and program

Concept of Credit in Learning

Core Definition: (1) Recognition of a (2) unit of learning, usually measured (3a) in hours of study or (3b) achievement of the threshold standard’

Adapted from Harvey, L 2004. www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007

UNESCO Definition: ‘A credit is generally agreed-upon value used to measure a student workload in terms of learning time required to complete course units, resulting in learning outcomes’

Source: Vlasceanu, et.al. 2004 as retrieved from www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007


LAN: ‘A credit requires about 40 hours of student learning

As an example teaching activity through lecture method (face-to-face), ‘1 credit requires first, one horus of lecture per week for a period of a semester (say 14 weeks) and secondly for every hours of lecture it is assumed that an additional two hours (informal learning hours) is required.

Therefore one credit means (1 hour lecture + 2 additional hours of learning) X 14 weeks = 42 hours

Source: Garis Panduan Kriteria dan Standard Kursus Pengajian IPTS 2002, m.s 13 dan 16


The Northeast Texas Network Consortium (NTNC,2002) define credit as a value assigned to a course. Usually one credit equals one 50 minute class period per week. Many courses carry 3 credits and meet for three 50 minute periods a week.Source: www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007

“Academic credit is a measure of the total time commitment required by a typical student in a particular course of study. Total times consists of three components: (1) time spent in class; (2) time spent in laboratory, studio, field work, or other scheduled activity; (3) time devoted to reading, studying, problem solving, writing or preparations.”Source: C.J Quann, A handbook of Policies and Procedures. The handbook apparently represents the current standard among collegiate registrars in US. http://oregonstate.edu/ap/curriculum/policies/C_credits.html [Retrieved 16 April 2007]


Example (quarter system): The Oregon State University Catalog states that “One credit is generally given for three hours per week of work in and out of class. For example, each hour of class lecture is generally expected to require two hours of work out of class.” Thus, one quarter credit represents 30 hours of work.Source: http://oregonstate.edu/ap/curriculum/policies/C_credits.html [Retrieved 16 April 2007]

Concept of Credit in LearningThe New Zealand Qualification Authority (NZQA.2003) and the South Africa Qualification Authority (SAQA,2000), also both define credit on ‘notional learning hours’ but are more explicit in including the time spent ‘in doing assignments ….. and time spent in assessment’Source: www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007

University of Exeter (2004) definition: Credit is awarded to a learner in recognition of the verified achievement of learning outcomes at a specified level. one credit equates to 10 notional hours of learning successfully achieved and works on the basis of achievement at threshold standard

www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007


The Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA) defines credit as:

the amount of time that an “average” learner at a specified level might expect to take to achieve the outcomes regardless of the mode of delivery or assessment’

Source: SQA 2002, as retrieved from www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007

The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (EU, 2004) defines ECTS credits as:

The currency to measure student workload in terms of notional learning time required to achieve specified learning outcomes

Retrieved from www.qualityresearchinternational.com/glossary 2004 as retrieved on 2 April 2007


MQA / MQF defines credit to mean a representative measure to reflect the academic load and

An ‘academic load’ is defined to mean the quantitative measure of learning activities which includes lectures, tutorials, practical work, field works, self study, examinations and other related activities to achieve a set learning outcomes.’

MAF has established that one credit is equivalent to 40 notional hours

Learning Outcomes

Learning outcomes means the standard to be achieved from an educational programme or qualification as determined by the Framework

Learning outcomes is therefore a statement of what students are required to know, comprehend and able to perform after a certain period of study. The learning outcomes are stated at three levels namely, the qualification level, the field of study level and the programme of study level.

MQF Learning Outcomes (LO) domains

(1) knowledge of discipline areas,

(2) practical skill,

(3) social skills and responsibilities,

(4) value, attitude and professionalism,

(5) communication, leadership and team skills

(6) problem solving and scientific skills

(7) information management and lifelong learning skills

(8) managerial and entrepreneurial skills

LO of Qualifications (e.g. Honours Bachelor’s Degree)

• Holders must demonstrate an understanding of a systematic and coherent body of complex knowledge and able to provide a basis for postgraduate study and professional careers.

