Creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes From 1914 to 1918

8/3/2019 Creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes From 1914 to 1918

1/139

UUJJNNBBFF]]JJNNUULL(( ]]CCRRFF\\CCUUFF

M\ANRFCH CE RDAIFHOBCK CE ]A\L]*M\CNR] NHB ]JCUAHA]*

>6>2>6>4


2/139

MM\\AANNRRFFCCHH CCEE RRDDAA IIFFHHOOBBCCKK CCEE ]]AA\\LL]]** MM\\CCNNRR]] NNHHBB ]]JJCCUUAAHHAA]]** >>66>>22>>66>>44

6>2>6>4

Ufjhfq} Qhfua|}frv P|a}}Ufjhfq}


3/139


=

N}}cm( P|ce( Ujnbf}jnu L( ]crf|cuf* Pd(B(

M\ANRFCH CE RDA IFHOBCK CE ]A\L]* M\CNR]NHB ]JCUAHA]* >6>2>6>4

\aufawa|}P|ce( B|( dnlfj( Oa|r+\bfoa| _aokn|}dnq}

$Bf|amrc| ce Aq|c+Mcjjaoa* Qhfua|}frv ce Rn|rq % Atr|n+C|bfhn|v P|ce( ce Pcjfrfmnj ]mfahma nr Aq|cpanh Qhfua|}frv

Ufnb|fhn E|nhieq|r $Cba|&&P|ce( ce Df}rc|v Bnwfb K( M|cwa

$P|ce( ce Jaonj Df}rc|v nr Ajch Qhfua|}frv ]mdccj ce Jnw$Hc|rd Mn|cjfhn&&

Gah} ]rfjdcee ]|ah}ah* Pd(B( fh Df}rc|v nhb Mfufjf}nrfch$\a}an|md Eajjcw nr ]wabf}d Fh}rfrqra ce Fhra|hnrfchnj

Neenf|} $]rcmidcjk&&

Mcua| nhb ba}fohUjnbf}jnu L( ]crf|cuf

Pqljf}da| nhb abfrc|Ujnbf}jnu L( ]crf|cuf

drrp7##www(e|aawal}(mck#cu}f}rau}crf|cufm@bajfgachjfha(mcku}crf|cufm@}a|lfnhmnea(mck

Mcpv|fodr >


4/139


2

MCHRAHR]

FHR\CBQMRFCH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( pnoa 1

EF\]R MDNPRA\7RDA FBAN CE RDA VQOC]JNU QHFEFMNRFCH* >?62>6>2 pnoa 6

]AMCHB MDNPRA\7RDA EF\]R _N\ VAN\ NHB OA\KNH* NQ]R\CDQHON\FNH*LQJON\FNH NHB ]A\LFNH _N\ PJNH] ((((( pnoa >?

LFLJFCO\NPDV((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( pnoa >=>


5/139


1

FHR\CBQMRFCH

Bq|fho rda Ef|}r _c|jb _n| kngc|frv ce ]cqrd ]jnufm pacpja}

wa|a efodrfho ec| m|anrfch ce rdaf| cwh hnrfchnj }rnra* wdfmd wn}ceefmfnjjv p|cmjnfkab fh Lajo|nba ch Bamakla| >}r* >6>4 lv rda |aoahrce rda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfn* jnra| Vqoc}jnu ifho* Njai}nhbn| FIn|nc|auf( M|anrfch nhb atf}rahma ce njkc}r qhfrab ]cqrd ]jnufm}rnra $n }rnra wdfmd ahmckpn}}ab njj ]cqrd ]jnu} atmapr Lqjon|fnh}& f}rda eqhbnkahrnj cqrmcka ce rda |a}qjr} ce rda Ef|}r _c|jb _n| fh rdaLnjinh}(

P|nmrfmnj wc|i qpch rda a}rnljf}dkahr ce n }fhoja Vqoc}jnu $njj]cqrd ]jnu} atmapr Lqjon|fnh}& hnrfchnj }rnra mnh la r|nmab lnmi e|ck

rda ef|}r wn| van| wdah ch Bamakla| ?rd* >6>2 ]a|lfnh pn|jfnkahr$ & f}}qab n Bamjn|nrfch fh wdfmd fr wn} mjan|jvnhhcqhmab rdnr rda knfh wn| nfk ce rda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfn f} rcm|anra n qhfrab ]cqrd ]jnufm $fh enmr* Vqoc}jnu }rnra&* f(a( n }fhojahnrfchnj }rnra ce rda ]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha}( Dcwaua|* nr rdnrkckahr Lqjon|fnh} wa|a hcr rniah fhrc mch}fba|nrfch n} kakla|} ce]cqrd ]jnufm qhfrab }rnra ec| rda }nia ce ]a|lfnh+Lqjon|fnh nhfkc}frvcua| rda ra||frc|v ce Knmabchfn rdnr p|cuciab ]a|lfnh+Lqjon|fnh wn|fh >6>=(

Rda\cvnj ]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahr* n} rda atamqrfua fh}rfrqrfch cerda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfn* wn} rda pfucrnj pjnva| fh rda p|cma}} cem|anrfch ce rda haw }rnra* wdfmd wn} ef|}rjv hnkab n} rda Ifhobck ce

]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} $e|ck >6>4 rc >6662>&( Kc|a p|amf}ajv* bq|fhorda pa|fcb ce knifho Vqoc}jnu }rnra $>6>2>6>4&* rda \cvnj ]a|lfnhOcua|hkahr wn} n }qpa|fc| kakla| nkcho rda rd|aa bckfhnhrenmrc|} ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm pacpja} wdc pn|rfmfpnrab fh rda p|cma}} cerdaf| pcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch( Nhcrda| enmrc| wn} rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa rdnr wn} ecqhbab fh Jchbch ch Np|fj =0 rd* >6>1 n} rda

]cqrd ]jnufm $ln}fmnjjv M|cnrfnh& |a}pch}a rc rda R|anrv ce Jchbch*wdfmd wn} }fohab }aua|nj bnv} laec|a larwaah Frnjv nhb rda Ahrahra(Rda knfh rn}i ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} rc p|cramr rda fhra|a}r}ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} $fh enmr* M|cnr}& fh Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v p|fkn|fjv fh|ajnrfch rc rda ~qa}rfch ce Bnjknrfn n jfrrc|nj An}r Nb|fnrfm |aofch

wdfmd }fohfefmnhr pc|rfch} wa|a ba}fohab rc la fhmc|pc|nrab fhrc rdaIfhobck ce Frnjv nmmc|bfho rc rda R|anrv ce Jchbch( Efhnjjv* rda rdf|b


6/139


5

enmrc| fh rda qhfefmnrfch p|cma}} ce rda kngc|frv ce ]cqrd ]jnu} wn} rdaHnrfchnj Mcqhmfj ce ]jcuaha}* M|cnr} nhb ]a|l}* wdfmd wn} m|anrab fhWno|al ch Cmrcla| 5rd * >6>4 wfrd rda rn}i rc nlcjf}d rda |anjk ce rdaBqnj Kchn|mdv cua| ]cqrd ]jnufm pcpqjnrfch nhb rc p|cmjnfk pcjfrfmnjfhbapahbahma ce ]jcuaha}* M|cnr} nhb ]a|l} wdc jfuab qhrfj rdnr rfka

wfrdfh rda lc|ba|} ce Nq}r|fnDqhon|v(

Pcjfrfmnj |ajnrfch} larwaah rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa fh Jchbch*rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj fh Wno|al nhb rda \cvnj ]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahrn|a rda mc|ha|}rcha ce nhv |a}an|md wdfmd p|arahb} rc bf}mcua| nhbp|cpa|jv atpjnfh rda p|cma}} ce Vqoc}jnu pcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch fh >6>4(Fh rda crda| wc|b}* n pcjfrfmnj r|fnhoja larwaah rda \cvnj ]a|lfnhOcua|hkahr* pn|rfmqjn|jv fr} P|fka Kfhf}ra| Hficjn Pnf* rda

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa* wfrd fr} janba|* M|cnrfnh pcjfrfmfnh e|ckBnjknrfn* B|( Nhra R|qklf* nhb rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj wfrd fr}

P|a}fbahr* n janbfho ]jcuahfnh pcjfrfmfnh* B|( Nhrch Ic|cam* n|am|qmfnj ec| qhba|}rnhbfho ce rda p|cma}} ce knifho rda Ifhobck ce]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha}(

Rdf} lcci mcua|} rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr pa|fcb ce Vqoc}jnupcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch rfka e|ck rda ecqhbnrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa fh Jchbch ch Np|fj =0rd* >6>1 rc rda p|cmjnknrfch ce rdaIfhobck ce ]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} fh Lajo|nba ch Bamakla| > }r*>6>4( Pn|rfmqjn|fjv* fr f} banjfho wfrd >& rda fban ce Vqoc}jnuqhfefmnrfch*


7/139


?

Rda|aec|a* rdf} lcci wfjj |aufaw rda ratr ce rda R|anrv ce Jchbch*}fohab fh Np|fj >6>1* n} cha ce rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr df}rc|fmnj }cq|ma}

wdfmd mnh |auanj rda c|fofhnj |an}ch} ec| m|anrfch nhb pcjfrfmnj+bfpjcknrfm eqhmrfchfho ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa fh Jchbch(

Rda ~qa}rfch ce bf}no|aakahr} larwaah rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa nhb rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr ch fhra|hnj pcjfrfmnj+nbkfhf}r|nrfua c|onhf}nrfch ce rda haw }rnra f} ce cq| }pamfefm |a}an|mdfhra|a}r nhb fkpc|rnhma( Rdf} ~qa}rfch wn} pn|rfmqjn|jv balnrabbq|fho rda haocrfnrfch} larwaah rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa nhb rda]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr ch Mc|eq f}jnhb fh O|aama fh Gqha nhb Gqjv >6>?

wdah rda Mc|eq Bamjn|nrfch wn} }fohab lv Hficjn Pnf* ]a|lfnhP|fka Kfhf}ra| nhb Kfhf}ra| ce Ec|afoh Neenf|}* nhb B|( NhraR|qklf* pcjfrfmnj janba| nhb rda P|a}fbahr ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa( Nr rdnr kckahr* fr wn} no|aab rdnr rda haw }rnra wcqjb

la n Mch}rfrqrfchnj Kchn|mdv |qjab lv rda In|nc|auf bvhn}rv n|qjfho bvhn}rv ce rda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfn( Dcwaua|* bq|fho rdahaocrfnrfch} fh Oahaun fh Hcuakla| >6>4 wfrd ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr*

wdah rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj fh Wno|al pn|rfmfpnrab n} n ec|knj|ap|a}ahrnrfua ce rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnu}* rda }nkap|cljak wn} |a}cjuab fh n bfeea|ahr wnv( Nmmc|bfho rc rda OahaunBamjn|nrfch* rda Mch}rfrqahr N}}akljv dn} rc la ec|kab fh c|ba| rc

ucra ec| rda haw Mch}rfrqrfch( Rda|aec|a* rda balnra} larwaah rda]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr* rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa nhb rda HnrfchnjMcqhmfj bq|fho rda pa|fcb larwaah rda Mc|eq Bamjn|nrfch nhb rdaOahaun Bamjn|nrfch m|anrab rda ln}f} ec| kc|a barnfjab fhua}rfonrfch

lv df}rc|fnh}(Rda efhnj rdaka ce rdf} lcci f} rc pqr kc|a jfodr ch |ajnrfch}

larwaah rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa* rda \cvnj ]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahr nhbrda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj fh Wno|al bq|fho rda jn}r }rnoa ce rda m|anrfch cerda Ifhobck ce ]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} fh rda nqrqkh ce >6>4( _a

wfjj mcua|* kc|a p|amf}ajv* rda pa|fcb larwaah rda ecqhbnrfch ce rdaHnrfchnj Mcqhmfj ce ]jcuaha}* M|cnr} nhb ]a|l}* fh Wno|al $Cmrcla|5rd* >6>4& qhrfj rda ceefmfnj p|cmjnknrfch ce rda Ifhobck ce ]a|l}*

M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} fh Lajo|nba $Bamakla| >}r

* >6>4&( Rdf} rdaka cecq| |a}an|md f} banjfho wfrd rda p|cmjnknrfch ce rda ]rnra ce ]jcuaha}*M|cnr} nhb ]a|l}* |amcohfrfch ce rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj fh Wno|al lvrda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr* Oahaun Bamjn|nrfch* rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj}p|cmjnknrfch ce rda qhfefmnrfch ce rda ]rnra ce ]jcuaha}* M|cnr} nhb]a|l} wfrd ]a|lfn nhb Kchrahao|c* nhb efhnjjv wfrd rda p|cmjnknrfch


8/139


4

ce rda Ifhobck ce ]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} lv rda |aoahrNjai}nhbn| F In|nc|auf(

Rda knfh rn}i ce rdf} lcci f} rc fhua}rfonra nhb atpjnfhpcjfrfmnj |ajnrfch} wfrdfh n r|fnhoja rdnr wn} mckpc}ab ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa fh Jchbch* rda \cvnj ]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahr fh atfja nhb rdaHnrfchnj Mcqhmfj fh Wno|al bq|fho rda jn}r* nhb m|qmfnj* rwc kchrd} cerda p|cma}} ce m|anrfch ce rda mckkch Vqoc}jnu }rnra* wdah rda hawpcjfrfmnj enmrc| rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj aka|oab ch rda }maha ce rda]cqrd ]jnufm pcjfrfm}( Fh c|ba| rc nmmq|nrajv fhua}rfonra rdf} f}}qa*rd|aa knfh ~qa}rfch} }dcqjb la nh}wa|ab( Ef|}rjv* bfb rda HnrfchnjMcqhmfj fh Wno|al |apjnmab rda pcjfrfmnj |cja ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa laec|a rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr nhb rda Ahrahra* n} rda

pcjfrfmnj |ap|a}ahrnrfua ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} fh rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv3]amchbjv* bfb rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa nhb rda Hnrfchnj Mcqhmfj

pq|}qab n mckkch pcjfmv fh rdaf| |ajnrfch} wfrd rda ]a|lfnhocua|hkahr nhb rda Ahrahra3 Efhnjjv* wdnr wn} rda |anj pcjfrfmnj|cja ce anmd ce rda}a rd|aa pcjfrfmnj }qlgamr} fh |aon|b rc rda efhnj

p|cmjnknrfch ce rda haw }rnra ch Bamakla| >}r* >6>4 fh Lajo|nba3

Rda kcba|h mcnr ce n|k} ce rda ef|}r >6rdm( ]a|lfn}mnpfrnj n} n P|fhmfpnjfrv I|noqgaunm


9/139


6

EF\]R MDNPRA\7RDA FBAN CE RDA VQOC]JNU

QHFEFMNRFCH* >?62>6>2

Bauajcpkahr ce rda Fban ce Qhfch* f(a( ce l|fhofho rda ]cqrd]jnu} fhrc cha }rnra* c| rda fban ce ]cqrd ]jnufm mckkch ardhfmnj*df}rc|fmnj nhb jfhoqf}rfm c|fofh}* mnh la df}rc|fmnjjv r|nmab e|ck rdaahb ce rda >4rd m( wdah rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr ]a|lfnh df}rc|fnh ce rdnrrfka* Gcunh \ngf* pqljf}dab fh Ufahhn df} rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr wc|ifh >?62 wfrd rda rfrja * * ( Da pcfhrab cqr rdnr rdaM|cnr} n|a ]jnufm pacpja} wdc a}rnljf}dab rdaf| cwh hnrfchnj }rnra fh

Bnjknrfn $f(a(* rdnr Bnjknrfn wn} nh c|fofhnj Lnjinh |aofch ceM|cnrfnh }rnradccb&( M|cnrfnh hafodlcq|}* rda ]a|l}* mnka e|ck rdahc|rd nhb }arrjab rdak}ajua} ch rda n|an ce Knmabchfn* Bnjknrfn*

]jnuchfn* Kca}fn* \n}mfn nhb Lc}hfn(> Efhnjjv* nmmc|bfho rc df}cpfhfch* rda kabfaunj w|fra|} kftab qp rda Lqjon|fnh} wfrd rdaLnjinh Ujnmd}(

