Creating a GISCreating a GIS-Base for an Informed Analysis of … · Creating a GISCreating a GIS-Base for an Informed Analysis of Tourism Development:Tourism Development: A Socio-Economic

Creating a GIS-BaseCreating a GIS-Base for an Informed Analysis of

Tourism Development:Tourism Development: A Socio-Economic Perspective

Adrijana Car, Marike Bontenbal and Marius Herrmannadrijana car@gutech edu [email protected]

GSS 2012

Affiliated to:Affiliated to:

ContactsDr. Adrijana CarAssociate Professor in [email protected]@gutech.edu.om

Dr. Marike Bontenbal Assistant Professor in Human Geography and Urban and Regional PlanningAssistant Professor in Human Geography and Urban and Regional Planning [email protected]

M i HMarius HerrmannIntern in [email protected]

Department of Sustainable Tourism and Regional Development German University of Technology in Oman (GUtech)

11/12/2012 Geospatial Scientific Summit 2

www.gutech.edu.om

Motivation

• Ongoing multidisciplinary research project on tourism and community participation in Omantourism and community participation in Oman– Tourism, Economics, Regional Development,

Anthropology, Geography and GIScience

• Creating a common framework of thinking:geographical space

• GIS can bring significant added value to decision making through data analysis, g g ymodelling and forecasting (e.g. McAdam 1999)


Picture: http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/files/2012/05/social_network_brain.jpg

Contents

• Tourism Aspect– Tourism ProductsTourism Products– Tourism Typologies

• Conceptualization – bringing togetherConceptualization bringing together research in Tourism and GIScience

• GIS AspectGIS Aspect– Geo-Base Creation– Data ModellingData Modelling

• Summary and Further Steps


Pictures: http://news.travelhouseuk.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Shangri-La-Barr-Al-Jissah-Resort-Oman.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YHRslsMTKxU/TdUn7rD3_vI/AAAAAAAAADI/W8PSI38x3lg/s1600/geo.jpg

Tourism Aspects

Tourism is a complex phenomenon:• An industry with a diverse range of sectors• An industry with a diverse range of sectors

and actors• A human activity causing a myriad of socio• A human activity causing a myriad of socio-

economic, cultural and environmental effects• A tourism product than can be supplied and• A tourism product than can be supplied and

consumedI ti l i t• Is spatial in nature


The Tourism Product

Model components:

PP S H FC IPP: Physical Plant (site)S: ServiceH: HospitalityH: HospitalityFC: Freedom of ChoiceI: Involvement

(Smith 1994, Fig. 1, p.587)


Tourism Products (cont.)

The Five A’s of tourism

The Six A’s of tourism

• Attractions • Access

• Attractions • AccessibilityAccess

• Accommodation • Amenities

Accessibility • Amenities • Ancillary services• Amenities

• Awareness • Ancillary services• Available packages

A ti iti(Tourism Western Australia 2009)

• Activities (Buhalis 2000)


Typology

• A way of classifying things of interest according to some criteriaaccording to some criteria (http://www.britannica.com/search?query=typology)

• Helps organizing domain knowledge• Helps organizing domain knowledge • Tourism research typologies are

frequently used to establish a framework of thinking about an issue or problem in scientific manner (Coccossis and Constantoglou 2006)


Tourism Typologies - Approach

Top down based on existing literature

B tt11/12/2012 Geospatial Scientific Summit 9

Bottom up based on case studies

Use of Typologies

• The use of typologies

Tourism supply typologies –examples of criteriathe localised or extensive nature ofyp g

has been common in tourism studies to conceptualize tourism

the localised or extensive nature of the tourist destination areathe rate of development

conceptualize tourism phenomena– Useful tool for

the nature of development (spontaneous versus planned) the characteristics, attitudes and influence

tourism development planning and policy making

of the existing population the extent of public and private sector involvement in tourismthe economic base prior to tourism growth the offer of tourism services


the offer of tourism services

(Coccossis and Constantoglou 2005; 2006)

Tourism Supply Typology• Despite being a key sector of economic growth and diversification,

tourism in Oman has remained understudied


Tourism Supply Typology (cont.)

• Using a tourism supply typology is expected to prove useful in describing and analysingprove useful in describing and analysing the nature of tourism products in Oman- Proposing a framework of tourism product criteriap g p- Categorising tourism attractions, actors, activities and

environments into meaningful types Policy relevance- Policy relevance- for tourism planning and regulation - for the application of GIS in tourism planning


Tourism Supply Typology (cont.)

The following criteria are proposed to help assess tourism in Oman into a supply typology :

1. Tourism growth • phase, level, and qualitative characteristics

2 T i2. Tourism governance • existence or absence of development planning in the

destination area and stakeholders involved

3. The characteristics and response of the local community

d hi t i ti i ti iti d• demographic terms, existing economic activities, and human resource potential

4. The quantitative and qualitative nature of tourists


• demographic and socio-economic characteristics

Conceptualization

Concept(s) from GIScience

Typologies in Tourism Research

(volpe.dot.gov)

• Sharing of computerized data and results and in turn improved communication in the multidisciplinary project teamimproved communication in the multidisciplinary project team

• Formal description of the underlying spatial concepts, e.g. using ontologies (Gruber 1993)C i ith i il t / h


• Comparison with similar concepts / approaches

GIS in Tourism Research

• Literature review on GIS-related conceptualization in tourism:in tourism:– Developing a multimedia database for tourism in

Nigeria (Ayeni et al. 2004)

– Urban growth impact in tourism area using remote sensing and GIS in the UAEsensing and GIS in the UAE (Bualhamam 2009)

– Using GIS and PPGIS in community planning (Brown & Weber 2012 Vajjhala 2005; Weiner et al 2002)(Brown & Weber 2012, Vajjhala 2005; Weiner et al. 2002)


GIS in Tourism Research (cont.)