• Holders must possess necessary attributes to undertake research, comprehend and evaluate new information and concepts from a range of sources, weigh evidence, arguments with a degree of cognitive autonomy.

• Holders must possess oral, written and interpersonal communication and team skills.

• Holders must be able to manage and use information as a foundation for self-directed life long learning.

Reference: Credit System Workshop at Holiday Villa 31 Jan – 2 Feb 2005

Desirable impact of MQF Credit System in managing student learning

• Credit calculation not entirely bound to contact hour

• supports the varied mode of delivery namely full time, part time, weekends, distant learning, e-learning, problem based, hands-on collaborative degree and also non-structured learning in the informal sectors and self-learning

• Emphasis is on student learning and learning outcomes

• Paradigm shift – teacher as facilitator of learning / guide and managed student learning using varieties of teaching/learning and student assessment

• Facilitate lifelong learning

• Allow autonomy for HEIs and students in developing scheme of study for the program


Lecture (Definition)

“An instructional method by which the lecturer seeks; to create interest, to influence, stimulate or mould opinion, to promote activity, to impart information, or to develop critical thinking, largely by the use of verbal messages, with a mininum of class participation; illustrations, maps, charts or other materials may be employed to supplement the oral techniques”

Source: Association for Educational Communications and Technology D.C (1977)


Emphasis on Higher Cognitive Skills

• Knowledge• Understanding• Application• Analysis• Synthesis• Evaluation

Student Academic Load (Learning)/Student Learning Time (SLT)

Zainai (2006) study showed that student learning time per week is limited between 40-55 hours. SLT is inclusive of guided learning (including lecture), independent learning and assessment

LAN/MQA specify that 48 hours of student academic load in learning/student learning time per week as an acceptable guide as derived from 8 hour per day X 6 days per week

SLT consists of (1) face-to-face component and (2) non face-to-face. Non face-to-face must be managed / planned to ensure all the accumulated learning activities in fulfilling the desired learning outcomes and reflect the value of the credit

Student Academic Load (Learning)/Student Learning Time (SLT)

• Nominal available time in human life – 2 major components:– Time for routine/nature activities, i.e. sleeping, physical

exercise, travelling, to maintain a healthy lifestyle, etc– Time left to be benefited from or for self improvement i.e.

for work or study.• Availability of quality time for self improvement:

Approximately 40±5 hours per week (for a normal or average person)

Source: Zainai as quoted by Prof Shahrin (APP Workshop 27-29 April 2007)

Number of semester and credit per semester based on specific student learning time (SLT) per week for a program

SLT/Week No. of Semester Credit/Semester

35-40 (light/quality time) 9.8-8.6 12.2-14

45 (desirable) 7.6 15.8

48 (acceptable)=672 hrs / semester 7.1 16.9

56 (heavy)=784hrs / semester 6.1 19.7

60 or more (super heavy) 5.7 or less 21.1 or more

24 or less (part-time) 14.3 or more 8.4 or less

Assumption: Total student learning time for program (TSL TP=4800 hours = 120 credit for a semester length of 14 weeks



35-40 (light) 8.1-7.1 14.8-16.9

45 (desirable) 6.3 19.0

48 (acceptable)=816hrs / semester 5.9 20.3

56 (heavy)=952hrs / semester 5.0 24.0

60 or more (super heavy) 4.7 or less 25.5 or more

24 or less (part-time) 11.8 or more 10.2 or less




35-40 (light) 6.9-6.0 17.4-20

45 (desirable) 5.3 22.6

48 (acceptable)=960hrs / semester 5.0 24

56 (heavy)=1120hrs / semester 4.3 28

60 or more (super heavy) 4.0 or less 30 or more

24 or less (part-time) 10.0 or more 12 or less


MQF Credit and Qualifications• Course of study means a single or a set of related

courses and includes short of long courses leading to an award of higher education qualification

• Program means any arrangement of a course of study that is structured or designed to achieve a learning outcome leading to an award of a higher education qualification

• Credit mininum for a program is determined by the fields of study and the level of qualifications and in accordance to the criteria and standards as established by MQF.