Fr wn} rda Oa|knh df}rc|fnh N( J( ]mdjra| wdc fh df} Njjoakafha hc|bf}mda Oa}mdfmdra $>??>& knba rda ef|}r oaha|nj}v}raknrf}nrfch ce rda bf}pa|}fch ce rda ]jnufm r|fla} nera| rdaf| o|anr

kfo|nrfch} fh rda 5rd

m(* nhb n }mdcjn| wdc m|anrab rda ra|k ]cqrd]jnu} $]b+]jnuah&( Eq|rda|* rda ]jcuahfnh df}rc|fnh Nhrch Jfhdn|r wn} n pa|}ch wdc ec| rda ef|}r rfka fhr|cbqmab rdf} ra|k fhrc rda]cqrd ]jnufm mqjrq|a $fh >404=2* nhb eq|rda| }p|anb qp bq|fho

nhb nera| rda \aucjqrfch ce >424>426(6rd m( wn} nhrfmfpnrab rda fban ce kqrqnj mckkqhfrv ce rda ]cqrd

]jnu} ch rda jfhoqf}rfm ln}a(= Da fkpjfab fh rda Lnjinh mn}a nh

>Gcunh \ngf* * * * ucj( FF*_fah* >?62* pp( >54>569 Kfjc|nb Aikaf* ]run|nhga Gqoc}jnufga >?60>6>4* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >646* p(2?(

< E|nhgc Fja f* C pc}rnhiq fw|nwn Gqoc}jcuah}if* P|fjcf n ihgfauhc}r* gafi* f}rc|fgq f ecjijc|* FT*>61=(= Kfjc|nb Aikaf* ]run|nhga Gqoc}jnufga >?60>6>4* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >646* p( 1=(


10/139


>0

Aq|cpanh |cknhrfmf}r fban* nbunhmab lv rda |nrfchnjf}rfmpdfjc}cpda|}* rdnr cha jnhoqnoa kanh} nhb cha hnrfchnj mckkqhfrv*

lqr nr rda }nka rfka wfrd mjan| bfeea|ahrfnrfch ce rda ]a|lfnh }paamde|ck rda ]jnufm hafodlcq|}( Ec| dfk* rda lc|ba|} ce rda mckkch]cqrd ]jnufm jnhoqnoa n|a nr rda }nka rfka nhb rda lc|ba|} ce rda}nka ]cqrd ]jnufm ardhchnrfch* |aon|bja}} ch rda mq||ahr $nhbdf}rc|fmnj& }frqnrfch rdnr rda ]cqrd ]jnu} dnua laah jfufho fh bfeea|ahrpcjfrfmnj ahrfrfa} $}rnra}& nhb mchea}}fho bfeea|ahr enfrd} $lv lajchofhorc bfeea|ahr* nhb auah nhrnochf}rfm* mdq|mda} nhb rdacjcofmnj lajfaua} rda \cknh Mnrdcjfmf}k* C|rdcbctv* F}jnk&(

Lv rda m|anrfch ce rda E|ahmd $lv Hnpcjach& Fjjv|fnh P|cufhma}$ P|cufhma} Fjjv|fahha}&* mckpc}ab lv Bnjknrfn* Bql|cuhfi* jfrrc|njpc|rfch ce Kchrahao|c* F}r|fn* }cqrda|h ]jcuahfn* }cqrda|h M|cnrfnnhb Mn|fhrdfn* wdfmd n} pcjfrfmnj |anjfrv atf}rab larwaah >406 nhb

>4>2* laonh rda pa|fcb wdah rda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ck rda}a ra||frc|fa}}rn|rab rc jfua qhba| rda |qja ce n }fhoja }rnra( Rda}a haw pcjfrfmnjmf|mqk}rnhma} $e|ck >406 rc >6>4& dnb nh fkpnmr ch m|anrfch nkchordak n mch}mfcq}ha}} ce rdaf| hnrfchnj qhfrv $n ja} qhf| ah mc|p} bahnrfch&7 rda}a un|fcq} pacpja} dnb rc la abqmnrab wfrd |aon|b rc rdafban ce cha hnrfch fh c|ba| ec| njj ce rdak rc bakch}r|nra }fkfjn|

}pf|fr} nhb fban}(2

Nmrqnjjv* rda E|ahmd ocua|hkahr mn||fab cqr n pcjfmv ce rda]cqrd ]jnufm nbkfhf}r|nrfua qhfefmnrfch qhba| rda hnka ce rda

Fjjv|fnh jnhoqnoa nhb rda Fjjv|fnh hnrfch(1 Fr wn}* fh enmr* rda pcjfmvce hnrfchnj qhfefmnrfch ce rda E|ahmd ]cqrd ]jnu} qhba| rda Fjjv|fnhardhfm hnka(

Nr rda rfka ce pcjfrfmnj nl}cjqrf}k fh rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdvnera| rda Mcho|a}} ce Ufahhn $>4>2>4>1&* rda Nq}r|fnh Akpa|c||arnfhab }cka fh}rfrqrfch} nhb p|nmrfma* wdfmd wa|a a}rnljf}dabqhba| rda Hnpcjachfm |qja ch rda ]cqrd ]jnufm ra||frc|fa} ce rdaec|ka| E|ahmd Fjjv|fnh p|cufhma}( Ec| fh}rnhma* }cqrda|h pn|r cep|a}ahr bnv M|cnrfn $e|ck rda Iqpn \fua| rc Bnjknrfn& |aknfhab fh

rda nbkfhf}r|nrfua mchhamrfch wfrd rda ]jcuahfnh p|cufhma}( Fh enmr*nh c|onhf}nrfch ce rda Fjjv|fnh Ifhobck* n} nh Nq}r|fnh m|cwh jnhb*

2 Kchfin ]aihcw}in+Ojqmi* Fjjv|fa }cq} jn bckfhnrfch Hnpcjachfahha >406>4>=* Nmrn PcjchfnaDf}rc|fmn* 2>* _n|}nwn* >640* p( >009 Gcdh L( Njjmcmi* Atpjnfhfho Vqoc}jnufn* Mcjqklfn Qhfua|}frv

P|a}}* Haw Vc|i*


11/139


>>

kn|iab rda laofhhfho ce rda Dnl}lq|o nhrf+Dqhon|fnh pcjfmv(Dcwaua|* Ufahhn* nr rda }nka rfka* mn||fab cqr rda pcjfmv* nmmc|bfhorc wdfmd* rda Fjjv|fnh Ifhobck }dcqjb la rda hqmjaq} ce n }fhoja]cqrd ]jnufm nbkfhf}r|nrfua p|cufhma wfrdfh rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv*fh c|ba| rc nua|r rda ]cqrd ]jnufm qhfefmnrfch qhba| ]a|lfn}janba|}dfp* wdnr kanh} lavchb rda lc|ba|} ce rda Dnl}lq|oKchn|mdv( Rdf} pjnh wn} c|fofhnjjv ba}fohab lv rda Nq}r|fnhmdnhmajjc| Karra|hfmd* wdc wnhrab rdnr rda Nq}r|fnh Fjjv|fnhIfhobck wcqjb akl|nma njj Bnjknrfn fh c|ba| rc m|anra rda ]cqrd]jnufm eaba|nj qhfr $p|cufhma& fh rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv $Kfrr

ojfmda} ]jnuf}mda} \afmd&(5

Nera| rda enjj ce HnpcjachfmFjjv|fnh P|cufhma} nhb rda ahb cerda ]a|lfnh \aucjqrfch $>402>4==& nonfh}r rda Crrcknh jc|b}dfprda }pf|fr ce Vqoc}jnu qhfch }dferab fr} mahr|a ce o|nufrv e|ck rda

Nb|fnrfm mcn}r rcwn|b Lajo|nba( Rda ]a|l} mjnfkab n pcjfrfmnjjanba|}dfp ce rda qhfch* hcr chjv lamnq}a ce rda c|onhf}nrfch ce rdarwc hnrfchnj qp|f}fho} nonfh}r rda Rq|i} $>402>4>= nhb >4>1&* lqrnj}c ec| rda |an}ch rdnr atnmrjv rdav }rn|rab rc m|anra n} rda ef|}rLnjinh hnrfch n }cmfarv wfrdcqr eaqbnj ajakahr}( Rdf} }cmfnj pcfhr

lamnka }cch rda m|qmfnj fkparq} ec| njj jfla|nj kcuakahr} nkcho rda

]cqrd ]jnu}(? Nera| rda ]a|lfnh \aucjqrfch ]a|lfn lamnka rdajcmckcrfua ce Vqoc}jnu qhfch ec| rda hatr cha dqhb|ab van|}( Fh rdakfb+>6rd mahrq|v rda|a wa|a ua|v fkpc|rnhr ]a|lfnh pcjfrfmnj ba}foh}

wfrd |aon|b rc rda eqrq|a ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} ch rda Lnjinh Pahfh}qjn(Rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr ce rdak wn} rda }am|ar pjnh ce ]a|lfn} ec|afohpcjfmv Hna|rnhfga $>422&* c| rda B|ner* w|frrah lv rda ]a|lfnhKfhf}ra| ce Fhra|fc|* Fjfgn On|n nhfh* wdc* fh a}}ahma* bfb hcrp|cgamrab n mckkch Vqoc}jnu }rnra lqr chjv n O|anra|#Qhfrab ]a|lfn$f(a(* qhfefmnrfch ce njj ]a|lfnh pacpja nhb df}rc|fmnj jnhb}&(Haua|rdaja}}* rdf} p|cgamr p|nmrfmnjjv lamnka n pfucrnj pcjfrfmnjp|co|nk ce rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch* njcho}fba wfrd n p|cpc}nj ec| neqrq|a ]a|lfnh ec|afoh pcjfmv ba}fohab lv rda Pcjf}d noahr fh ]a|lfn*

E|nhmf}mc Wnmd* qhba| rda fh}r|qmrfch} ofuah lv rda Pcjf}d mcqhrNbnk Mn|rc|v}if fh Mch}afj} }q| jn mchbqfra n }qfu|a pn| jn ]a|lfa$>42=&( Rda ln}fm Mn|rc|v}if/} fban wn} rdnr ]a|lfn dnb rc janb npcjfmv ce pnh+]cqrd ]jnufm qhfefmnrfch( Fh rda crda| wc|b}* rda efhnj

5 N|rdq| O( Dnn}* Karra|hfmd( \ac|onhf}nrfch nhb Hnrfchnjfrv* >4>=>4>4( N ]rqbv fh Ec|a}fodr nhbE|q}r|nrfch fh rda \alqfjbfho ce rda Nq}r|fnh Akpf|a* _fa}lnbah* >65=* p( >00(

? Kfjc|nb Aikaf* ]run|nhga Gqoc}jnufga >?60>6>4* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >646* p( >51(


12/139


>422( Df}

knfh rn}i wn} rc rq|h rda ]a|lfnh ec|afoh pcjfmv e|ck rda fban ce rdam|anrfch ce rda O|anra| ]a|lfn rcwn|b} rda ec|knrfch ce Vqoc}jnufn(6

Rda ceefmfnj p|cpnonhbf}rfm fbacjcov ce rda M|cnrfnh Fjjv|fnhKcuakahr*janb lv rda M|cnrfab Oa|knh Jgqbaufr Ong* e|ck rda ef|}rdnje ce rda >6rd m(* qhba|}rccb njj ]cqrd ]jnu} n} n }fhojaardhcjfhoqf}rfm o|cqp* wdc dn} rc jfua fh qhfrab hnrfchnj }rnra ceO|anra| Fjjv|fne|ck rda Njp} rc rda Ljnmi ]an( Fr f} mjan| e|ck Ong}n|rfmja Hn hn|cb $>4=1& fh wdfmd da rdcqodr rdnr fh rda Knohqk

Fjjv|fmqk $n} qhfrab ]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra* a}rnljf}dab lv rda wa}ra|h*

mahr|nj nhb an}ra|h pc|rfch} ce rda Lnjinh}& }dcqjb la fhmjqbab rda]jcuaha}* M|cnr}* ]jnuchfnh}* Bnjknrfnh}* Lc}hfnh}* Kchrahao|fh}*

]a|l}* nhb efhnjjv Lqjon|fnh}(>0

Jgqbaufr Ong $Jqbwfo Onv& ec|knjjv enucq|ab n rcrnjqhfefmnrfch ce njj ]cqrd ]jnu} fhmjqbfho nhb Lqjon|fnh}* lqr ec| rda]a|l} nhb ]jcuaha} df} p|cgamrab O|anra| Fjjv|fn wn} hcrdfho aj}a lqrchjv O|anra| M|cnrfn( Dcwaua|* rda jnra| pnh+Vqoc}jnu p|cpnonhbn$kf}&q}ab Ong} w|frfho} rc p|ckcra nh fban ce qhfrab Vqoc}jnufn n}*ec| fh}rnhma* da wn} rda ef|}r wdc p|cpc}ab rdnr rda mckkch hnka

ec| rda ]cqrd ]jnu} fh rda R|fqha Ifhobck $Bnjknrfn* M|cnrfn nhb]jnuchfn& dn} rc la rda ]a|lc+M|cnr}wdc }pcia rda mckkch]a|lc+

M|cnrfnh $c| M|cnrc+]a|lfnh& jnhoqnoa(>> Qhbcqlrabjv* Jgqbaufr Ongmnjjab rda kqrqnj ]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra n} rda Knohqk Fjjv|fmqk* rdnr

wn} ra||frc|fnjjv bfufbab fhrc rda dfoda| $]jcuahfn&* rda kfbbja$rda knfh pn|r ce M|cnrfn& nhb rda jcwa| $e|ck Lc}hfn rc rda Ljnmi]an& qhfra}(>< Fh rda crda| wc|b}* Jg( Ong fhmc|pc|nrab rda wdcja

4

B|noc}jnu ]r|nhgnicuf* Inic ga pc}rnjc On|n nhfhcuc Hna|rnhfga* ]pckahfi* 6>* Laco|nb*>6=6* p( >=9 Un}n ql|fjcuf* F}rc|fgn pcjfrfia kf}jf q ]|lfgf TFT u(* Laco|nb* >614* pp( >55>56(6Kfjc|nb Aikaf* ]run|nhga Gqoc}jnufga >?60>6>4* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >646* pp( =56=?0(>0Jgqbaufr Ong* Hn hn|cb* Bnhfmn* =2* Wno|al* Nqoq}r 4=1(>> E|nhgc Enhmau* Fjf|}ruc q D|unr}ick p|apc|cbq* Jgarcpf} GNWQ* 26* Wno|al >6=?(>425 cha ce rda L|frf}d fhrajjfoahma bfpjcknr} hcrfmab rdnr da wn} }q|ajv mchufhmab fh

rda enmr rdnr rda }am|ar nfk ce rda M|cnr} wn} nhb p|clnljv f}* rc m|anra cha Fjjv|fnh Ifhobck wdfmd wcqjbla mch}f}rab lv Mn|hfcjn* Mn|fhrdfn* F}r|fn* M|cnrfn* ]jcuahfn* ]a|lfn* Lc}hfn* Da|aoc ufhn nhb Bnjknrfn


13/139


>=

]jnufm }cqrd e|ck rda Nb|fnrfm ]an rc rda Ljnmi ]an* e|ck Ufjjnmd$Lajgni& nhb Oc|ffn rc rda jcwa| Dqhon|v* nhb e|ck ]inbn| rc

Un|hn fhrc rda Knohqk Fjjv|fmqk(>= Dcwaua|* pcjfrfmnj mahr|a ceOng}Knohqk Fjjv|fmqk dnb rc la M|cnrfn} mnpfrnj Wno|al(

Nr rda }nka rfka* Uqi ]raenhcuf+In|nbf* n enkcq} ]a|lfnhjnhoqnoa |aec|ka|* }rnhbn|bfab rda jfra|nj jnhoqnoa ec| rda ]a|l}(Rdf} kcbaj ce ]a|l }rnhbn|bf}ab jnhoqnoa wn} lc||cwab lv JgqbaufrOng ec| rda jfrra|nj jnhoqnoa ce rda M|cnr} nhb ch }qmd n wnv Uqi nhbOng mckpjarab n df}rc|fmnj kf}}fch ce }rnhbn|bf}fho rda mckkchjfra|nj jnhoqnoa ec| lcrd rda ]a|l} nhb rda M|cnr}( Nkcho rda]jcuaha} rda jnhoqnoa+}rnhbn|bf}nrfch wc|i wn} mckpjarab lvE|nhma P|a a|h nhb rda crda| ]jcuahfnh pcar} nr rda ef|}r dnje ce rda

>6rd m(>2 N} n mckkch }rnhbpcfhr ce n kngc|frv ce rda >6rd m( ]cqrd

]jnufm pdfjcjcof}r} wn} nh cpfhfch rdnr nera| rda p|cma}} ce n efhnj}rnhbn|bf}nrfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm hnrfchnj jnhoqnoa} rdav*nhvwnv* dnua laah qhba|}rccb n} chjv bfeea|ahr w|frrah atp|a}}fch}ce n mckkch ]cqrd ]jnufm ua|hnmqjn|(

