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Creating a Republic. The treaty ending the war with Britain, more than doubled the territory of the United States!. The British did not even stay for the official portrait at the Treaty of Paris in 1783!. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Creating a Republic
The treaty ending the war with Britain,
more than doubled the territory of the United
States!
The British did not even stay for the official portrait at the Treaty of Paris in
1783!
During the American Revolution, our forefathers
created a form of government for the United
States known as a Republic. In a REPUBLIC, the people
rule through elected representatives.
At the beginning of the Revolution, many government officials who remained loyal to Britain had to flee. They were afraid of mob violence and of being attacked.This created a need for people in the new states to create new governments.
Many states wrote their own CONSTITUTIONS, which are documents that set out laws and principles of a
government.
Written constitutions spell out the rights of all citizens.
Constitutions also set limits on the power of the government.
Colonists did not want state governments
to have too much power, so they divided
the government into two groups.State LEGISLATURES were selected by voters, and were responsible for making laws. Power in the legislatures was divided between upper and lower houses.
All states except for Pennsylvania had a governor who was responsible to make sure the laws were EXECUTED, or carried out.
• Virginia even went so far as to add a Bill of Rights to its constitution. A BILL OF RIGHTS lists freedoms the government must protect.
• In order to vote, you had to be a white male citizen over the age of 21. You also had to own land, or pay a certain amount of taxes.
Our first national government(our first republic) was known as
the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIONCreated a “firm league of friendship”.Required 9 of 13 states to approve laws.Could not regulate trade or raise taxes.Did allow Congress to declare war,
appoint military officers, and coin money.
Did not have a president or executive to carry out the laws.
Our first constitution, the
Articles of Confederation, was
created on November 15, 1777, and was RATIFIED
(approved) on March 1, 1781
Page #2 Page #3
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The Articles of Confederation government proved to not be strong enough
to keep the country unified.
Disputes Over Western Lands
One of the earliest problems to arise was what to do with lands gained from Britain.
Little states didn’t like having the big states control so much territory.
Small states worried that bigger states
would become too powerful.
For instance, if tax laws
were passed, they could just sell off
land to make money.
Other Problems with the Articles
There was a huge war debt, and Congress couldn’t force states to pay taxes.
Congress had printed more money, but there wasn’t enough gold and silver to back it up. Printing extra money can lead to INFLATION (an increase in the price of goods).
States were also printing their own money.
Not knowing the value of a dollar in
each state was confusing, and hurt economic
activity.
Despite its problems, the Articles of Confederation had
some successes:It governed the nation during the
Revolution.It successfully negotiated the Treaty of
1783. The two biggest successes of the first government were:
The Land Ordinance of 1785 The Northwest Ordinance of
1787
Land Ordinance of 1785
Helped settle the Northwest Territory
Divided land into townships
Each township had 36 sections.
Each section was 1 square mile or 640 acres.
Land in Ohio was the first to
be surveyed under the Ordinance.
The 36 sections can be further divided into smaller pieces.
The Northwest Ordinance Set up governments
in the region.Could become a
state with 60,000 free settlers.
When new states were let in, they would be treated as equals.
Slavery was not allowed north of the Ohio River.
After the Revolution, America went through an ECONOMIC DEPRESSION. Farmers were especially hit hard, and many could not repay their loans.In Massachusetts, taxes were further raised and banks began seizing property of people who owed money.A farmer named Daniel Shays led a revolt. This revolt called SHAY’S REBELLION showed the Articles of Confederation were not working and needed fixing.
Shay’s Rebellion helped the states realize the Articles of Confederation government was not working.
It was decided that delegates from the different states would meet during the
summer of 1787 in Philadelphia.
Philadelphia has a rich
history, as it was one
time America’s largest city and former
capital.
Carpenter’s HallMeeting place of the
First Continental Congress
Framework of Ben Franklin’s home, one of the most famous founding
fathers, and leading citizen of
Philadelphia.
Originally the delegates were only going to fix the Articles of Confederation. They ended up
creating a whole new constitution.
The work they were able to accomplish, became known as
“The Miracle at Philadelphia”.It truly was!!!
James MadisonA crucial
delegate to the Constitutional Convention
“The Father of the
Constitution”
Madison – Delegate from VirginiaRead and studied before the convention.
Waited eagerly for delegates to arrive.
Took a seat close to the front so he could see all of the action.
Kept clear and concise notes of what happened.
Wanted an accurate record kept for future generations.
The Pennsylvania Statehouse, now known as Independence Hall. Site of the Constitutional Convention
The Convention
BeginsAll states except Rhode Island sent delegates.
Delegates wanted to keep their talks secret, so the doors and windows were closed.
George Washington’s desk and chair.The windows and doors were shut and
locked at Independence Hall.
Two Plans EmergeThe Virginia Plan which favored the big states.
The New Jersey Plan which favored the smaller states.
The Virginia PlanCalled for a strong national government with 3 branches—executive, legislative, and judicial.
The legislature would be divided into two houses with representatives based on population.
Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had been given 1 vote no matter their size.
The New Jersey PlanAlso called for a federal government with 3 branches—legislative, executive, and judicial.
The legislature would have only 1 house, and every state would receive 1 vote.
Small states felt they would always get out-voted if it wasn’t this way.
The Virginia Plan
Branches
Three - legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislature was more powerful, as it chose people to serve in the executive and judicial branches.
Legislature
Two houses (bicameral). The House of Representatives was elected by the people and the Senate was elected by the state legislatures. Both were represented proportionally.
OtherPowers
The legislature could regulate interstate trade, strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to enforce laws.
The New Jersey Plan
Branches
Three - legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch, and the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Court.
LegislatureOne house (unicameral). States would be represented equally, so all states had the same power.
OtherPowers
The national government could levy taxes and import duties, regulate trade, and state laws would be subordinate to laws passed by the national legislature
There was a great debate between the delegates of both large and
small states.Large states argue that because
they have more people, they should have more representation. Smaller states respond by saying
their interests will never be listened to.
Roger Sherman, a delegate from
Connecticut came up with a COMPROMISE.
Although not popular with all
delegates, the Great
Compromise may have saved
the Constitutional Convention of
1787.
The Great CompromiseHave the 3 Branches of Government.
Divide the legislative branch in two.
The lower house will be called the HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and will be based on population.
The upper house will be called the SENATE, and all states will receive two votes.
The delegates narrowly approved the Great Compromise.
Next they dealt with the 3/5 COMPROMISE. It was agreed
that 3/5 of slaves in any state could be counted for taxation
and representation. The importation of slaves was allowed to continue for 20 more years.
For 8 more weeks the Constitutional Convention continued. Other issues were discussed, like the length of a
presidential term and how to organize the court system. Not all were happy
with the document, and some left the convention, vowing to defeat
the Constitution.On September 17, 1787, the
Constitution was ready. One by one, the remaining delegates came forward
to sign the document.
Constitution Day is September 17, 1787!!!