MQF Credit and Qualifications

Example of minimum credit for each level of qualificationLevel Minimum Credit

(i) PhD *unspecified

(ii) Masters *40

(iii) Bachelor (Hons) 120

(iv) Advanced Diploma 40

(v) Diploma 90

(vi) Certificate 60

(vii) Skills Certificate 1, 2 & 3 Based on skills

*Refer to Guidelines for Post graduate studies


• Minimum credit for fields of study– Minimum number of credits for each field of study can be

more but not less than the minimum number of credits at a qualification level

– The minimum credits differs between fields of study. For example, for the Bachelor of Engineering, the minimum number of credits is higher than that for the Bachelor of Economics

– The minimum credits of a field study is fixed based on the standard determined by the field of study technical committee. The membership of the committee should represent the stakeholders from academia, the industrial sector, various professions, employers, Government and other relevant parties.


• The minimum number of credit for each programme must be in line with the allocated ratio of the field of study in a programme as follows;

– For a programme which comprises only one main field of study as a major, the minimum number of credits is awarded to that field of study of major for example Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Hons), Bachelor of Dentistry

– For a programme which comprises areas of specialisation in a main field of study, at least 25 percent of the minimum credits must be allocated to each area of specialisation. For example, Bachelor of Computer Science (Networking) Honours.


Minimum credit for programme of study− For a double major programme which has the

same number of basic components in two main fields of study, the minimum credits must be in the ratio of 50-50. For example, Bachelor of Political AND Bachelor of Economics (Hons)

− For a major-minor programme, at least 25 percent of the minimum credits are allocated to the minor field of study. For example, Bachelor of Biological Science WITH Education (Hons).

Credit Transfer

• ‘Credit Transfer’ means the recognition of credits earned in an accredited programme for the purpose of transferring to another programme

• MQF has determined that not less than 30% of credit requirement must be completed at the exit institution

• Credit transfer is subjected to the existing policy on credit transfer

Credit Transfer

Table – Example of exit credit to be earned at institution Y for a programme at bachelor’s level (120 credit) to be completed at institution X

Credit Transferred IHE X

Exit Credit IHE Y

Total Graduate Credit

90 40 130

80 40 120

70 50 120

Credit Transfer

LAN: 1 credit = 40 learning hour for system semester of 14 weeks

U.S.: (1) 1 credit = 45 learning hour for a semester of 15 weeks

(2) 1 credit = 30 learning hour for a quarter of 10 weeks

U.K credit = 10 notional hour

MQF. 1 credit = 40 notional hour

European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) = 25 notional hour

Credit can be transferred by determining the conversion factor

Credit TransferCredit System Notional hour Conversion

Factor to MQF

Credit (Ex. 30 credit transfer)

MQF 40 X 1 30

UK 10 X 10/40 = 0.25

120

USA

a. Quarter System – 10 weeks

30 X 30/40 = 0.75

40

b.Semester System – 15 weeks

45 X 45/40 = 1.125

26

ECTS 25 X 25/40 = 0.625

48

Code of Practice for Quality Assurance with respect to MQF Credit System

1. Credit for a course or a programme of study is determined by taking all the student academic load or the total student learning time to achieve the learning outcomes as set by the course or the programme of study.

2. Student and instructor be informed/advised of the need to allocate an average learning time per week when undertaking any programme of study (example 48 hours weekly study time)

3. Each learning activity and the effective learning time to achieve the set learning outcomes be determined for each course required by the programme.


4. The number of semester for a programme of study is determined by calculating the credit required by the programme and as calculated based on 40 notional hour and the average student learning time per week and the length of the semester (in weeks) being implemented.