Rda Ef|}r ]jnufm Mcho|a}}* dajb fh P|noqa e|ck Knv 1rd rcGqha =|b* >424* wn} nh fkpc|rnhr pnh+]jnufm df}rc|fmnj auahr wdfmdec}ra|ab rda fban ce ]jnufm qhfch nhb rda ]cqrd ]jnufm }cjfbn|frv nhb|amfp|cmfrv fh rda Lnjinh}( Rda Mcho|a}} bapqrfa} bamfbab rdnr rdara||frc|fnj fhrao|frv ce rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv dn} rc la }nuab* lqr nrrda }nka rfka rdnr rda hnrfchnj+ra||frc|fnj+nbkfhf}r|nrfua nqrchckfa}ce rda ]jnufm pacpja} wfrdfh rda Kchn|mdv }dcqjb la ec|kab nhb|a}pamrab( N pn|rfmfpnrfch fh rda Mcho|a}}/ }a}}fch} wa|a rniah nhb

lv cha Vqoc}jnu }amrfch mckpc}ab lv rda bajaonra} e|ck ]jcuahfn*M|cnrfn* Bnjknrfn nhb e|ck rda ]a|lfnh pcpqjnrab n|an} fh rda}cqrda|h Dqhon|v $Ucgucbfhn&( Rda Mcho|a}} |amafuab n p|cpc}nj lv

YLjnmiwajj rc Pnjka|}rch* Kakcf|a ch rda Nofrnrfch fh rda Nq}r|fnh Akpf|a( Ufawab n} n ^qa}rfch ceBfpjcknmv* Jchbch* Nqoq}r }r* >425* Pqljfm \amc|b Ceefma* Ec|afoh Ceefma* Jchbch* ?#===* Hc >06[(>= E|nhgc Rqknh* D|unr}in q kchn|df}rficg Gqoc}jnufgf* ucj( F $>6>4>666=* p( >5(>2

Nmmc|bfho rc Rqknh* In|nbf} fban rdnr njj rcinufnh bfnjamr }panifho pcpqjnrfch ce ]a|lc+M|cnrfnhjnhoqnoa f} ce rda ]a|l c|fofh* w|frrah fh df} n|rfmja ]|lf }uf f }uqbn fh >4=5 nhb pqljf}dab fh Icuaf nf}rc|fgq* gafi f clfnga ]|ln }un r|f nichn $_fah >426&* wn} rda m|qmfnj |an}ch ec| M|cnr} rc rq|h lnmi e|ckrda fban ce Fjjv|f}k rcwn|b} rda fban ce M|cnrf}k( Rqknh* nj}c* pcfhrab cqr rdnr In|nbf} rdac|v wn} necqhbnrfch ce rda O|anr ]a|lf}k ec| rda hatr oaha|nrfch} ce rda ]a|lfnh fbacjcof}r} nhb pcjfrfmfnh} fhc|ba| rc m|anra n O|anra| ]a|lfn YE|nhgc Rqknh* D|unr}in q kchn|df}rficg Gqoc}jnufgf* ucj( F* Wno|al*>66=* pp(


14/139


>2

rda Vqoc}jnu bajaonrfch rdnr rda Fjjv|fnh hnka ec| rda ]cqrd ]jnu}

wcqjb la |apjnmab lv rda Vqoc}jnu cha(>1

Nera| rda enjj ce nl}cjqrf}k fh rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv rda Vqoc}jnu pcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch wn} mdnkpfchab lv ]a|lfn} P|fhma

Kfdnfjc Cl|ahcuf FFF $>450>454&* wdc wc|iab ch n m|anrfch ce rdapcjfrfmnj+kfjfrn|v njjfnhma ce rda Lnjinh hnrfch} ec| n wn| nonfh}rafrda| rda Crrcknh} c| rda Dnl}lq|o}( Fh enmr* rdf} wn| wcqjb rniarda ec|k ce n oaha|nj Lnjinh |aucjqrfch ec| rda hnrfchnj jfla|nrfch( Chrda |qfh} ce rda Crrcknh nhb rda Dnl}lq|o kqjrfhnrfchnj akpf|a}P|fhma Kfdnfjc fhrahbab rc $|a&a}rnljf}d fhbapahbahr Lnjinh nhb]ql+Bnhqlfnh hnrfchnj }rnra}( N} rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr ]cqrd ]jnufmhnrfchnj nfk* P|fhma Kfdnfjc ba}fohab* fh mccpa|nrfch wfrd rdaM|cnrfnh nhb Lqjon|fnh hnrfchnj |ap|a}ahrnrfua}* n m|anrfch ce cha

$mch&eaba|nj Vqoc}jnu }rnra wfrd ]a|lfn n} fr} pcjfrfmnj mahr|a(>5

Df}janbfho |an}ch* ce rda oac+pcjfrfmnj hnrq|a* fh rdf} knrra| wn} n }r|chomchufmrfch rdnr chjv n ra||frc|fnjjv o|anr nhb hnrfchnjjv qhfrab }rnramcqjb la |anjjv fhbapahbahr cha nr rda Lnjinh}( Rda kc}r mdnhma} rc

m|anra }qmd }rnra dnb p|fkn|fjv rda ]cqrd ]jnu}(>?

Rda ef|}r Vqoc}jnu Mcho|a}} $ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v& wn} dajb fh Jaflnmd $Jgqljgnhn& e|ck Bamakla| > }r rc =|b*>4?0( Rda knfh Mcho|a}} bama}fch wn} rdnr rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh]cqrd ]jnu} }dcqjb haocrfnra wfrd rda Dqhon|fnh} qpch rda

kcbfefmnrfch ce rda atf}rfho Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh bqnj }v}rak$a}rnljf}dab fh >45?&( Nmmc|bfho rc rda Vqoc}jnu p|cpc}nj* rdf} bqnj$Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh& eaba|nj }v}rak dnb rc la r|nh}ec|kab fhrc rdar|fpja eaba|nj }v}rak $Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh]jnufm& lv |amcohfrfch cerda }apn|nra ]jnufm pn|r n} nh nqrchckcq} eaba|nj qhfr wfrdfh rda

Dnl}lq|o bcknfh}(>4 Rda janbfho M|cnrfnh Hnrfchnj Pn|rv f}}qab nr

>1Kfjc|nb Aikaf* ]run|nhga Gqoc}jnufga >?60>6>4* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >646* pp( 1=11=5(>5Un}n ql|fjcuf* F}rc|fgn pcjfrfia kf}jf q ]|lfgf TFT u(* Laco|nb* >614* pp(


15/139


>1

rda }nka van| n Bamjn|nrfch* nhhcqhmfho rdnr rda efhnj nfk cemckkch ba}f|a} nhb wc|i ce rda ]a|l}* Lqjon|fnh}* ]jcuaha} nhbM|cnr} }dcqjb la rdaf| qhfch fhrc rda fhbapahbahr* e|aa* pcpqjn| nhb

Vqoc}jnu }rnra mckkqhfrv(>6

Fh rda >450} lcrd M|cnrfnh lf}dcp nhb hnrfchnj janba|* G( G(]r|c}}knva|* nhb ]a|lfn} P|fhma Kfdnfjc Cl|ahcuf FFF lajfauab rdnrrda ]cqrd ]jnufm pacpja} mcqjb nmdfaua rdaf| e|aabck chjv fh rda mn}ace kfjfrn|v baeanr ce rda Crrcknh Akpf|a fh n wn| nonfh}r rda LnjinhMd|f}rfnh}* wdnr nj}c wcqjb la n p|amchbfrfch ec| rda efhnj Crrcknh

atpqj}fch e|ck rda Lnjinh Pahfh}qjn(454]r|c}}knva| rcjb rc rda noahr ce rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr rdnr df}M|cnrfnh Hnrfchnj Pn|rv lajfauab rdnr rda bqrv ce ]a|lfn wn} rcjfla|nra Lc}hfn nhb Da|aocufhn e|ck rda Crrcknh Akpf|a nhb nr}qmd n wnv rc m|anra n ecqhbnrfch ec| rda eqrq|a Vqoc}jnu }rnra

qhfefmnrfch(6>4* ucj( FF* Laco|nb* >646* p( =5(

flfb(

6>4* ucj( FF* Laco|nb* >646* pp( * p( 2}r* >4?59 Gnka} Lqicw}if*Gqoc}jnuf}k nhb rda M|cnrfnh Hnrfchnj Pn|rv fh >45?* Mnhnbfnh \aufaw ce ]rqbfa} fh Hnrfchnjf}k* =*>* >6?1* p( ?2[(


16/139


>5

]cqrd ]jnu}* wdfmd wcqjb la n ln}f} ec| rdaf| jnra| hnrfchnj nhb

pcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch(& rda O|anra| ]a|lfn*mckpc}ab lv Lc}hfn* Da|aocufhn* Kchrahao|c* rda Nhmfahr ]a|lfn

$Ic}cuc* Karcdfgn nhb ]nhbni& nhb rda P|fhmfpnjfrv ce ]a|lfn9


17/139


>?

enucq|ab n Vqoc}jnu Eaba|nrfch( Cha ce rda }qppc|ra|} ce rda mchmaprce rda Vqoc}jnu eaba|nrfch wfrd Lajo|nba n} n mnpfrnj wn} nhb rda]a|lfnh df}rc|fnh nhb pdfjcjcof}r ]rcgnh Hcunicuf( Da atp|a}}abdf} eaba|njf}r fban} fh rda n|rfmja Hnich }rc ocbfhn $ Nera| cha

dqhb|ab van|}* >6>>&(& chjv ]a|l} m|anrab qp rc rdnr rfka e|aa ]cqrd]jnufm }rnra} ]a|lfn nhb Kchrahao|c9 6rd

m( rda|a wa|a knhv un|fnrfch} cerda p|cgamr ce qhfrab ]cqrd ]jnufm* c| Vqoc}jnu* jnhb}( Ec| atnkpja*rda ]a|lfnh w|fra| Kfjnh Kfjcgauf fh >44> pqljf}dab n knp ce ba

enmrc O|anra| ]a|lfn* lqr qhba| rda hnka ce n O|anra| Vqoc}jnufn( Nmmc|bfho rc dfk* rda O|anra| Vqoc}jnufn }dcqjb akl|nma rdaecjjcwfho ra||frc|fa}7 df}rc|fmnj Knmabchfn $qp rc Rda}}njv&* rda wdcjapc|rfch} ce Lnhnr $an}rwn|b rc N|nb&* Lnin $hc|rdwn|b rc ]aoab&*nhb njj M|cnrfnh nhb ]jcuahfnh jnhb} fhmjqbfho Mn|fhrdfn* R|fa}ra nhb}cka ra||frc|fa} lavchb rda F}chc \fua|( ]qmd lc|ba|} ce rda eqrq|a

Vqoc}jnufn wa|a nj}c nmmaprab lv rda ]a|l} P( Hfiarf fh >460 nhb B(

Pqrhficuf fh >465* lqr wfrdcqr ]jcuahfnh jnhb}(=>

Rda fban ce Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch lamnka n janbfho fbacjcofmnjec|ma ce rda Vcqrd Kcuakahr nkcho njj Vqoc}jnu} afrda| rdnr fhfhbapahbahr ]a|lfn nhb Kchrahao|c c| rdc}a wdc jfuab wfrdfh

Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v( Rda kcuakahr ejcq|f}dab larwaah >60= nhb >6>2dnufho bfeea|ahr hnka} fh un|fcq} Vqoc}jnu jnhb}7 rda Ckjnbfhn*

Kjnbn Lc}hn* Kjnbn Bnjknmfgn* arm(=< Rda Nq}r|fnh Oaha|nj ce]jcuahfnh c|fofh* C}mn| Pcrgc|ai* fhr|cbqmab rda ra|k Gqho}jnwahec| rdf} Vqoc}jnu Vcqrd Kcuakahr( Df} hcrfefmnrfch wn} rdnr rda kc}r

}fohfefmnhr mdn|nmra|f}rfm ce rdf} kcuakahr wn} fr} wf}d rc m|anra n

465* p( >0?60>6>2* ucj( FF* Laco|nb* >646* p( 1


18/139


>4

Vqoc}jnu }rnra(== Nh nppan|nhma ce rda ]jcuah}if Gqo $]jnufm ]cqrd&knonfha fh >60= fh Lajo|nba kn|iab n rq|hfho pcfhr fh rda p|cma}}ce |fpahfho ce rda Vqoc}jnu Vcqrd Kcuakahr( Rdf} knonfha lamnka*fh enmr* kc|a nhb kc|a n kaarfho pcfhr ce }qppc|ra|} ce rda Vqoc}jnu

fban( Rcoarda| wfrd n }apn|nra mqjrq|nj c|onhf}nrfch wfrd rda }nkahnka* fr p|cpnonrab nh fban ce mqjrq|nj fhrao|nrfch ce njj Vqoc}jnupacpja}* lqr wfrd |a}pamr ce ardhc+mchea}}fchnj+df}rc|fm bfeea|ahma}

larwaah rdak( Nmrqnjjv* rda kcuakahr ba}f|ab Vqoc}jnu }pf|frqnjqhfefmnrfch wfrdfh rda Vqoc}jnu pcjfrfmnj eaba|nrfch n} rda efhnj ocnj

nhb o|anra}r fbanj(=2 Rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr }jconh} ce rdf} c|onhf}nrfchnhb fr} cwh knonfha wa|a7 rda Qhfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} nhb rda\aucjqrfch nr cmmqpfab jnhb}( Rda ef|}r Vqoc}jnu Vcqrd Mcho|a}}

wn} c|onhf}ab fh Lajo|nba fh >602( Rd|aa van|} jnra|* nj}c fhLajo|nba* rda Vqoc}jnu \aucjqrfchn|v C|onhf}nrfch wn} ecqhbab*

wdfmd ecqodr* nmmc|bfho rc fr}]rnrqra* ec| rda Vqoc}jnu eaba|nj }rnramckkqhfrv wfrd nqrchckcq} p|cufhma}( Fr wn} c|onhf}ab fh P|noqafh >6>0 rda N}}cmfnrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mjql} wfrd rda nfk rc m|anra

rda Vqoc}jnu mqjrq|nj qhfch(=1 ]a|lfnh nhb M|cnrfnh }rqbahr} e|ck Ufahhn nhb P|noqa ecqhbab n haw c|onhf}nrfch fh Bamakla| >6>>qhba| rda hnka rda ]a|lc+M|cnrfnh Hnrfchnj Vcqrd( Rdaf|hnrfchnj fban wn} M|cnrc+]a|lfnh9 rdaf| hnrfchnjfrv wn} rda ]a|lc+

M|cnrfnh(=5 Rda efhnj qhfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu Vcqrd Kcuakahr fhrc n}fhoja c|onhf}nrfch wn} bcha fh rda dcq}a ce rda M|cnrfnh w|fra|

C}mn| Rn|rnjgn fh ]pjfr $Bnjknrfn& ch Kn|md >5rd* >6>=( Fh Knv ce rda}nka van| rda p|cpnonrfch knonfha ce rda fban ce rda Vqoc}jnuqhfefmnrfch Qgabfhgahga $rda Qhfch& }rn|rab rc la pqljf}dab lv rda}nka $qhfrab& Pnh+Vqoc}jnu c|onhf}nrfch( Rda ocnj ce fr wn} rcp|apn|a hnrfchnj Vqoc}jnu |aucjqrfch rdnr wn} }mdabqjab ec| rda van|ce >6>? ec| rda |an}ch rc }pcfj 10rd nhhfua|}n|v majal|nrfch ce rda

Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh pcjfrfmnj+hnrfchnj }arrjakahr Nq}}ojafmd$>45?&(=? Fh oaha|nj* rda fban ce rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch wn}

== Oaha|nj Pcrgc|ai rc Lfjfh}iv* ]n|ngauc* Gqjv >

}r

* >6>2* N|mdfua} ce Lc}hfn nhb Da|waocufhn*]n|ngauc* Echb WKE* ??49 q|c q|kfh* Gqoc}jcuah}in ckjnbfhn pc}ja nhai}fga LfD >604* Injahbn|]u( ]nun* Wno|al* >6=2* p( 29 Rfh Qgauf*Lc|ln hnmfchnjf}rfia ckjnbfha* Laco|nb* >6=0* p( 44(=2Kfjc|nb Aikaf* ]run|nhga Gqoc}jnufga >?60>6>4* ucj( FF* Laco|nb* >646* pp( 1=?1=4(=1 Funh Gnha Icjn|* P|apc|cbcumf >6>6>2* >6>2>6>4* Inkhfi* >6=0* p( >5?(=5B|( Gn|c}jnu fbni* B|( Kf|gnhn O|c}}* B|( Foc| In|nknh* B|nocunh apf* Pcuga}r d|unr}ico hn|cbn>450>6>2* Wno|al* >654* D|unr}if hn|cb q |nbcljgq cb o( >60= bc >6>2* p( >05(=?Pa|c ]jfgapauf* Kjnbn Lc}hn* Hnpc| Lc}ha f Da|maocufha n c}jclcahga f qgabfhgahga* ]n|ngauc*>66