“All GIS-related activities serve this final purpose -

to communicate;

all other functions, such as data storage,

management analysis and so on, are intermediate g y ,

steps serving primarily as means to

communicative ends.”

(Sui and Goodchild 2003, p.7)


GIS in Tourism Research

GIS as a communication tool• first create a comprehensive

geographical database • identify tools appropriate for

spatio-temporal analysis d i li tiand visualization


Pictures: http://writingsongs.com/pictures/toolbox.jpghttp://img3.kozzi.com/m1/12/223/2476981624769816a113738_k0058_mapday4_final_k0030.jpg

An Informed Analysis

• …is a combination of spatial analysis in GIS together with quantitative and qualitative analysis in tourism research

The basis for informed spatialinformed spatial decision making


GIS in Tourism Research (cont.)Selected functional capabilities of a GIS

Examples of basic questions that can be investigated using a GIS

Examples of tourism applications & corresponding specific tasks

Collecting spatial dataData entry, storage and manipulation Location Where is…?

Tourism Resource Inventories

Collecting spatial data[ Creating a geographic base for a tourism product ]

Database integration Attributes What, when and Integrating (non-)spatial datagand management Attributes how is…?

g g ( ) p[ Tourism census and services ]

Data retrieval Data queries and searches

Select… from… where…?

Tourism Management[ Deriving spatial extent and demographic characteristics of the local community ]characteristics of the local community ]

Spatial analysis Pattern What is the spatial distribution of…?

Analysing relationships associations with resource use[ Monitoring spatial distribution and time series analysis ]series analysis ]

Spatial modelling & Decision support Modelling What if…?

Assessing potential impacts of tourism development[ Assessing phase and level of tourism growth ]


g ]

Visualization all the aboveThe best way to communicate the results of... is…?

Creating maps[ Mapping results of a tourism location suitability analysis ]

Geo-Base Creation


Geo-Base Creation: Conceptual Model


Geo-Base Creation: Base Map Data


Geo-Base Creation: Tourism Data


Further Steps

• Short-term results– Create and populate a geodatabase for tourism inCreate and populate a geodatabase for tourism in

Oman based on the described concepts and models

– Create a metadatabase of all datasets – Use the created geodatabase in tourism research

and teaching• Mid-/Long-term results

– Revise the typology based on the experience from the case studiesD i t l f t i d t


– Derive an ontology for a tourism product

Summary

• One possible scenario to illustrate the potential of using GIS in tourism research

• Set foundations for a common conceptual framework based on a tourism supply typology for th ifi t t f Othe specific context of Oman

Thi i i t t diti th t ll• This is an important precondition that allows researchers to communicate, compare and share spatial /non-spatial data and research results in aspatial /non spatial data and research results in a multidisciplinary project environment

Mari s HerrmannD Ad ij C


Marius [email protected]

Dr. Adrijana [email protected]

References

• Ayeni, O. O., et al. (2004): Developing a multimedia GIS database for tourism industry in Nigeria. 20th International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Congress: “Geo-Imagery Bridging C ti t ” I t b l T kContinents”, Istanbul, Turkey.

• Brown, G.& Weber, D. (2012): Using public participation GIS (PPGIS) on the Geoweb to monitor tourism development preferences. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 20(1), pp. 1-20.

• Bualhamam, M. R. (2009): The study of urban growth impact in tourism area using remote sensing and GIS technique for north part of the UAE. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 26(2), pp. 166-175.

• Buhalis, D. (2000): Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management 21(1), pp. 97-116.• Coccossis, H. and M.E. Constantoglou (2005). The need of spatial typologies in tourism planning and policy

making : The Greek case. 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdam.

• Coccossis, H. and M.E. Constantoglou (2006). The use of Typologies in Tourism Planning: Problems and Conflicts. 46th Congress of the European Regional Science Association. Enlargement, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean. University of Thessaly. G b T R (1993) A T l i A h P bl O l S ifi i K l d A i i i (2)• Gruber, T.R. (1993). A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition. 5(2), pp. 199-220.

• McAdam, D. (1999). The Value and Scope of Geographical Information Systems in Tourism Management. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 7(1), pp. 77-92.

• Smith, S.L.J. (1994). The Tourism Product. Annals of Tourism Research. 23(3), pp. 582-595. • Sui, D.Z. and M.F. Goodchild (2003). A tetradic analysis of GIS and society using McLuhan’s law of the media. The ( ) y y g

Canadian Geographer. 47(1), pp. 5-17. • Tourism Western Australia (2009): Five A’s of Tourism. URL:

http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/jumpstartguide/pdf/Quickstart_five%20A%27s%20of%20TourismLOW.pdf (Accessed: 01.11.2012)

• Vajjhala, S. P. (2005): Integrating GIS and Participatory Mapping in Community Development Planning. ESRI International User Conference, Sustainable Development and Humanitarian Affairs Track. San Diego.

• Weiner, D., et al. (2002): Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems.


Documents

Creating a GISCreating a GIS-Base for an Informed Analysis of … · Creating a GISCreating a GIS-Base for an Informed Analysis of Tourism Development:Tourism Development: A Socio-Economic