5. The process for credit exemption and transfer is guided by the institution’s guidelines and procedures to enable the credit transfer and exemption be carried out between programmes, qualifications and institution.

6. The calculation to determine the student workload / student learning time for each learning activity is guided by the guideline for estimating student workload appropriate for the fields of study / discipline.


7. The hours of face-to-face teaching and learning / formal learning / other form of guided learning (such as tutorial and laboratory learning activities) and the non face-to-face learning / independent learning (inclusive of self-learning and doing assignments and similar activities) / informal learning is indicated in the curriculum outlines. The non face-to-face learning is a managed learning.

8. Managing semester credit load for the programme of study is autonomously given to the student and the institution.

Example of Guidelines for Estimating Credit

Lecture (MQF): Every hour of lecture add 1-2 hrs of study time. Complex subject may require 3 hrs or more of independent learning.


Tutorial (MQF): For every tutorial (which may last between 1-2 hours) add 1-2 hours of preparation time.


Lecture (LAN): 1 credit = 1 hr lecture per week for 14 weeks. Student load = (1 hour lecture + 2 additional learning hrs for per week) X 14 = 42 hrs

Tutorial (LAN): One credit requires at least 1.5 hour contact per week for 14 weeks.


Laboratory (MQF(): A three-hour laboratory usually includes the time for writing the report. In some disciplines such as Biomedical and Health Sciences as well as Engineering. A 2 hour laboratory may require 2-3 hours of preparation and report writing


Laboratory (LAN): For laboratory teaching activities, 1 credit value requires meeting of at least 2-3 hours per week for a period of 14 weeks.

Laboratory (USA): Laboratory or studio course: at least two contact hours per credit hour (one hour of outside preparation implied)


Industrial Training (MQF): Should be calculated based on number of effective learning hours / day x day per week x weeks allocated for the training.

Reference: Credit System Workshop at Holiday Villa 31 Jan – 2 Feb 2005.

Proposal: To fix a minimum continuous duration of 8 weeks (1 credit = 2 weeks)

Industrial Training (LAN): For practical training, 1 credit value requires continuing activity of 6 hours per day for a period of ½ a month.

Proposal for Industrial training (Panel of Allied Health Sciences): 320 hours (at least 2 months)


Final year project (Hons) – MQF should require 240-400 hours of student work (6-10 credits) with 1-2 hours / week contact time with supervisor, and may be either be based on laboratory / experimental work or literature survey or both.

Reference: Credit System Workshop at Holiday Villa 31 Jan – 2 Feb 2005.


Discussion (MQF): Group discussion lasting 1-2 hours add one hour of preparation time.

Presentation (MQF): For one hour presentation session, allocate 3-4 hour preparation time.

Written assignment (MQF): For a 2000 word written assignment allocate about 10-20 hours


Self-learning (MQF)Example: Fixed Module / e-learning : A fixed learning module (FLM) in Medicine or e-learning may take about 3 hours of student time but these are considered as independent learning


Self-learning (LAN):1.For virtual teaching

activities, 1 credit value requires 2-3 hours per week of learning and teaching concentrated for 14 weeks.

2.For Distance education a credit requires 3.5-4.00 hours of self-learning.

Electronic / e-Learning (Panel Allied Medical Sciences): Total of a unit of learning = 3-5 hour

Case Study

Case Study

L T P IL CW E SLT KKM Credit

English 1 (3)* 42 84 84 5 215 5.4

Islamic Studies (3)* 42 84 84 5 215 5.4

Computer Application (3)* 28 56 112 56 5 257 6.4

IT Mathematics (3)* 48 12 108 96 5 269 6.7

L = Lecture, T = Tutorial, P = Practical, IL = Independent Learning, CW = Coursework, E = Examinations, SLT = Student Learning Time, Actual credit for each course is 3 credits.