19/139


>6

nmmaprab lv kqmd wfba| ]cqrd ]jnufm nqbfahma* a}pamfnjjv lv rdc}ae|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v* nera| rda jfla|nrfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm jnhb}fh rda Crrcknh Akpf|a lv ]a|lfn nhb Kchrahao|c fh >6>=(

Efhnjjv* fr f} hama}}n|v rc |aufaw rda nrrfrqba} rcwn|b} rda

~qa}rfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch lv rda kc}r fhejqahrfnj M|cnrfnhcppc}frfch pcjfrfmnj pn|rfa} |ap|a}ahrab fh rda M|cnrfnh+]jnuchfnhPn|jfnkahr $]nlc|& fh Wno|al(

Rda kc}r hnrfchnjf}rfm M|cnrfnh pn|rv wn} rda M|cnrfnh Pn|rvce \fodr} $D|unr}in ]r|nhin P|nun&* jab lv n ]a|lcpdclfm M|cnrcpdfja

Nhra ]rn|auf( Rda knfh c|fofhnj pcjfrfmnj nfk ce rdf} pn|rv wn} rcm|anra nh fhbapahbahr* e|aa nhb qhfrab o|anra| M|cnr hnrfchnj }rnra

ln}ab ch ardhcjfhoqf}rfm nhb df}rc|fmnj |fodr} ce rda M|cnr} $lqrcqr}fba Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v&( Rdf} pcjfrfmnj rn}i wn} |nbfmnjf}ab wdah

Gc}fp E|nhi rcci rda pn|rv} janba|}dfp $nmrqnjjv fr wn} m|anrab n hawpn|rv qhba| rda hnka Pq|a M|cnrfnh Pn|r v ce \fodr}&( E|nhi}pcjfrfmnj baknhb} wa|a rc m|anra n }apn|nra qhfrab M|cnrfnh hnrfchnj+nbkfhf}r|nrfua p|cufhma wfrdfh Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v( Dcwaua|* fh lcrdmn}a} M|cnrfn }dcqjb akl|nma nhb fhmc|pc|nra fhrc qhfrab M|cnr pn|rce rda Kchn|mdv p|fkn|fjv njj M|cnrfnh df}rc|fmnj jnhb} $M|cnrfn*Bnjknrfn* \fgain* F}r|fn* Bql|cuhfi* ]jnuchfn* Kchrahao|c* Lc}hfn*Da|aocufhn* ]|ak nhb Lnin&( Rda fhfrfnj }jconh ce rdf} pn|rv wn}hafrda| qhba| Ufahhn c| qhba| Pa}r* lqr ec| rda e|aa nhbfhbapahbahr M|cnr }rnra( Nh v mckp|ckf}a wfrd rda Dnl}lq|o

Kchn|mdv wn} fkpc}}flja ec| ]rn|auf( _frd |aon|b rc rda p|cljakce hnrfchnj fbahrfrv ce rda M|cnr}* fh rda an|jv pa|fcb ce df} nmrfufrv]rn|auf w|cra fh >45? rda lccijar Lf+jf i ]jnu}ruq fjf in D|unr}ruq$Rc rda ]jnubck c| rda M|cnrbck& fh wdfmd da p|a}ahrab rda cpfhfchrdnr rda ]jnufm hnka wn} nh n|rfefmfnj enl|fmnrfch( Nmmc|bfho rc dfk*rda M|cnr} mcqjb la chjv M|cnr} lqr hcr afrda| rda ]jnu} c| rda

Vqoc}jnu}(=4 Ec| dfk* rda Vqoc}jnu fban wn} chjv n kn}i ec|$C|rdcbct& \q}}fnh Pnh+]jnufm pcjfmv* wdfmd wn} bnhoa|cq} ec| rdaM|cnrfnh hnrfchnj fhra|a}r(

Fh >461 ]rn|auf |a}fohab e|ck df} cwh pn|rv* lamnq}a rdafhra|hnj bf}no|aakahr} larwaah rda pn|rv} janba|}* nhb ec|kab rdaPq|a Pn|rv ce \fodr}( Nera| df} banrd fh rda hatr van| $>465& Gc}fpE|nhi rcci rda janba|}dfp ce rda $haw& pn|rv( Dcwaua|* fh mchr|n}r rc]rn|auf* E|nhi wnhrab rc m|anra n O|anr M|cnrfn wfrdfh O|anr

=4 E|nhgc Rqknh* D|unr}in q kchn|df}rficg Gqoc}jnufgf* ucj( F* Wno|al* >66=* p( =>(


20/139


604>6>0& nonfh}rrda ]a|l} wfrdfh Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v* dnufho df} cwh n|kab

pn|nkfjfrn|v jaofch} $rda }c+mnjjab E|nhi} Jaofch}&(20

Rda E|nhi} pn|rv nr rda rfka ce rda ]n|ngauc n}}n}}fhnrfch

$Gqha 6>2& wn} rda }r|choa}r M|cnrfn} ]a|lcecl* mnjjfho ec| rdawn| nonfh}r ]a|lfn* wfrd rda atpamrnrfch rdnr n O|anra| M|cnrfn wcqjb

la ec|kab wfrd rda Nq}r|fnh }qppc|r nera| rda wn|(2> Ch rda crda|dnhb* rda haw ]rn|auf} Pn|rv ce \fodr}* wdfmd }apn|nrab fr}aje e|ckrda E|nhi} pn|rv gq}r laec|a rda wn|* nbcprab bq|fho rda rfka ce rdaO|anr _n| ce >6>2>6>4 nh nrrfrqba fh enucq| ce n bf}}cjqrfch ce rdaBqnj Kchn|mdv nhb p|aea||ab n m|anrfch ce rda mckkch ]cqrd ]jnufm

}rnra( Bq|fho rda nhrf+]a|lfnh mnkpnfoh fh Wno|al fh >6>2 rda D|unr*n gcq|hnj ce rda ]rn|auf} M|cnrfnh Pn|rv ce \fodr}* wn} cpahjv chrda ]a|lfnh }fba nhb fhra|mabab fh enucq| ce rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch(Ec| atnkpja* rda D|unr pqljf}dab }aua|nj n|rfmja} fh wdfmd rda]cmfnjf}r}* Nhn|mdf}r}* Dqhon|fnh} nhb E|aakn}ch|v wa|a nmmq}ab n}rda c|onhf}a|} ce rda n}}n}}fhnrfch fh ]n|ngauc fh >6>2* lqr hcr ]a|lfn(

_dnr mchma|h} rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch* rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr n|rfmja cerdf} gcq|hnj wn} pqljf}dab ch Gqjv 2rd* >6>2 qhba| rda rfrja HnrfchnjP|fhmfpja fh wdfmd rda fban ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm ardhc+pcjfrfmnjqhfefmnrfch wn} }qppc|rab(

Fr mnh la mchmjqbab rdnr rda Fban ce Qhfch ce rda ]cqrd]jnufm* c| chjv rda Vqoc}jnu $rda ]cqrd ]jnu} wfrdcqr rda Lqjon|fnh}&

=6 \fgaif Hcuf Jf}r* U#>6>>* Hc( =0>* Bamakla| >6rd* >6>>(20 E|nhc ]qpfjc* Pcjfrfin q D|unr}icg* Wno|al* >61=* pp( 4?* ==1==5(2>Kc|a fhec|knrfch} nlcqr fr fh7 Uaa}jnu _fjba|* Bun }kga|n q d|unr}icg pcjfrfmf* Wno|al* >6>4(


21/139


pacpja} fh cha mckkch hnrfchnj }rnra dnb |ajnrfuajv baap |ccr} fhdf}rc|fmnj bauajcpkahr ce pcjfrfmnj fban} nkcho rda ]cqrd ]jnu} $e|ckrda ahb ce rda >4rd m(&( Rdf} fban dnb }aua|nj }rnoa} ce bauajcpkahrnhb rda eanrq|a} ce atp|a}}fch* lqr ln}fmnjjv rda }qppc|ra|} ce rdaFban ce Qhfch p|fkn|fjv qhba|}rccb rda ]a|lc+M|cnrfnh mqjrq|nj*hnrfchnj nhb pcjfrfmnj mccpa|nrfch* |amfp|cmfrv* }cjfbn|frv nhb efhnjjv$pcjfrfmnj& qhfefmnrfch n} n lnmilcha ce nhv ifhb ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm}rnra $wfrd rda Lqjon|fnh} c| hcr&( Efhnjjv* rda fban wn} fknofhab rc

la |anjf}ab fh rda rwc pdn}a}7 >& chjv rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch $rda]a|l}* ]jcuaha} nhb M|cnr}&7 nhb 6>1


22/139


6>2 rc mchrakpc|n|fa} rdaO|anr _n|* rc pc}ra|frv rda Ef|}r _c|jb _n| kn|iab rda ahb cecha pa|fcb ce df}rc|v nhb rda laofhhfho ce nhcrda|( ]rn|rfho n} nAq|cpanh wn|* fr rq|hab fh >6>?* wfrd rda ahr|nhma ce rda Q(](N( fhrc n

wc|jb wn|( Rda }pn|i rdnr r|fooa|ab fr cee wn} rda n}}n}}fhnrfch ce rda Nq}r|fnh daf|+p|a}qkprfua* N|mdbqia E|nh Ea|bfhnhb* lv ]a|lfnhhnrfchnjf}r fh Lc}hfn Onu|fjc P|fhmfp* n kakla| ce rda Vcqho

Lc}hfn $Kjnbn Lc}hn& kcuakahr* fh ]n|ngauc ch Gqha 6>2( Nmmc|bfho rc rda Oa|knh df}rc|fnh E|fr Ef}mda|* cha ce rda

m|qmfnj en|+jcho ba}foh} ce Oa|knhv} pcjfmv nr rda ahb ce rda >6rd m(nhb rda laofhhfho ce rda 6>2 wa|a ra||frc|fnjjv bfufbabfhrc rwc pn|r}7 >& rda ra||frc|fa} mch}fba|ab n} bf|amr kakla|}7$E|nhma* Jqtaklcq|o* Bahkn|i* Harda|jnhb}* Lajofqk* nhb \q}}fnh

pn|r ce Pcjnhb&* pjq} rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv9 nhb 6>5 rda haw ra||frc|fa} wa|a ba}fohnrab ec| nhhatnrfch lv Oa|knhv7Jfrdqnhfn wfrd Ufjhfq} nhb Mcq|jnhb wfrd Kfrnq( Nr rda }nka rfka\cknhfn* Lqjon|fn* ]a|lfn* Kchrahao|c* Njlnhfn* rda CrrcknhAkpf|a nhb O|aama wa|a }nw n} nh fhmc|pc|nrab jnhb} fhrc rda HawC|ba| fh Aq|cpa qhba| rda Oa|knh jc|b}dfp( Efhnjjv* Jfuchfn*A}rchfn nhb Efhjnhb wa|a ba}fohab ec| mjc}a| pcjfrfmnj nhb amchckfmnjjfnhma wfrd Oa|knhv nera| rda panma r|anrfa} ce L|a}r+Jfrcu}i nhb

La|jfh(2< Nr }qmd n wnv* rda Vqoc}jnu ra||frc|fa} ce rda Dnl}lq|oKchn|mdv wa|a fhrahbab ec| bf|amr kakla|}dfp* wdfja ]a|lfn nhbKchrahao|c wa|a mch}fba|ab ec| fhmc|pc|nrfch fhrc rda Oa|knhHaw $Aq|cpanh& C|ba| n} rda }apn|nra pn|r} e|ck rda crda|

Vqoc}jnu ra||frc|fa}( Fh nhv mn}a* njj Vqoc}jnu ra||frc|fa} wa|a

2< E|fr Ef}mda|* Oa|knhv/} Nfk} fh rda Ef|}r _c|jb _n|* Haw Vc|i* >65?* }aa rda knp ch p( >0?(


23/139


6rdm( nhb rda laofhhfho ce rda 2& wn}fhrahbab rc |an}}a|r rda pc}frfch ce Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v n} nh

2= Njnh ]iab* Rda Bamjfha % Enjj ce rda Dnl}lq|o Akpf|a >4>1>6>4* Jchbch nhb Haw Vc|i* >660* p(6>2Rda Rdf|b Lnjinh _n|( C|fofh} \amch}fba|ab* Rda Gcq|hnj ce Kcba|hDf}rc|v* ucj( 2=* Hc( =* ]aprakla| >6?>(

21flfb(Nj}c* nmmc|bfho rc Gcnmdfk \akn|i* (((rda kc}r ln}fm bamf}fch} neeamrfho panma c| wn| wa|a knbalv La|rdcjb |nrda| rdnh Lardknhh* nhb Pn f|nrda| rdnh ]nchcu(


24/139


441 bcuarnfjab wfrd rda pcjfrfmnj nhb kfjfrn|v nfk} ba}fohab lv rdaMahr|nj Pcwa|}* pn|rfmqjn|jv wfrd nh fhrahrfch rc ajfkfhnra ]a|lfn n} npcjfrfmnj enmrc| fh rda Lnjinh}( Nera| rda enfjq|a ce Lqjon|fnh nfk} fhrda ]amchb Lnjinh _n| $>6>=&* ]cefn ecqhb n }qppc|r e|ck rda

Mahr|nj Pcwa|} ec| fr} nfk rc fhmc|pc|nra rda Un|bn| Knmabchfn24$nhb rda Naoanh Knmabchfn* rcc&(

Ecjjcwfho rda cqr l|ani ce rda __F* ch Nqoq}r 6>2Lqjon|fn} \nbc}jnucu} ocua|hkahr ceea|ab rc rda Mahr|nj Pcwa|} npcjfrfmnj+kfjfrn|v njjfnhma fh |arq|h ec| Lqjon|fnh pn|rfmfpnrfch fh rda

wn| nonfh}r ]a|lfn wfrd rda fhrahrfch rc onfh ra||frc|fnj mchma}}fch}$}fkfjn|jv wdnr Frnjv ceea|ab rc rda Ahrahra fh >6>1 rc efodr ch rda}fba ce rda Ahrahra ec| ra||frc|fnj mchma}}fch} fh rda Lnjinh} nhb]cqrd Rv|cj&( Rda ocua|hkahr fh}f}rab rdnr Lqjon|fn dnb rc nhhatrdc}a ra||frc|fa} ch wdfmd Lqjon|fn mjnfk} rda ardhfm nhb df}rc|fmnj|fodr}(26 Rda Lqjon|fnh wa}ra|h ra||frc|fnj p|arah}fch} wa|a hcr fhcppc}frfch rc rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh pjnh} wfrd |aon|b rc rdara||frc|fnj mchma}}fch} nr rda atpah}a ce rda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfn(

\nrda|* rda pjnh} nlcqr m|anrfch ce n O|anra| $]nh ]raenhc& Lqjon|fnwa|a eqjjv fh nmmc|b wfrd rda pcjfmfa} ce rda Bnhqla Kchn|mdv( RdaNq}r|cDqhon|fnh |qjfho mf|mja} no|aab rdnr rda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfndn} rc la ra||frc|fnjjv |abqmab rc rda atrahr wdfmd wcqjb hc jchoa| labnhoa|cq} ec| rda Bnhqla Kchn|mdv* lqr nr rda }nka rfka cppc}abrda nhhatnrfch ce rda jn|oa| ra||frc|fa} pcpqjnrab lv rda ]a|l} fhc|ba| hcr rc dnua }c dqoa hqkla| ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} $nhb rda ]jnu} fhoaha|nj& wfrdfh rda Kchn|mdv( Rdnr wn} n m|qmfnj |an}ch ec| rdaMahr|nj Pcwa|} rc nmmapr rda Lqjon|fnh ra||frc|fnj n}pf|nrfch} nr rdaatpah}a ce ]a|lfn(

25 N( G( P( Rnvjc|* Rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv >406+>6>4* Jchbch* >660* p( 6>2Rda Lnjinh _n|( C|fofh} \amch}fba|b* Rda Gcq|hnj ce Kcba|h Df}rc|v* ucj(2=* Hc( =* ]aprakla| >6?>(

24fuic Nu|nkcu}if* \nrhf mfjgauf Lqon|}ia f Mahr|njha }fja >6>2>6>4* Laco|nb* >641* p( =>1(26Dnq}+Dcee qhb ]rnnr}n|mdfu* Ufahn* rajao|nk Hc( =(


25/139


6>1 wfrdLqjon|fn* rda Mahr|nj Pcwa|} oqn|nhraab rc Lqjon|fn nh nhhatnrfch cerda wdcja ra||frc|v ce rda An}ra|h ]a|lfn n} en| n} rda Kc|nun \fua|

nhb rda wdcja pc|rfch ce ]a|lfn} Un|bn| Knmabchfn(10 Nmmc|bfho rc

rdf} Mchuahrfch* Lqjon|fn onfhab rda ra||frc|fa} ce rda Ifhobck ce]a|lfn n} en| n} rda bakn|mnrfch jfha larwaah Lqjon|fn nhb Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v* wdfmd wn} }r|armdfho e|ck ]kaba|auc* larwaah I|q aunmnhb ]rnjn* laec|a Uqfr|h nhb P|f|ah* fhmjqbfho rda n|n Kcqhrnfh*Jnia} ce Cd|fb nhb P|a}pn nhb rda rcwh ce Oauoajfn ch rda }cqrd(1>

Nmmc|bfho rc rda ef|}r n|rfmja ce rda ]am|ar Mchuahrfch* Lqjon|fn}dcqjb la ahjn|oab wfrd rda haw 1>(26rd m( nhb rda laofhhfho ce rda 6>2>6>?&* Mcqhr O( H(R|qlamif* nbkfrrab rdnr da haua| mcqjb |anmd n |fodr mchmjq}fch chKnmabchfn* njrdcqod da }rqbfab rdf} ~qa}rfch ec| rda jcho pa|fcb ce

rfka(1= Rda \q}}fnh bfpjcknmv wn}* fh oaha|nj* fhbqjoahr rcwn|b}rda Lqjon|fnh ra||frc|fnj |a~qf|akahr}( Ec| fh}rnhma* bq|fho n kaarfho

wfrd rda Lqjon|fnh nkln}}nbc| fh ]a|lfn* Rmdnp|n}dhficu* fhHcuakla| >6>2 fh rda mfrv ce Hf Mcqhr R|qlamif fhec|kab dfk rdnrLqjon|fn knv nmdfaua Knmabchfn* lqr |aon|bfho rda Lnjinhra||frc|fa} nhhatab lv \cknhfn nhb O|aama nera| rda Ef|}r Lnjinh

_n| wa mnh chjv p|ckf}a rdnr Vcq wfjj la }qppc|rab lv q}(R|qlamif* n} wajj n}* fhbfmnrab rdnr Lqjon|fn kfodr nhhat rda ra||frc|vce Rd|nma n} en| n} rda jfha Ahc}+Kfbfn( Dcwaua|* rda \q}}fnhnkln}}nbc| fh ]a|lfn nr rda }nka rfka hcrfmab rdnr Lqjon|fn wcqjbonfh rda}a p|ckf}ab ra||frc|fa} chjv fh rda mn}a fe ]cpdfn wfjj ahra|

10fuic Nu|nkcu}if* \nrhf mfjgauf Lqon|}ia f Mahr|njha }fja >6>2>6>4* Laco|nb* >641* pp( >10>?=(1>flfb(* }aa rda knp ch p( 2>6>? f |q}in bfpjcknrfgn* Laco|nb* >662*p( =0(


26/139


6>6>6>=&* wdah ]a|lfn onfhabIc}cuc* Karcdfgn* Hc|rda|h ]nhbninhb rda Un|bn| Knmabchfn(

Dcwaua|* rda }amchb cprfch* chjv nmmaprab fh rda mn}a rdnr rdaef|}r cha mcqjb hcr la |anjf}ab p|fkn|fjv lamnq}a ce rda cppc}frfch lv

12 flfb(* pp( ?>?6>4* T+=4rd* >6>49 B|noc}jnu Gnhicuf* Lcobnh I|fknh*O|nn c }run|nhgq gqoc}jcuah}ia b|nua* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >652* p( 21(11Kfjc|nb Aikaf* \nrhf mfjgauf ]|lfga >6>2>6>4* Laco|nb* >66#>2

rd* >6>2* Bfpjcknrfm N|mdfua} ce Vqoc}jnufn $ Bfpjcknr}if N|dfu Gqoc}jnufga BNG&*

Laco|nb* }am|ar* Hc( >0>55(

1?Kfjc|nb Aikaf* \nrhf mfjgauf ]|lfga >6>2>6>4* Laco|nb* >66>(


27/139



28/139


6>6>= rda]a|lfnh \aoahr Njai}nhbn| F nb|a}}ab df} n|kv wfrd rda wc|b} rdnr frmnka n kckahr rc efhf}d rda p|cma}} ce jfla|nrfch nhb qhfefmnrfch cenjj ]a|l}* n p|cma}} wdfmd }rn|rab wfrd rda Ef|}r ]a|lfnh Qp|f}fho

nonfh}r rda Rq|i} $>402>4>=&(5> Da p|amf}ajv kn|iab* nr rda ua|vlaofhhfho ce rda __F* rda ]a|lfnh jnhb} wdfmd dnua rc la jfla|nrabnhb qhfrab wfrd ]a|lfn nhb Kchrahao|c fh df} P|cmjnknrfch rc rda]a|lfnh }cjbfa|}7 Lc}hfn* Da|aocufhn* Lnhnr* Lnin* M|cnrfn*]jnuchfn* ]|ak nhb Bnjknrfn(5< Clufcq}jv* ec| dfk njj Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh C|rdcbct ]cqrd ]jnu} lajchoab rc rda ardhfm mckkqhfrvce rda ]a|lbck(

Ecjjcwfho rdf} fban ce rda Pnh+]a|lfnh qhfefmnrfch* rda ]a|lfnhP|fka Kfhf}ra| nhb rda Kfhf}ra| ce rda Ec|afoh \ajnrfch}* HficjnPnf* p|a}ahrab df} cwh uf}fch ce rda haw $Vqoc}jnu c| qhfrab

16 N|mdfua} ce Vqoc}jnufn $N|dfu Gqoc}jnufga&* Laco|nb* Echb Ucgf}jnun Gcunhcufn* e( >>6* P|cgainrkakc|nhbqkn n |q}ico mn|n* ]njchfin* Eal|qn|v =|b* >6>6>5* FT#2>1* Makcuf} Kakc|nhbqk rc Pnf[( Fh oaha|nj* rda R}n|f}r \q}}fndnb laah rda p|fhmfpnj mdnkpfch ce ]a|lfn nkcho rda O|anr Pcwa|} nhb* wfrdcqr rda }qppc|r ce ]r(Para|}lq|o* rda ]a|l} wa|a fh q|oahr haab ce e|fahb} YGcdh L( Njjmcmi*Atpjnfhfho Vqoc}jnufn* McjqklfnQhfua|}frv P|a}}* Haw Vc|i* 665* p( =52(


29/139


2 nh fban rdnr }dcqjb la |anjf}ab bq|fho rda wn|( Hnkajv* ch rda~qa}rfch n}iab lv Gcunh Mufgf wfrd |aon|b rc rda haw lcqhbn|fa}

wfrd Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v nera| rda wn|* Pn f nh}wa|ab rdnr cq| lc|ba|} n|a ocfho rc la }ar qp ch rda jfha Ijnoaheq|r+Kn|lq|o+

]aoab(5= Rda ef|}r ceefmfnj nmr f}}qab lv rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr fh wdfmd rda Vqoc}jnu p|co|nk f} p|a}ahrab* n} ]a|lfn} kntfknj wn|nfk* wn} Pn f} Mf|mqjn| Hcra* }ahr ch ]aprakla| 2rd* >6>2( Fh rdf}bcmqkahr fr wn} akpdn}f}ab rdnr fh rda Lnjinh} n }r|cho hnrfchnj$Vqoc}jnu& }rnra dn} rc la m|anrab* mckpc}ab lv njj ]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb

]jcuaha}52 $lqr hcr Lqjon|fnh}&( Nmmc|bfho rc Pnf* rda ]a|l}*M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} n|a rda }fhoja }nka+r|fla hnrfch* wdfmd* ch rda

ln}f} ce df}rc|v* jnhoqnoa* jfra|nrq|a nhb rda |fodr} rc }aje+bara|kfhnrfch* dnb njj mchbfrfch} rc m|anra rdaf| cwh fhbapahbahr

pcjfrfmnj }rnra(51 Rdf} Mf|mqjn| Hcra nj}c akpdn}f}ab rdnr }qmd }rnrawcqjb p|a}ahr cha ardhfm nhb amchckfm |aofch wfrd n qhfrab pacpja

ce rda }nka+r|fla hnrfch(55 Nr rda ahb ce ]aprakla| >6>2 Pn f}ahr rc njj ]a|lfnh nkln}}nbc|} fh rda mnpfrnj} ce rda Ahrahra }rnra} nknp wfrd ua|v mjan|jv kn|iab ra||frc|fnj lcqhbn|fa} ce rda eqrq|a

Vqoc}jnu }rnra* nera| rda baeanr ce rda Dnl}lq|o Kchn|mdv( Pn fnhrfmfpnrab rdnr rdf} }rnra wcqjb dnua npp|ctfknrajv >< kfj( ]a|l}*M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} nhb nlcqr 2 >9 Kfjc|nb Aikaf* \nrhf mfjgauf ]|lfga >6>2* Laco|nb* >66641* p( >249 Kfjc|nbAikaf* \nrhf mfjgauf ]|lfga >6>2* Laco|nb* >666>2>6>1* Laco|nb* >651* p( >0>9 B|noc}jnu Gnhicuf* Hf in baijn|nmfgn*F}rc|fgn TT uain7 lc|hfi |nbcun* ucj( >0* Laco|nb* >656* p( 6?(

51c|a ( ]rnhicuf* Hficjn Pn f f gqoc}jcuah}ic pfrnhga* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >641* p( >10(55Kfjc|nb Aikaf* \nrhf mfjgauf ]|lfga >6>2>6>4* Laco|nb* >66??(5? Njai} H( B|nohf* ]|lfgn* Hficjn Pn f f Gqoc}jnufgn* Laco|nb* >662* p( >6>2>6>4* Laco|nb* >664


30/139


=0

ce rda ]a|lfn} Pacpja} N}}akljv $Pn|jfnkahr& fh rda mfrv ce Hf chBamakla| ?rd* >6>2( Rda p|fhmfpnj |a}qjr ce rda n}}akljv} }a}}fch wn}nh nbcprfch ce rda Bamjn|nrfch ce Hf rdnr pqljfmjv p|a}ahrab rda

]a|lfnh wn| nfk} rc rda Ahrahra(54 Rda enmr f} rdnr rda ]a|lfnh P|fka

Kfhf}ra| }nw m|anrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu }rnra n} rda la}r }amchbcprfch rc efhnjjv |a}cjua rda ]a|lfnh ^qa}rfch $f(a(* rc pcjfrfmnjjvqhfra njj ]a|lfnh pcpqjnrfch nhb jnhb}& fh rda mn}a fe rda ef|}r}cjqrfch $m|anrfch ce rda pq|a Pnh+]a|lfnh hnrfchnj }rnra O|anra|]a|lfn& mnhhcr mcka r|qa(56 Rdf} Bamjn|nrfch a}pamfnjjv }r|a}}ab rdnr]a|lfn} wn| aeec|r} ec| fhbapahbahma n|a nr rda }nka rfka nhb rdaaeec|r} ec| jfla|nrfch nhb qhfefmnrfch ce njj cq| hcr e|aa l|crda|}* rda]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} $f(a(* rda ]cqrd ]jnu} wdc jfuab fh

Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v&(?0 Fh nhv mn}a* rda Bamjn|nrfch ce Hf p|a}ahrabrda fhrao|nj Vqoc}jnu p|co|nk n} nh ceefmfnj wn| p|co|nk ce rdaIfhobck ce ]a|lfn( Ch rda crda| dnhb* rda p|fhmfpnj }dc|rmckfho cerda Bamjn|nrfch wn} rda enmr rdnr chjv cha }fba rda \cvnj ]a|lfnhOcua|hkahr nhhcqhmab fr( RdaBamjn|nrfch ce Hf wn} bajfua|ab rcrda bfpjcknrfm |ap|a}ahrnrfua} ce rda Ahrahra }rnra} E|nhma*Ahojnhb nhb \q}}fn wdc dnua laah nr rdnr rfka rcoarda| wfrd rda\cvnj ]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahr fh rda }cqrda|h ]a|lfn} mfrv ce Hf (?>Rda Bamjn|nrfch cpahab n pnrd rcwn|b} n jcho p|cma}} cefhra|hnrfchnjf}nrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu ^qa}rfch( ]ql}a~qahrjv* ]a|lfn

lv rdf} Bamjn|nrfch r|fab rc lanr lnmi n bfpjcknrfm p|a}}q|a ch da|}aje

lv rda Ahrahra fh |aon|b rc rda |a~qf|akahr rc knia ra||frc|fnjmchma}}fch} rc Lqjon|fn* \cknhfn nhb Frnjv ec| rdaf| pn|rfmfpnrfch fh

rda wn| ch rda }fba ce E|nhma* O|anr L|frnfh nhb \q}}fn(?641* p( >12( Nmmc|bfho rcKfcb|no Waauf* Hficjn Pnf nhb Njai}nhbn| F In|nc|auf enucq|ab m|anrfch ce Vqoc}jnufn* wdfja]a|lfnh kfjfrn|v a}rnljf}dkahr wn} nonfh}r rda qhfch wfrd rda $Mnrdcjfm& M|cnr} nhb rda ]jcuaha} }qppc|rfho

m|anrfch ce rda O|anra| ]a|lfn YKfcb|no Waauf* Gqoc}jnufgn >6>4>66662* pp( =>=1?9 Ea|bc f f* Bciqkahrf c pc}rnhiq I|njgaufha ]|ln* D|unrn f ]jcuahnmn $>6>2>6>4&* Wno|al* >609 N( N|hncqrcufrmd* Ba jn ]a|lfa jn Vcqoc}jnufa( Hcra} ar Bcmqkahr}* Pn|f}*>6>6* pp( 6>1* p( 4=9 ]rnhcga ]rnhcgauf*rn dca ]|lfgn3* Hf * >6>1* pp(


31/139


=>

N p|cmjnknrfch ce }fkfjn| wn| nfk} wn} nhhcqhmab lv rdaKchrahao|fh Ifho Hficjn F Par|cuf fh wdfmd da mnjjab njjKchrahao|fh} rc efodr ec| rda jfla|rv ce njj ]a|l} nhb rda Vqoc}jnu}nonfh}r Nq}r|fnDqhon|v* wdc}a nqrdc|frfa} p|cmjnfkab n wn|nonfh}r lcrd rda ahrf|a ]a|lbck nhb rda ahrf|a ]jnubck( RdaKchrahao|fh P|cmjnknrfch ahb} wfrd n hcra rdnr ]a|lfn nhbKchrahao|c* fh rdaf| gq}rfefnlja }r|qooja* wcqjb la }qppc|rab lv rdanjkfodrv \q}}fn(

Rda knp ce Nq}r|fnDqhon|v fh >6>2

>6>?>6>6* Laco|nb* >6?0 $Nka|fmn* Frnjv nhb rda Lf|rd ce Vqoc}jnufn $>6>?>6>6&* McjqklfnQhfua|}frv P|a}}* Haw Vc|i >6?66=* pp( >12>11[(


32/139


=>66>>22>>66>>44

==

RDF\B MDNPRA\7RDA R\ANRV CE JCHBCH* M\ANRFCH CE

RDA VQOC]JNU MCKKFRRAA NHB FR]

P\CPNONHBN _C\I

Fh rda }p|fho ce rda }amchb wn| van| $>6>1& rwc }fohfefmnhrpcjfrfmnj auahr} cmmq||ab fh mchhamrfch rc rda p|cma}} ce m|anrfch cerda Ifhobck ce ]a|l}* M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha}( Rda ef|}r cha wn} rda}am|ar R|anrv ce Jchbch* }fohab larwaah Frnjv nhb rda Ahrahra(

Nmmc|bfho rc rda Frnjfnh oaha|nj Kfjh* wdc wn} n |ap|a}ahrnrfua ce rdaFrnjfnh ocua|hkahr fh rda haocrfnrfch} wfrd rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa

fh >6>?* rda R|anrv ce Jchbch dnb nh nfk rc p|cramr Frnjv e|ck rda\q}}fnh atpnh}fch fh rda n|an ce rda Kabfra||nhanh ]an lvnhhatnrfch ce Mch}rnhrfhcpja* Bn|bnhajja} nhb rda ]r|nfr} ce