This information is only used for this seminar and not to be distributed or used as reference

Case StudyTSLT KKM Credit SLT/M* Week* Semester**

IHL A

Biomedical Science 5781 144.5 51.6 120.4 8.6

Speech Science 7872 196.8 70.3 164.0 11.7

Physiotherapy 5636 140.9 50.3 117.4 8.4

IHL B


IHL C

Physiotherapy 7295 182.4 65.1 152.0 10.9

IHL D


Bachelor’s (Min) 4800 120 43 100 7.1

*SLT/M=Student Learning Time per week according to TSLT( 8 semester x 14 weeks)**According to SLT per week = 48 hours and 14 weeks semester

This information is only for the use of this seminar and is not to be distributed or used as reference. The rationale of the information and factor could cause no uniformity

Procedure to determine student learning time / academic load & credit

1a. To refer to the MQF 8 domains of generic learning outcomes

1b. To refer to the learning outcomes at a specific level of qualification.

1c. To refer to the learning outcomes of the field of study at a specific level of qualification.

1d. To determine the programme learning outcomes in accordance to the field of study and the level of qualifications and MQF 8 domains of learning outcomes.


2. To list all the courses required by the curriculum of the programme in accordance to the field of study and the level of qualification.

Example• Major courses (basic, core, electives)• Specialization / minor courses (basic, core)• Free electives (if applicable)• Generic courses such as communication, management,

entrepreneurial, liberal arts and humanities (compulsory and electives)


3. To specify the LO of each course appropriate to the specifications of the LO for the programme.

LO for Basic Genetics CourseAt the end of the course the student should be able to:1.Demonstrate the understanding and application of the general

principles in basic genetics at classical, molecular and population levels.

2.Acquire basic skills in laboratory works to demonstrate the understanding and application of basic knowledge of various principles in basic genetics.

3.Demonstrate the knowledge on the history and biography of the individuals that have successfully made genetics as an important basic science.

4.Recognise the impact of genetics on human and the welfare of the society


3. (continuation). To specify the LO of each module of the course appropriate to the specifications of the LO for the programme.

LO for Module 2 for Basic Genetics – Mendelian Genetics: the two laws of inheritanceAt the end of the course the student should be able to:1. Demonstrate the knowledge of historical development and

discovery of Mendelian genetics.2. Demonstrate the understanding of various terminologies in

Mendelian genotype, monohybrid, dihybrid, F1 and F2 generation, test-cross;

3. Demonstrate the understanding of Mendelian Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment;

4. Relate the behaviour of homologous chromosome orientation at metaphase stage of meiosis towards the understanding of independent assortment;

5. Analyse the data with respect to monohybrid and dihybrid hybridisations.

Module Prerequisite: Has prior knowledge on mitosis and meiosis


3. (continuation). To specify the LO of each module (laboratory) of the course appropriate to the specifications of the LO for the programme.

Example of LO for Laboratory 2: Mendelian Genetics

At the end of the Laboratory 2, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the various phenotypes of the monohybrid and dihybrid hybridization experiement;

2.Relate the genotypes with every phenotypes observed;3.Make hypothesis on the inheritance of one or two genes;4.Analyse the data and interpret the result to support the hypothesis

using X2 statistic;5.Presents / write report for evaluation


4a. To determine all learning activities and the learning time for each topic in the course appropriate to the LO programme specifications

Examples of various learning activities and the respective student learning time for Mendelian Genetics Module.

Learning Activities Time (minute)

1. Attending Lecture (face-to-face learning) 50

2. Preparation before attending lecture, revising module through self-study, if necessary to review the recorded lecture, doing assignment relating to Mendelian genetics, to access information from the Internet as suggested and making additional reference from the text and reference books.

120

3. Attending laboratory and writing the report 180

4. Quiz 10

Total 360 (or 6 hours)

MQF credit equivalent 6 / 40 = 0.15 credit


4b. To determine all activities and the learning time for each module or topics within module in the course appropriate to the LO programme specifications.