Lc}pc|q}(?= Rda }amchb cha wn} rda m|anrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa* wdfmd wn}* ch rda crda| dnhb* n occb atnkpja dcw }knjjhnrfch} wa|a efodrfho nonfh}r n }ajef}d bfpjcknmv ce pcwa|eqj nhbfhejqahrfnj Aq|cpanh mcqhr|fa} ec| rdaf| cwh hnrfchnj nhb df}rc|fmnj|fodr}(

Nh ceefmfnj qjrfknra pcjfrfmnj nfk ce lcrd rda \cvnj ]a|lfnh

Ocua|hkahr nhb rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} rc m|anra n }fhoja]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra nera| rda wn|( Ec| lcrd }fba} bf}}cjqrfch ce Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v wn} clufcq}jv rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr p|amchbfrfch rc m|anra n

qhfefab ]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra(?2 Dcwaua|* fh c|ba| rc p|cpa|jvqhba|}rnhb rda }mcpa ce mckpjat |ajnrfch} larwaah rda ]a|lfnh \cvnjOcua|hkahr* rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa fh Jchbch nhb jnra| ch* rdaHnrfchnj Mcqhmfj fh Wno|al* fr f} hama}}n|v rc hcrfma rdnr ]a|lfn $n}rda knfh pcjfrfmnj+kfjfrn|v pn|rha|& dnb n} rda p|fhmfpnj wn| nfk rcfhmjqba njj ]a|l} fhrc n }fhoja hnrfchnj }rnra nhb* nr }qmd n wnv* rcefhnjjv |a}cjua rda ]a|lfnh ^qa}rfch( Nhv ifhb ce mckkch Vqoc}jnu}rnra wfrd rda M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha} wn} pc}}flja ec| Lajo|nba chjvnera| rda Pnh+]a|lfnh }rnra qhfefmnrfch(

?= D( _( ]rab* Ka} Kakcf|a}* >6>2>6


34/139


=2

Knhv ]a|lfnh pcjfrfmfnh}* fhrajjamrqnj}* pqljfm wc|ia|} nhb}mdcjn|} rdcqodr rdnr fhbapahbahr ]a|lfnh qhfefmnrfch wcqjb lakqmd }r|choa| nhb jchoa| fh mckpn|f}ch wfrd rda }frqnrfch fh wdfmdqhfrab ]a|l} wfjj jfua rcoarda| wfrd rda ]jcuaha} nhb M|cnr} fh cha}rnra( Dcwaua|* knhv ce rdak dnua laah nwn|a rdnr rda M|cnr} wfrdfhrda ]a|lc+M|cnr+]jcuahfnh }rnra wfjj efodr ec| rdaf| cwh nqrchckcq}}rnrq} nhb auah ec| fhra|hnrfchnjjv |amcohf}ab fhbapahbahr M|cnrfn(Fh rda crda| wc|b}* M|cnrfn wcqjb la njwnv} n mc|pq} }apn|nrqk

wfrdfh rda Vqoc}jnu }rnra(?1 Ch rda crda| dnhb* n qhfefmnrfch ce chjvrda ]a|l} wcqjb kanh rdnr rda M|cnr} wfjj a}rnljf}d rdaf| cwhfhbapahbahr }rnra( Dcwaua|* |aon|bja}} ch rda ~qa}rfch dcw }knjjM|cnr hnrfchnj }rnra wcqjb la* fr wfjj nhvwnv wfrd n }qppc|r ce }ckaAq|cpanh }rnra}* p|fkn|fjv rda Mnrdcjfm cha}* njj rda rfka gacpn|bf}a

rda ]a|lfnh fhra|a}r}(?5 N |anj bf}n}ra| ec| nhv ifhb ce

O|anra|#Qhfrab ]a|lfn wn} rc dnua n} da| hafodlcq|} fhbapahbahrLqjon|fn nhb M|cnrfn* n} lcrd ce rdak mcqjb mjnfk ma|rnfh ]a|lfn}ra||frc|fa} nhb wc|i rc bf}}cjqra ]a|lfn( _dnr f} rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr*}r|qooja} rc m|anra }apn|nra qhfrab ]a|lfn nhb }apn|nra qhfrab M|cnrfn

wcqjb qhmchbfrfchnjjv janb ]a|l} nhb M|cnr} rc rda wn| nkcho anmdcrda| cua| rda ra||frc|fa} ce Lc}hfn* Da|aocufhn* Bnjknrfn* ]jnuchfn*I|nvfhn* ]|ak nhb Lnin fh wdfmd lcrd ce rda}a hnrfch} jfuab kftabrcoarda| ec| rda mahrq|fa}( Efhnjjv* fh c|ba| rc nucfb n dfoda| bao|aa ceM|cnrfnh rd|anr rc rda ]a|lfnh hnrfchnj fhra|a}r}* rda ]a|lfnh mfufj

nqrdc|frfa}* jab lv ]a|lfn} \aoahr Njai}nhbn| F In|nc|auf*a}rfknrab rdnr rda M|cnr} wcqjb la larra| mchr|cjjab nhbhaqr|njf}ab wfrdfh n mckkch Vqoc}jnu $f(a(* ]a|lc+M|cnr+]jcuahfnh& }rnra rdah cqr ce fr(??

Lcrd ]a|lfnh nhb M|cnrfnh pcjfrfmfnh} ihaw rdnr wfrdcqrm|anrfch ce Vqoc}jnufn afrda| O|anra| ]a|lfn c| }knjj M|cnrfn wcqjbhcr onfh ra||frc|fnj pc}}a}}fch} ce njj $]jnufm& Bnjknrfn nhb F}r|fn wfrdrda Nb|fnrfm f}jnhb}( Ec| rda ]jcuaha}* rda Vqoc}jnu }rnra wn} chjv

?1Rda ]a|lfnh mch}qj fh Cba}}n* Kn|ic Makcuf* fhec|kab Pnf rdnr rda ]jcuahfnh nhb M|cnrfnh ceefma|}*wdc wa|a rda p|f}cha|} ce wn| fh \q}}fn* dnua hcr laah fh}pf|ab lv rda fban ce Vqoc}jnufn( Nmmc|bfho rc

dfk* fe pjalf}mfra qpch m|anrfch ce Vqoc}jnufn wcqjb la c|onhfab fh rda Nq}r|c+Dqhon|fnh jnhb} rda M|cnr}

nhb ]jcuaha} wcqjb ucra nonfh}r rda mckkch Vqoc}jnu }rnra YN|mdfua} ce ]a|lfn* Laco|nb* Kfhf}rn|}ruc

Fhc}r|nhfd Bajn* Pcjfrfic Cbajgahga* >6>5* FT#2>1* Makcuf} Kakc|nhbqk rc Pnf[(?5 L|nhf}jnu Ojfoc|fgauf* I|njg Njai}nhbn| In|nc|auf* ucj( F* Laco|nb* >665* p( 224?4>6>?$&* * >6=1* UFF#6>1(


35/139


=1

wnv cqr e|ck rwajua mahrq|fa} $e|ck ?21& ce rda Oa|knhfm jc|b}dfp(Rda ]jcuaha} dnua laah ne|nfb rc m|anra n eaba|nj Mnrdcjfm }rnra wfrdrda M|cnr} n} }cka ce rda >6rd mahrq|v fhejqahrfnj M|cnrfnh fbacjcof}r}ce rda M|cnr hnrfchnj fbahrfefmnrfch nhb pcjfrfmfnh} qhba|}rccb rda]jcuaha} $I|nhgmf& n} hcrdfho aj}a rdah rda $ardhcjfhoqf}rfm& NjpfhaM|cnr} c| rda _dfra M|cnr}* f(a(* n} n pn|r ce rda M|cnrfnhhnrfchdccb?4 $rdnr wn} rda mn}a wfrd rda M|cnrfnh Pn|rv ce \fodr}*a}rnljf}dab fh >45>&(

Rdac|arfmnjjv* wfrd n m|anrfch ce n }fhoja ]cqrd ]jnufm }rnralcrd rda ]a|lfnh nhb M|cnrfnh ~qa}rfch} wcqjb la |a}cjuab lv nqhfefmnrfch ce njj rdaf| ardhfm nhb df}rc|fmnj jnhb} fhrc cha }rnra(?6Rda L|frf}d pqljfm wc|ia|} \( _( ]arch _nr}ch nhb Oac|oa K(R|auajvnh }r|a}}ab rdf} enmr fh Gnhqn|v >6>1 rc rda ]a|lfnh \aoahr

bq|fho rdaf| mchua|}nrfch wfrd dfk fh Lajo|nba( Nmrqnjjv* rda}a rwcL|frf}d kah wa|a }ahr rc ]a|lfn rc rda bfpjcknrfm kf}}fch lv rdaL|frf}d Ec|afoh Ceefma wfrd rda rn}i rc mchufhma rda ]a|lfnh nqrdc|frvrc maba rda ]a|lfnh pn|r ce Knmabchfn $rda Un|bn| Knmabchfn& rcLqjon|fn* n} rda Lqjon|fnh mchbfrfch rc efodr ch rda }fba ce rdaAhrahra( N} n ra||frc|fnj mckpah}nrfch rc ]a|lfn ec| jc}r Un|bn|Knmabchfn Lajo|nba wcqjb oar rda Ahrahra }qppc|r rc cmmqpv Lc}hfn*Da|aocufhn* rda ]cqrda|h Bnjknrfn nhb rc qhfra ]a|lfn wfrd rda

Nq}r|fnh+Dqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnu}(40

\( _( ]arch _nr}ch atp|a}}ab rda }nka nrrfrqba rcwn|b} rdaVqoc}jnu ^qa}rfch fh rda }p|fho >6>5 wdah rda ]a|lfnh \aoahr uf}frab Jchbch( Ch rdf} cmmn}fch* \( _( ]arch _nr}ch bajfua|ab rcdfk rda Kakc|nhbqk nlcqr m|anrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu }rnra fh wdfmdda p|cpc}ab rdnr ]a|lfn wcqjb efhb n mckp|ckf}a wfrd Frnjvmchma|hfho rda ~qa}rfch ce Bnjknrfn( Nera| rdnr $f(a(* mabfho rc Frnjv

?4Rda kc}r n|bahr }pch}c|} ce rda rdac|v rdnr rda ]jcuaha} n|a rda Njpfha M|cnr} c| rda _dfra M|cnr}nhb rdnr rda ]a|l} wdc jfuab fh M|cnrfn n|a chjv rda C|rdcbct M|cnr} wa|a pcjfrfmnj nhb fbacjcofmnjjanba|} ce rda M|cnrfnh Pn|rv ce \fodr}7 Nhra ]rn|auf nhb Aqoah Iunra|hfi( Nlcqr rdaf| fbacjcov }aa fh7O|c}} Kf|gnhn* ]nlc Nohan* P|akn d|unr}icka o|nnh}ick b|qruq* Wno|al* >66* ucj( F* Wno|al* >6?5* p( >6=9Qlnuin C}rcgf+Eagf* \cla|r Ufjfgnk ]frch Unr}ch f Bc|b Knicjf R|auajgnh q ]|lfgf >6>2>6>1*F}rc|fg}if n}cpf}* Laco|nb* >6464=* pp( 265264(


36/139


=5

rda knfh pn|r ce Bnjknrfn& ]a|lfn wcqjb oar }qppc|r e|ck rda QhfrabIfhobck nhb E|nhma rc m|anra Vqoc}jnufn* wdfmd wcqjb la qhba| rdaFrnjfnh* L|frf}d nhb E|ahmd pcjfrfmnj p|cramrc|nra( Crda|wf}a* hc cha cerdc}a rd|aa }rnra} wfjj }qppc|r m|anrfch ce n O|anra| ]a|lfn9 n} }qmd

}rnra wcqjb la fh enmr chjv rda \q}}fnh un}}nj4>

$jfiawf}a ba}fohab]nh ]raenhc Lqjon|fn fh >4?4&( Dcwaua|* nr rda }nka rfka* rda L|frf}dpcjfmv enucq|ab nh fban rdnr rwc a~qnj eaba|nj qhfr} wcqjb mckpc}a

Vqoc}jnufn7 cha wfrd rda mahr|a fh Lajo|nba $|ap|a}ahrfho ]a|lfn nhbKchrahao|c&* nhb cha wfrd rda mahr|a fh Wno|al $|ap|a}ahrfho rda

Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnu}&(

Rdf} Kakc|nhbqk fhejqahmab rda ]a|lfnh \aoahr rc fhmjfharcwn|b} rda fban ce qhfefab Vqoc}jnu }rnra( Fr mnh la }aah e|ck df}nbb|a}} nhb c|ba| rc rda ]a|lfnh }cjbfa|} fh rda ]njchfin E|chrfkkabfnrajv nera| df} |arq|h e|ck Jchbch fh wdfmd fr wn} }nfb rdnrrdav dnua rc efodr ec| m|anrfch ce qhfrab ]a|lfn nhb kfodrv Vqoc}jnufn(Dcwaua|* chjv rd|aa kchrd} jnra| da mnjjab rda }nka }cjbfa|} rc efodrchjv ec| jfla|nrfch ce njj ]a|l} nhb chjv rdaf| pcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch* lqrhcr ce njj Vqoc}jnu}(

Rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} a}rnljf}dab n} n bf|amr cqrmckace nh atra|hnj pcjfrfmnj auahr} bq|fho rda wn|( Fr wn} m|anrab ch Np|fj=0rd* >6>1 fh Pn|f}* chjv }aua|nj bnv} nera| rda }fohfho ce rda R|anrv ceJchbch* n} nh nh}wa| ce rda Nq}r|fnh Vqoc}jnu} rc rda Frnjfnhra||frc|fnj n}pf|nrfch} rcwn|b rda df}rc|fmnj nhb ardhfm ra||frc|fa} ce

rda ]cqrd ]jnu}( Rda knfh rn}i ce rda Mckkfrraa $wdfmd wn}c|fofhnjjv hnkab n} M|cnrfnh& wn} rc cppc}a rda Frnjfnh nrrakpr rcfhmjqba ]cqrd ]jnufm jnhb} ce rda an}ra|h Nb|fnrfm jfrrc|nj $F}r|fn nhbBnjknrfn& nhb rda Nb|fnrfm f}jnhb} fhrc rda pc}r+wn| Frnjv(

E|ck rda ua|v laofhhfho ce rda wn| rda Frnjfnh ocua|hkahrbaknhbab }aua|nj ra||frc|fa} e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v fh |arq|h ec| fr}pn|rfmfpnrfch fh rda wn| ch rda }fba ce rda Mahr|nj Pcwa|}( Kc|ap|amf}ajv* rda Frnjfnh ocua|hkahr wnhrab rc nhhat Njrc Nbfoa* F}r|fnnhb Bnjknrfn n} rda ra||a f||abahra nhb fh rdnr wnv rc nmmckpjf}d rda

Frnjfnh df}rc|fmnj b|ank wdfmd kcrrc wn} Frnjfn F||abahrn(4< RdaFrnjfnh pcjfrfmnj ejqmrqnrfch* wfrd |a}pamr rc fr} pn|rfmfpnrfch fh rda

wn|* wn} efhnjjv cua| lv rda }fohfho ce rda }am|ar R|anrv ce Jchbch ch

4>\( _( ]arch _nr}ch f Gqoc}jcuahf* Ic|a}pchbahmfgn >605>62>* ucj( F* Wno|al* >6?5* pp( 6>4* Ctec|b* >61?(


37/139


=?