Module/ Topics/ or units of study

Guided and Managed Learning

Lecture Lab Tutorial Additional in class and off class activities such as studio work, presentation

Independent learning such as self-learning, doing assignment, writing report

Classical Genetics

Molecular Genetics

Population Genetics

5. To list all learning activities and determine the total student learning time (TSLT) in accordance to the guideline for each course in the programme (Example TSLT Basic Genetics is 126 hours)

Learning Activities Learning hours

1. Lecture

1a. Attending lecture (guided in class activity) 24

1b. Additional hours (managed independent learning) such as preparation before lecture, updating lecture notes, revision, making reference (books and Internet)

30

2. Tutorial

2a. Attending tutorial (guided in class activities) 9

2b. Preparation for tutorial 9

3. Laboratory

3a. Attending Laboratory classes 24

3b. Preparation for laboratory works and writing of report 12

3c. Presentation (guided and in class activity) 4

4. Various assignments (managed independent learning e.g. problem solving)

8

5. Quizzes, tests and final examinations 6

Total Student learning time 126


6. To calculate credit value of each course.

Example 1: Credit value for a course in Basic Genetic is 126/40 = 3.15 or 3

Example 2: Basic and core courses in Information Technology

Course F2F Non F2F Total SLT Credit

Mathematical Techniques 90 145 235 5.9

Probability and Statistics 60 100 160 4.0

Machine Architecture 45 80 125 3.1

Computer Programming 105 185 290 7.3

Digital Systems 45 75 120 3.0

Discrete Structures 60 90 150 3.8

Operating Systems 60 100 160 4.0

F2F = Face to face learning, SLT = Student Learning Time


7. To calculate total learning time for the programme (TSLTP) Example TSLTP = 4800 hours

8. To calculate total credit for the programme (TSLTP/40) or 4800/40 = 120 credit

9. To establish the length of semester (in weeks such as 14 weeks.

10.To establish an appropriate student learning time per week. (SLT/M) (example 8 hr per day x 6 days per week = 48)


11. To calculate the number of weeks required to complete the programme. (Example: TSLTP/48) or 4800/48 = 100 weeks

12. To calculate total number of semester required to complete the programme based on the selected semester length. (Example: Total weeks/ semester length 100/14 = 7.1 semester)

13. To devise the study scheme for the programme according to semester.

14. To ensure the student academic load is fair.

Example of student learning time (SLT in hours) for various guided and independent learning activities in a semester

F2F SL ASG T&E SLT Credit

Genetic 52 50 19 5 126 3

Biochem 75 33 0 5 113 3

Cell Biology 57 49 12 5 123 3

Computer 57 10 47 4 118 3

English 52 30 35 4 121 3

Total 293 172 116 23 601 15

Note:The student academic load for a semester of 14 weeks is 601 / 14 = 43 hours.F2F = Face-to-face learning such as attending lecture, laboratory, tutorial and any other activities with formal contact.SL = self-learning, ASG = assignment, T&E = testing and evaluation

Simulation to calculate student learning time, credit and related data

Example of learning activities to be simulated are,

• Lecture (face-to-face and non face-to-face hours)• Practical / Laboratory (face-to-face and non face-to-face

hours)• Tutorial (face-to-face and non face-to-face hours)• Other learning activities (face-to-face and non face-to-face

hours)• Assignments• Tests / Examinations

Face-to-face (guided) / formal, Non face-to-face learning that is a managed learning / informal)

Simulation Outcomes

Simulation is able to,• calculate credit for course and programme of study• calculate number of weeks to complete the programme• calculate the required number of semester based on

semester length (in weeks)• calculate student weekly workload / student learning time per

week based on specific number of credit registered (full time / part time)

• calculate the real contact hour / face-to-face learning and the non face-to-face hours

• any other desired statistics

ConclusionTHANK YOU

Yale Consultancy Sdn [email protected]

03-2021 0577

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Credit System: Concept, Policy, Practice and Procedure Today should be better than yesterday