Np|fj 6>1 wfrd rda O|anr L|frnfh* E|nhma nhb \q}}fn( Rdaecjjcwfho ra||frc|fa} wa|a o|nhrab rc Frnjv lv rda Ahrahra ec| rdaFrnjfnh ahr|nhma rda wn| ch rdaf| }fba7 >& Uahafn Ofqjfn $Oc|ffn*R|fa}ra* F}r|fn* pn|r ce rda wa}ra|h Mn|hfcjn $I|nfh&* Kchenjmcha*Mnpc|arrc* Rn|uf}fc* Pc}rqkfn* nhb rda f}jnhb} ce Mda|}c nhbJq}}fhc&9


38/139


=4

Dqhon|v(41 Rdf} Pnf} |a~qf|akahr dnb nh aeeamr ch rda \q}}fnhnqrdc|frfa} fh ]r( Para|}lq|o $Par|co|nb&( Rdq}* rda \q}}fnh Kfhf}ra|ce Ec|afoh Neenf|}* ]a|oaf B( ]nchcu $>450>6


39/139


=6

jfea ce rda Mnrdcjfm Vqoc}jnu} wfrd rda C|rdcbct ]a|l} wn} atp|a}}ab lv rda \q}}fnh Mcqhr Gq}fpcu rc ]qpfjc fh ]r( Para|}lq|o7 Njjkf}ec|rqha f} fh rdnr rdnr rdc}a 1 kfjjfch ce vcq n|a Mnrdcjfm}(Aua|vrdfho wcqjb la bfeea|ahr fe rdav wcqjb la C|rdcbct( Lqr vcq n|a

jf}rahfho Pcpa* wdnr kanh} rda danb cqr}fba rda }rnra(44

Dcwaua|*Mcqhr R|qlamif* rda \q}}fnh nkln}}nbc| rc ]a|lfn* wn} fh cpfhfchrdnr nh fhbapahbahr Mnrdcjfm M|cnrfn wcqjb la kc|a bnhoa|cq} ec|

rda C|rdcbct ]a|lfn rdnr rc la n pn|r ce Vqoc}jnufn(46

Rda ecqhba|} ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wa|a rda ]cqrd ]jnufmpcjfrfmfnh} e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v wdc dnb laah fh atfja e|ck rda ua|v

laofhhfho ce rda wn|( Rda ardhfm mckpc}frfch ce rda Mckkfrraa wn}knfhjv M|cnrfnh cha( Rdnr rda M|cnr} dnua laah pjnvfho rda kc}r}fohfefmnhr |cja fh rda Mckkfrraa fr mnh la }aah e|ck rda enmr rdnr

rd|aa rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr janba|} nhb fhejqahrfnj kah fh fr wa|a rdaM|cnr}7 B|( Nhra R|qklf n} rda P|a}fbahr ce rda Mckkfrraa* FunhKar|cuf nhb B|( E|nhc ]qpfjc(60 Njj rd|aa ce rdak mnka e|ckBnjknrfn( N |an}ch ec| rda p|fkn|fjv M|cnrfnh mdn|nmra| ce rda

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa f} mchhamrab wfrd rda ua|v nfk ce fr}a}rnljf}dkahr( C|fofhnjjv* rda Mckkfrraa wn} hnkab n} rda M|cnrfnhMckkfrraa $ec|kab fh \cka&* ec| rda |an}ch rdnr p|fkn|fjv M|cnrfnhjnhb} wa|a fh ~qa}rfch wfrd |ajnrfch} rc rda Frnjfnh ra||frc|fnjn}pf|nrfch}( Rda hnka wn} mdnhoab fhrc rda Vqoc}jnu chaeqhbnkahrnjjv fh c|ba| rc nrr|nmr ]a|lfn} bfpjcknrfm }qppc|r n} rda]a|l} wa|a jfufho fh Bnjknrfn rcc( N} wa }nw* rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa wn} m|anrab chjv }aua|nj bnv} nera| }fohfho rda R|anrv ceJchbch( Rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr |an}ch ec| fr} ecqhbnrfch* nhb nr rda}nka rfka* rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr pcjfrfmnj nfk ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa wn} rc p|cramr rda ]cqrd+]jnufm jnhb} fh Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|ve|ck Frnjfnh ra||frc|fnj n}pf|nrfch} nhb mjnfk}( Fh rda crda| wc|b}* rda

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} ec|kab n} nh c|onhf}nrfch wfrd rda knfhpcjfrfmnj nfk rc }dcw rc rda Ahrahra pcwa|} rdnr rda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ckrda Kchn|mdv n|a nonfh}r rda R|anrv ce Jchbch nhb rc p|cramr

hnrfchnj fhra|a}r} ce rda Nq}r|fnh Vqoc}jnu}( Rda Mckkfrraa}44 Nhra Knhbf* E|nokahrf n df}rc|fgq qgabfhgahgn* Wno|al* >615* p( >11(46 * >4?4>6>?$&* * >6=1* UFF#>* =12* Bnfjv \apc|r lv Kfhf}r|v ceEc|afoh Neenf|}* Kn|md >6>1(60Njcho}fba wfrd rda}a rd|aa* rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr Mckkfrraa/} kakla|} wa|a7 M|cnr Dfhic Dfhicuf* rda l|crda|} Onn|f* ]jcuaha} Hfic qpnhf nhb E|nhic Pcrchgni nhb ]a|l} Kfdnfjc Pqpfh nhb Hficjn]rcgnhcuf(


40/139


20

janba|}dfp akpdn}f}ab rdnr rda Vqoc}jnu} bc hcr wnhr rc la fhmjqbabfhrc Frnjv nera| rda wn|( Rda Mckkfrraa fhuciab fh rda jn}r wn| van|rda |fodr rc }aje+bara|kfhnrfch ce nhv hnrfch rdnr wn} ceefmfnjjv|amcohf}ab lv rda Q(](N( nbkfhf}r|nrfch n} n p|fhmfpja nmmc|bfho rc

wdfmd rda wc|jb }dcqjb la |a+c|onhf}ab nera| rda __F( Fr wn}p|cmjnfkab n} rda wn| nfk ce rda Q(](N( fh rda _( _fj}ch} enkcq}

Ecq|raah Pcfhr} ]paamd* ofuah ch Gnhqn|v 4rd* >6>4(

Rda }amchb pcjfrfmnj nfk ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} rclamcka n |ap|a}ahrnrfua c|onhf}nrfch ce njj ]cqrd ]jnufm pcpqjnrfch fh Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v laec|a rda Ahrahra pcwa|} nhb bq|fho nhba}pamfnjjv nera| rda __F wfrd rda nfk rc rnia nh nmrfua bfpjcknrfmpn|rfmfpnrfch nr rda pc}r+wn| panma mchea|ahma ec| rda }nia rc p|cramrhnrfchnj fhra|a}r} ce rda Vqoc}jnu} e|ck rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv( Rda

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa ua|v }cch nera| fr} m|anrfch fh Pn|f} kcuab rc

Jchbch9 f(a(* rc rda mfrv wda|a n pcjfrfmnj no|aakahr larwaah rdaAhrahra pcwa|} nhb Frnjv wn} }fohab* fh c|ba| rc la fh n} larra| n}

larra| pc}frfch rc bf|amrjv haocrfnra wfrd rda L|frf}d ocua|hkahrwdfmd wn} }qppc}abjv rda pfucrnj fh}pf|a| ce rda r|anrv(

Rda c|fofhnj fhfrfnrfua qpch rda pcjfrfmnj |cja ce rda Mckkfrraawn} chjv rc fhec|k rda Ahrahra* pn|rfmqjn|jv rda L|frf}d* pqljfm qpch nbfeefmqjr pc}frfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm pcpqjnrfch wfrdfh Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v* nhb rc fhec|k rdak nlcqr rda hnrfchnj mjnfk} ce rda

Nq}r|fnh Vqoc}jnu}( Fh nhv mn}a* rda fhfrfnj nfk ce rda Vqoc}jnu

Mckkfrraa wn} rc |aucia n unjfbfrv ce rda R|anrv ce Jchbch(6>Dcwaua|* rda ~qa}rfch mchma|hfho rda qhfefmnrfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu}fhrc n }fhoja* pcjfrfmnjjv fhbapahbahr }rnra* wn} pqr fh rda jnra|kchrd} ch rcp ce bf}mq}}fch noahbn nkcho rda kakla|} ce rdaMckkfrraa( Rda knfh pn|r ce rda Mckkfrraa} kakla|} }qppc|rabrdc}a M|cnrfnh pcjfrfmfnh} wdc }dn|ab cpfhfch rdnr Vqoc}jnufn dnb rc

la m|anrab ch rda ln}f} ce hnrfchnj a~qnjfrv* wfrd ]a|lfn n} npn|rha|6< $lqr hcr n} n janba|&( Rda janba|}dfp ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa mckp|adahbab fr n} nh fhbapahbahr pcjfrfmnj c|onhf}nrfch

wfrd a~qnj haocrfnrfch pcwa| jfifwa}a rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr(]dc|rjv* fr wn} fknofhab n} nhcrda| a~qnj pcjfrfmnj }qlgamr fh rdap|cma}} ce rda Vqoc}jnu qhfefmnrfch( \a~qf|akahr} lv R|qklf nhb]qpfjc ec| pcjfrfmnj a~qnjfrv larwaah rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr nhb rda

6>Njai} H( B|nohf* ]|lfgn* Hficjn Pnf f Gqoc}jnufgn* Laco|nb* >662* pp( >642* p( >>?(


41/139


2>

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa fh rda haocrfnrfch} nlcqr n m|anrfch ceVqoc}jnufn lamnka a}pamfnjjv }r|cho e|ck rda }p|fho ce >6>5 wdah rda]a|lfnh nqrdc|frfa} wfrd fr} n|kv jaer cmmqpfab ]a|lfn n} e|ck rdnrrfka lcrd rda kakla|} ce rda Mckkfrraa nhb rda kakla|} ce rda]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr dnua laah fh rda }nka pc}frfch fh atfja wfrdcqre|aa kcrda|jnhb( Fh rda crda| wc|b}* rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wnhrabrc iaap qp |ajnrfch} wfrd ]a|lfn a}rnljf}dab ch rda ln}f} ce nh a~qnjpcjfrfmnj mc+cpa|nrfch( Ec| rdnr |an}ch* rda Mckkfrraa} janba|}dfpbaknhbab e|ck rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr rc |amcohf}a rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa n} nh fhbapahbahr pcjfrfmnj c|onhf}nrfch* nhb nj}c n} npcjfrfmnj |ap|a}ahrnrfua ce njj Vqoc}jnu} e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v( Rdavnj}c |a~qf|ab rdnr rda qhfefmnrfch wcqjb la nmmckpjf}dab rd|cqod np|cma}} ce pcjfrfmnj haocrfnrfch} larwaah rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa nhbrda \cvnj ]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahr9 lqr hcr rdnr n m|anrfch ce n }fhoja

]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra wcqjb la fkpc}ab lv Lajo|nba n} n qhfjnra|njpcjfrfmnj nmr(

N ~qa}rfch f} wdnr wn} lavchb rda}a Mckkfrraa} baknhb}3 _a mnh mchmjqba n} nh nh}wa| rdnr fr wn} fh enmr rda nfk ce rdaMckkfrraa rdnr Vqoc}jnufn dn} rc la m|anrab lv rd|aa fhbapahbahr}rnra} n} rd|aa eaba|nj qhfr} ce n mckkch hnrfchnj }rnra ce rda ]a|l}*M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha}7 ]a|lfn* Kchrahao|c nhb rda ra||frc|v ce Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh Vqoc}jnu}( Rda Mckkfrraa} janba|}dfp* n} fr wn} rda mn}apn|rfmqjn|jv wfrd Nhra R|qklf nhb E|nhc ]qpfjc* wnhrab rc nucfb n

lnb df}rc|fmnj atpa|fahma ce rda Vqoc}jnu} jfufho fh rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh bqnj }v}rak( Nmrqnjjv* rdav ean|ab rdnr ]a|lfn mcqjblamcka P|q}}fn wfrdfh Vqoc}jnufn(6= _dnr atnmrjv rdav wnhrab fr wn}rdnr qhfefmnrfch wcqjb la n |anj jfla|nrfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} jfufho fhrda Kchn|mdv lqr hcr n haw cmmqpnrfch nhb }qlc|bfhnrfch* fh rdf}

mn}a lv ]a|lfn(62 Rdav bfb hcr wnhr rdnr ]cqrd ]jnufm jnhb} fhNq}r|fn+Dqhon|v wcqjb la fhmc|pc|nrab fhrc rda Ifhobck ce ]a|lfnn} cha ce fr} p|cufhma} n} fr wn} rda mn}a wfrd rda Un|bn| Knmabchfnnera| rda Lnjinh _n|}( Rda njjaoab ]a|lfn} fkpa|fnjf}rfm pcjfmvrcwn|b} rda wa}ra|h Vqoc}jnu} wn} bamf}fuajv |agamrab lv ]a|lfn nera|rda Oahaun Mchea|ahma $fh >6>4& fh n ec|k ce nh ceefmfnj |aeqrnrfch

6= B|nocjgql fucgfhcuf* Bhauhfi nbkf|njn A|ha}rn R|ql|fbn* Laco|nb* >646* pp( >25>2?( Rdakngc| ]jcuahfnh w|fra|* Funh Mnhin|* nj}c }qppc|rab rda cprfch ce n Vqoc}jnu eaba|nj }rnra wfrd ]jcuahfn n}

rda cha ce rd|aa eaba|nj jnhb}* wfrd rda atpjnhnrfch rdnr rda|a wn} n baap mqjrq|nj nhb mfufjfnrfchnj onp

larwaah rda ]jcuaha} ch rda cha dnhb nhb njj crda| Vqoc}jnu} ch rda crda|( Fh nbbfrfch* fh }ranb ce rda

kchn|mdv da p|aeea|ab rda |apqljfm YGnhic P|qhi* I|nrin ocbcufhn ]jcuahfga* Jgqljgnhn* >6(


42/139


26>2 nhb wdc}a }cjbfa|} $a}pamfnjjv rda M|cnr} nhb Lc}hfnh Kq}jfk}&mckkfrraab m|fka} nonfh}r ]a|lfn} C|rdcbct mfufjfnh} fh >6>2 nhbjnra|( Efhnjjv* rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh mckknhba| ce rda fhunrfchr|ccp} nonfh}r ]a|lfn wn} C}mn| Pcrgc|ai n Oaha|nj ce ]jcuahfnhc|fofh( Rda}a enmr} dnua laah q}ab nr rda laofhhfho lv Lajo|nba rcr|anr rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa n} ln}fmnjjv chjv ]a|lfn } p|cpnonhbn

noahmv fh rda wa}r* lqr hcr n} nh a~qnj pcjfrfmnj pn|rha| rnifho fhrcmch}fba|nrfch nhb rda enmr rdnr rda Mckkfrraa wn} haua| |amcohf}ab

lv rda Ahrahra n} n jaonj pcjfrfmnj |ap|a}ahrnrfua ce rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnu}(

Nh nrrfrqba ce rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr* p|fkn|fjv m|anrab lv fr}P|fka Kfhf}ra|Hficjn Pnf* rcwn|b} rda |cja nhb pcjfrfmnj fhrahr cerda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} mckpjarajv mchr|n}rab wfrd rda wf}da}nhb pcjfmv lv rda Mckkfrraa fr}aje( Ef|}r ce njj* rda fban rc m|anra n

gcfhr c|onhf}nrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu} e|ck rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv mnka

e|ck Hficjn Pnf }aua|nj kchrd} laec|a rda Jchbch R|anrv wn}}fohab( Hnkajv* fh Cmrcla| >6>2 da jnqhmdab nh fban ce m|anrfch ce nqhfrab c|onhf}nrfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm pcjfrfmnj akfo|nhr} e|ck rdajnhb} ce Nq}r|fnDqhon|v wdc wnhrab rc mcjjnlc|nra wfrd rda]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr wfrd |a}pamr rc rda m|anrfch ce n haw }fhoja

]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra(65 Dcwaua|* rda fhua}rfonrfch }dcw} rdnr rda |anj|an}ch rc a}rnljf}d }qmd n mckkfrraa wn} hcr rda Frnjfnh rd|anr( Fr

wn}* fh enmr* rda Dqhon|fnh rd|anr rc m|anra n }apn|nra Dqhon|fnh}rnra e|ck Nq}r|fn fh wdfmd njj ce rda ]r( ]rapdah} $]r( F}runh}&m|cwh+jnhb} wcqjb la fhmjqbab fhrc n haw Dqhon|fnh fhbapahbahr

}rnra(6? Fh rdf} mn}a* rda Vqoc}jnu jnhb} ce ]jnuchfn* Lnin* Lnhnr*

61N|mdfua} ce Vqoc}jnufn* Laco|nb* \cvnj mnlfhar $Inlfhar I|njgn&* 66#65=* pp( =21=4?(6? Rdf} p|cpc}nj wn} ofuah rc rda Ahrahra pcwa|} lv rda fhec|knj Dqhon|fnh bajaonrfch fh Jchbch fh

Cmrcla| >6>2(


43/139


2=

M|cnrfn* ]|ak* rda mfrv ce \fgain* P|aickq|ga* Kaqkq|ga* Bnjknrfn*Ln|nhgn nhb Lc}hfn % Da|aocufhn }dcqjb la fhmc|pc|nrab fhrc nO|anra| $df}rc|fmnj& Dqhon|v( Clufcq}jv* fh c|ba| rc knia frfkpc}}flja ec| Dqhon|v rc ahoqje rda ]cqrd ]jnufm jnhb}* rda ]a|lfnhP|fka Kfhf}ra| p|cpc}ab rda m|anrfch ce n }fhoja c|onhf}nrfch ce rda

Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnu}* wdfmd fhfrfnjjv wn} hnkab lv dfk n}rda Jchbch Mckkfrraa ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu}( Nmmc|bfho rc df} cpfhfch*rda kakla|} ce rdf} Mckkfrraa }dcqjb mcka e|ck Bnjknrfn* Lc}hfnnhb Da|aocufhn* M|cnrfn* ]jnuchfn* Lnhnr* Lnin nhb ]|ak(Dcwaua|* rda Mckkfrraa wn} hcr ecqhbab nr rdnr rfka lamnq}a B|(

Nhra R|qklf wnhrab rdnr rda nmr ce nh ceefmfnj m|anrfch ce rdaMckkfrraa wcqjb la pc}rpchab ec| qh}pamfefab rfka(64

Fr f} n enmr rdnr rda fhfrfnrfua ec| nh a}rnljf}dkahr ce rdamckkfrraa ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm pcpqjnrfch e|ck rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv

wn} jnqhmdab lv rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr* f(a(* lv fr} P|fka Kfhf}ra|*

lqr hcr lv rda ]cqrd ]jnufm akfo|nrfch e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v(66Haua|rdaja}}* lcrd rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr nhb rda Vqoc}jnuakfo|nhr} pn|rfmfpnrab fh rda m|anrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa(Rdaf| ef|}r nhb cha ce rda kc}r fkpc|rnhr mckkch }a}}fch} wfrd|aon|b} rc rda m|anrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} dajb fhEjc|ahma fh Hcuakla| >6>2( Rda M|cnrfnh }fba ch rda mchea|ahma wn}|ap|a}ahrab lv B|( Nhra R|qklf nhb B|( E|nhc ]qpfjc( Rwc ]a|lfnhpcjfrfmfnh} e|ck Lc}hfn nhb Da|aocufhn |ap|a}ahrab rda \cvnj

]a|lfnh Ocua|hkahr Hficjn ]rcgnhcuf nhb Bqnh Un}fjgauf( Nm|qmfnj mch}a~qahma ce rda}a haocrfnrfch} fh Ejc|ahma dn} laah rdnr

lcrd }fba} knba nh no|aakahr mchma|hfho rda ecqhbnrfch ce rdaMckkfrraa( Nmmc|bfho rc rda Mckkfrraa} p|co|nk* rda Mckkfrraadnb n} rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr pcjfrfmnj nfk rc }r|qooja ec| knifho nmckkch }rnra ce njj Vqoc}jnu}( Fr wn} no|aab nlcqr n m|anrfch ce rda

Vqoc}jnu c| chjv ]a|lc+M|cnrfnh }rnra wfrdcqr ec|kfho ce nhv ifhb cen }apn|nra M|cnrc]jcuahfnh }rnra wfrdfh rda Dnl}lq|oKchn|mdv(>00

]a|lfn} nrrfrqba rcwn|b} rda |cja nhb eqhmrfchfho ce rdaVqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} bfeea|ahr fh mckpn|f}ch wfrd rda fhrahrfch}

64Ucgf}jnu Uqicuf* F cbhc}n ]|lfga f Gqoc}jcuah}ico cblc|n* F}rc|fg}if n}cpf}* TFFTFFF* Laco|nb>65=* pp( =10=1>(66c|a ( ]rnhicuf* Hficjn Pnf f gqoc}jcuah}ic pfrnhga* ucj( FF* Laco|nb* >641* pp( >4>6(>00Gqoc}jcuah}if Cblc| q Jchbchq* GNWQ* Wno|al* >655* p( =61(


44/139


22

ce rda Mckkfrraa} kakla|}( Pn|rfmqjn|jv ]a|lfn} nrrfrqba wn} fhmchr|n}r rc rda wf}da} ce rwc rda kc}r fhejqahrfnj kakla|} ce rda

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa* nmrqnjjv fr} pcjfrfmnj janba|} rda BnjknrfnhM|cnr} B|( Nhra R|qklf nhb B|( E|nhc ]qpfjc( Rdnr rda ]a|lfnhocua|hkahr* atmaprfchnjjv fr} P|fka Kfhf}ra|* dnb rda cppc}fracpfhfch wfrd |aon|b} rc rda Mckkfrraa} |cja mnh la }aah e|ck rda

ua|v laofhhfho ce rda Mckkfrraa} atf}rahma* auah e|ck rda pa|fcblaec|a fr} cwh a}rnljf}dkahr( Rc la atnmr* fh rda mfrv ce Hf fh Cmrcla|>6>2 Pnf dnb n kaarfho wfrd rda P|a}fbahr ce rda ]jnufm ]cqrd n]a|l Lcn Kn|icuf( Rda p|fhmfpnj mchmjq}fch ce rdf} kaarfho lamnkardnr rda Mckkfrraa ce rda ]cqrd ]jnufm pcpqjnrfch e|ck rda BqnjKchn|mdv dn} rc la m|anrab( Rda m|qmfnj cqrmcka ce rda kaarfhomchma|hfho rda eqrq|a |ajnrfch} larwaah rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa nhbrda ]a|lfnh \cvnj Ocua|hkahr lamnka rdnr rda Mckkfrraa wfjj

mckkqhfmnra wfrd rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr lv rda ]a|lfnhnkln}}nbc|}* lqr wfrd |a}pamr rc fr} cwh fhra|hnj nmrfch rda

Mckkfrraa f} e|aa(>0>

Rdf} mchmjq}fch dnb rwc p|fhmfpnj pcfhr}( Ef|}rjv* Pnf* frkanh} rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr* bfb hcr ahuf}noa rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa n} nh fhbapahbahr pcjfrfmnj c|onhf}nrfch( ]amchbjv* rda]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr bfb hcr |amcohf}a rda Mckkfrraa n} rda|ap|a}ahrnrfua ceefmfnjbck ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ck Nq}r|fn+

Dqhon|v(>00= Fr kanh}* rdaMckkfrraa wn} ba}fohab nhb ahuf}noab lv rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahrn} rda c|onhf}nrfch wfrd rda n}}fohkahr rc }p|anb p|c+Vqoc}jnup|cpnonhbn nkcho rda Ahrahra }rnra}* lqr hcr n} nh fhbapahbahr

pcjfrfmnj c|onhf}nrfch rdnr dnb rc nmr n} n |anj |ap|a}ahrnrfua lcbv cerda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh Vqoc}jnu}( Rda |cja ce pcjfrfmnj |ap|a}ahrnrfch

>0> N|mdfua} ce Vqoc}jnufn $ N|dfu Gqoc}jnufgn&* Laco|nb* Wlf|in Gcunhn K( Gcunhcufn* 40+2+1>29B|nocunh apf* R|qklfau Bhauhfi* Df}rc|fg}if p|aojab* ucj( FF* Wno|al* >616* pp( >?4>40(>0641* p( 0= Fuc Lnhnm* Rda Hnrfchnj ^qa}rfch fh Vqoc}jnufn9 C|fofh}* Df}rc|v* Pcjfrfm}* Frdnmn nhb Jchbch*

>642* p( >>?(


45/139


21

ce rda Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnu} Pnf |a}a|uab atmjq}fuajv ec|rda ]a|lfnh \cvnj Ocua|hkahr( Rda kc}r }fohfefmnhr p|cpnonhbn rn}ice rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa* nmmc|bfho rc Pnf} cpfhfch* wn} rcfhbqma rda Ahrahra }rnra} rdnr7 >& n bf}kakla|kahr ce Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v }dcqjb la cha ce rdaf| wn| nfk}9 nhb 02 Fh rda crda| wc|b}* rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa dnb rcatp|a}} rda wf}da} ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v wfrd|aon|b} rc rdaf| |fodr} rc hnrfchnj }aje+bara|kfhnrfch* wdnr kanh} nbf}}cjqrfch ce rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv(

Rda nrrfrqba} rcwn|b} rda nfk} nhb eqhmrfch ce rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa larwaah ch rda cha dnhb fr} kakla|}* pn|rfmqjn|jv fr}janba|}dfp Nhra R|qklf nhb E|nhc ]qpfjc* nhb rda ]a|lfnhocua|hkahr* a}pamfnjjv fr} P|fka Kfhf}ra|* ch rda crda| dnhb wa|amckpjarajv bfeea|ahr( Rda Mckkfrraa} janba|}dfp ahuf}noab fr}c|onhf}nrfch n} nh fhbapahbahr |ap|a}ahrnrfua pcjfrfmnj fh}rfrqrfch cerda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ck Nq}r|fn+Dqhon|v* wdfmd wn} efodrfho ec| rdaf|hnrfchnj jfla|nrfch nhb pcjfrfmnj qhfefmnrfch wfrd ]a|lfn nhbKchrahao|c fhrc n }fhoja ]cqrd ]jnufm }rnra( Rda Mckkfrraa* n} wajj*}dcqjb la cha ce a~qnj pcjfrfmnj pn|rha|} bq|fho rda p|cma}} ce rda]cqrd ]jnufm fhrao|nrfch fhrc n }fhoja }rnra* njcho}fba wfrd rda ]a|lfnh

ocua|hkahr(>01 Rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} eqhmrfchfho nhb dnb

fr} |ap|a}ahrnrfua} fh njj mcqhr|fa} fh wdfmd rda ]cqrd ]jnu} wa|ajfufho* fhmjqbfho nj}c nhb rda Hc|rd Nka|fmn nhb rda ]cqrd Nka|fmn(Ch rda crda| dnhb* ]a|lfn ba}fohab rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa n} fr}cwh p|cpnonhbn noahmv laec|a rda Ahrahra pcwa|}* wfrdcqr nhvpcjfrfmnj fhbapahbahma nhb |ap|a}ahrnrfua |cja ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu}e|ck rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv( Rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr wnhrab rc la chjvpcjfrfmnj |ap|a}ahrnrfua ce rda wdcja ]cqrd ]jnufm pcpqjnrfch laec|arda Ahrahra }rnra} nhb rc pjnv n janbfho |cja wfrd |aon|b} rc rdam|anrfch ce Vqoc}jnufn nr rda pc}r+wn| Panma Mchea|ahma( Rdnr wn} rda|an}ch wdv rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr haua| ceefmfnjjv |amcohf}ab rda

Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa n} nh a~qnj pcjfrfmnj pn|rha| fh rda p|cma}} ce rda

>02N|mdfua} ce ]a|lfn $N|dfu ]|lfga&* Kfhf}rn|}ruc Fhc}r|nhfd Bajn* Pcjfrfic Cbajgahga* Pnfau mf|iqjn|}r|nhfk pc}jnhfmfkn hn }r|nhf* Hcuakla| >6>1* 01 * >4?4+>6>? $&* * >6=1* UFF#>* 6>1(


46/139


25

qhfefmnrfch( Ec| rdnr |an}ch* rda Mckkfrraa wn} haua| |amcohf}ab lvrda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr n} ceefmfnj* pcjfrfmnjjv fhbapahbahr|ap|a}ahrnrfua c|onhf}nrfch ce rda ]cqrd ]jnu} e|ck Nq}r|fnDqhon|v( ]cka mchrakpc|n|v ]a|lfnh df}rc|fnh} n|a fh cpfhfch rdnrR|qklf nhb ]qpfjc }fkpjv ljnmiknfjab ]a|lfn rc }nm|fefma fr}aje ec|rda M|cnrfnh hnrfchnj nfk}* f(a( ec| qhfefmnrfch ce njj M|cnrfnhdf}rc|fmnj nhb ardhfmnj ra||frc|fa} wfrdfh Vqoc}jnufn* c| crdawf}a rdaM|cnr} wcqjb m|anra nh fhbapahbahr O|anra| M|cnrfn mckpc}ab lv njj

Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh ]cqrd ]jnufm p|cufhma} fhmjqbfho nhb $knfhjv]a|l pcpqjnrab& Lc}hfn nhb Da|aocufhn( Nmmc|bfho rc rdc}adf}rc|fnh}* rdf} M|cnrfnh }r|nraov ce ljnmiknfjfho ]a|lfn wn} mjan|jv

pcfhrab cqr fh R|qklf} jarra| rc ]qpfjc ch Hcuakla|


47/139


2?

c| Vqoc}jnufn* c| auah eqjjv fhbapahbahr M|cnrfn* mckpc}ab lvM|cnrfn p|cpa|* ]jcuahfn* ]jnuchfn* pn|r ce Bnjknrfn* nhb p|clnljvpn|r ce Lc}hfn( Pfch mchmjqbab rdnr Frnjv wcqjb la rda kc}r

lahaefmfnj }rnra fe rdf} fban mchma|hfho fhbapahbahr M|cnrfn wcqjb la

|anjf}ab(>06

Mjan|jv* R|qklf} pcjfmv rcwn|b} rda ]a|lfnhocua|hkahr wn} lnmiab lv O|anr L|frnfh wdc}a bfpjcknr} }dn|abcpfhfch rdnr rda M|cnr} wfrdfh Vqoc}jnufn wcqjb la npp|cp|fnramcqhra| lnjnhma rc rda \q}}fnh fhejqahma ch rda Vqoc}jnu pcjfmvrd|cqod rda ]a|l}( Nmmc|bfho rc Jchbch* Vqoc}jnufn dnb rc la m|anrabn} n eaba|nrfch larwaah ]a|lfn nhb M|cnrfn( Kc|acua|* rda L|frf}dbfpjcknr} nhb pqljfm wc|ia|} lajfauab rdnr Vqoc}jnufn} Mnrdcjfm

wa}r $M|cnr} nhb ]jcuaha}& wcqjb bckfhnra cua| rda C|rdcbct an}r$]a|l} wfrd Kchrahao|fh}& fh Vqoc}jnufn( Ec| rdak* rda r|fqkpd ce]a|lfnh fban wcqjb la rda r|fqkpd ce an}ra|h cua| wa}ra|h mqjrq|a

wdnr kanh} rdnr rda \q}}fnh fhejqahma nr rda Lnjinh} wcqjb la}r|ahordahab(>>0

Rda|a wn} nhb nhcrda| |an}ch ec| Pnf} nrrfrqba rcwn|b} rda|cja ce rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa7 da* nhb df} ocua|hkahr* wnhrab rdnrnjj ]cqrd ]jnu}* afrda| e|ck Nq}r|fnDqhon|v c| e|ck rdafhbapahbahr }rnra} ce ]a|lfn nhb Kchrahao|c* wcqjb nppan| laec|arda Ahrahra pcwa|} rcoarda|( Fh rda crda| wc|b}* rda ~qa}rfch ce rda]cqrd ]jnu} mcqjb la |a}cjuab an}fa| nhb en}ra| fe ]a|lfn* n} rdaAhrahra n}}cmfnra }rnra* wcqjb la n pcjfrfmnj |ap|a}ahrnrfua ce njj

]cqrd ]jnu} laec|a rda Ahrahra pcwa|}( La}fba}* rda ]a|lfnh P|fkaKfhf}ra| }dn|ab cpfhfch rdnr rda Vqoc}jnu Mckkfrraa wn} pqrrfho chrda noahbn }cka ~qa}rfch}* wdfmd dnua hcr laah ce rda m|qmfnjfkpc|rnhma nr rdnr kckahr nhb nr }qmd n wnv haojamrfho rda |anjjvkc}r }fohfefmnhr cha}( Rda pcfhr wn} rdnr rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr*

wfrd fr} P|fka Kfhf}ra|* bfb hcr wnhr rc njjcw rda Vqoc}jnuMckkfrraa $jab lv rda M|cnr}& rc knia pcjfrfmnj bamf}fch} fh rda hnkace rda ]a|l} e|ck rda Bqnj Kchn|mdv* wdnr kanh}* fh enmr* nhv ifhbce pcjfrfmnj bama}fch}( Rdf} n|an ce nmrfufrv }dcqjb la |a}a|uab chjv ec|rda ]a|lfnh ocua|hkahr( Rda |anj |an}ch ec| }qmd Pnf} cpfhfch wn}df} }r|cho lajfae rdnr fh rda mq||ahr fhra|hnrfchnj }frqnrfch rda

Nq}r|cDqhon|fnh Vqoc}jnu}* a}pamfnjjv rda M|cnr} nhb rda ]jcuaha}*kc|a haabab ]a|lfnh dajp rdah ]a|lfn haabab n mc+cpa|nrfch wfrd

>06N|mdfua} ce Vqoc}jnufn $N|dfu Gqoc}jnufga&* Laco|nb* Gcunh Gcunhcuf+Pfch rc rda ]qp|aka ]rneece rda ]a|lfnh n|kv* 402+>2?(>>0\( _( ]arch _nr}ch f Gqoc}jcuahf* Ic|a}pchbahmfgn >605>62>* Wno|al*

Documents

Creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes From 1914 to 1918