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Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Motivation versus Emotion
Emotion, a subjective sensation experiencedas a type of psycho-physiological arousal, is different from motivation in that it has no goalor direction connected with it.
Emotions result from the interaction of the (a) perception of environmental stimuli, (b) neural/hormonal responses to these perceptions (feelings), and (c) cognitive labeling of these feelings.
Motivation versus Emotion
Emotion, a subjective sensation experiencedas a type of psycho-physiological arousal, is different from motivation in that it has no goalor direction connected with it.
Emotions result from the interaction of the (a) perception of environmental stimuli, (b) neural/hormonal responses to these perceptions (feelings), and (c) cognitive labeling of these feelings.
There is a small core of emotions (6 to 8) that are uniquely associated with a specific facial expressions (Izard, 1992). This suggests that these are “hard-wired” in human beings. Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99 (3), 561-565.
Definitions of Motivation and emotion retrieved from Bill Huitt at http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/motivation/motivate.html
What is emotion?“Like so many psychological phenomena, emotion is easily recognized but hard to
define. Most theories hold that emotion is a syndrome or complex entity
with many components: physiological (autonomic nervous system), cognitive events, sensory input, behavioral
correlates.” Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from
http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm
What is emotion?“Like so many psychological phenomena, emotion is easily recognized but hard to
define. Most theories hold that emotion is a syndrome or complex entity
with many components: physiological (autonomic nervous system), cognitive events, sensory input, behavioral
correlates.” Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from
http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
ANGERANGERJOYJOY FEARFEAR
SERIOUSSERIOUS
SADNESSSADNESS SURPRISESURPRISE
What good is emotion? Emotions (a) prepare us for action, (b) shape our behavior (emotions are reinforcing), (c) regulate social interaction, (d) facilitate communication nonverbally, (e) facilitate adult-child relations and thus development, (f) make life worth living by adding value to experience, and (g) allow us to respond flexibly to our environment (approaching good, avoiding bad).
Emotions are usually inseparable from their communication. Most people do not have a "poker face," and we generally find a person's emotional response to be obvious. Knowing how someone feels helps us evaluate how they will act. Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
ANGERANGER SADNESSSADNESS SURPRISESURPRISE FEAR
MORE ABOUT EMOTIONS■ Emotions are largely a conscious phenomena.■ They involve more bodily manifestations than
other conscious states. ■ They vary along a number of dimensions:
intensity, type, origin, arousal, value, self-regulation, etc.
■ They are reputed to be “antagonists of rationality.”
■ They protect us from a “slavish devotion” to rationality.
■ They play an indispensable role in determining the quality of life and defining our priorities.
■ They have a central place in moral education and moral life through conscience, empathy, and many specific moral emotions such as shame, guilt, and remourse. The are inextrictably linked to virtues.
A paraphrased version of a list included in EMOTION by Ronald de Sousa.
Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/
Three Ways to Measure Emotion• Behavior – screaming, facial expressions, laughing,
aggression, approach/avoidance, activity level, smiling, attention/distraction, alertness, insomnia, anhedonia, etc.
• Body/Physical – blood pressure, tears, heart rate, neural images, lie detector readings, posture, perspiration, adrenaline, muscle activity when smiling, frowning, etc.
• Thoughts – observed indirectly through: spoken and written words on rating scales; answers to open-ended questions on surveys and during interviews; responses to projective instruments, sentence stems, etc. Emotion can interfere with many cognitive operations such as rational/logical thinking and the ability to objectively self-assess or perceive the behavior and intentions of others.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
• Newborns show only pleasure and distress.
• Social smiles are first seen at 2-3 months.
• Anger is first seen between 4 and 6 months.– They are more fearful in unfamiliar places.– Fear depends on stranger’s behavior.
• Stranger wariness is first seen at 6 months.
• Begin to identify others’ emotions at 6 months.– Facial expression is associated with
emotions.
• Looks to mother or father for proper emotion in unfamiliar situations beginning at 9 months.
• Newborns show only pleasure and distress.
• Social smiles are first seen at 2-3 months.
• Anger is first seen between 4 and 6 months.– They are more fearful in unfamiliar places.– Fear depends on stranger’s behavior.
• Stranger wariness is first seen at 6 months.
• Begin to identify others’ emotions at 6 months.– Facial expression is associated with
emotions.
• Looks to mother or father for proper emotion in unfamiliar situations beginning at 9 months.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONSEARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONS
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Click to learn more
Fear
Delight
Excitement
Distress
Anger
Disgust
Elation
Affection for adults
Affection for children
Joy
Jealousy
Months 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27Bridges (1932) found that emotions are rapidly differentiated from an initial capacity
for excitement. Today, there is interest in genetically determined temperamental characteristics from which personality forms, such as sociability.
K. M. B. Bridges, (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37.
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Neural Pathways of Emotion• Joseph LeDoux (1998) found evidence
for two neural pathways in the processing of fear.
• The fast route is quick, inaccurate, life-saving:» Sight → Thalamus → Amygdala
• The slow route is precise, complex, sluggish:» Sight → Thalamus → Visual cortex →
Amygdala
• Route one allows for instant action and is relatively inaccurate; so it produces false positives.
• Route two is precise and can reduce the response to fear if the situation is appraised to be safe after all factors are considered.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#33 Related MS Word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written permission for use granted.
So the Brain Executes an Emotional Shortcut In Crises
• We feel some emotions before we think.
• Some neural pathways involved in emotion bypass the cortical areas involved in thinking.
• Two such pathways run from the eye and ear via the thalamus to the amygdala, which is the emotional control center.
• This shortcut enables a quick, pre-thought emotional response before the intellect gets consciously involved.
• The thinking cortex can eventually override the “decision” of the amygdala to react.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Event Emotional Response
Appraisal
Zajonc / LeDoux
Lazarus / Schachter
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
11
2222
Do they operate separately? Concurrently? Or both?
2222
Two Routes to Emotion
Primary & Secondary Emotions• A distinction between primary and
secondary emotions has been proposed.• Primary emotions are probably innate and
universal and include fear, rage, surprise, happiness, joy, disgust (Ortony and Turner, 1990). Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
• Secondary emotions are more complex and appear to be acquired or learned (Damasio, 1999) and include optimism, love, humiliation, hope, vigilance, optimism.
• Damasio links secondary emotions with the orbitofrontal cortex (behind the eyes).
Damasio, A.R. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. Orlando: Harcourt Brace.
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#21 Related MS Word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written permission granted.
In 1937 emotion was linked to the limbic system by Papez. He stated that the hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and hippocampus elaborate functions of emotion. MacLean used the terms "limbic system" in 1952 and identified three specific subdivisions: the amygdala, septal, and thalamocingulate. He postulated that the limbic brain responds to inputs from internal and external sources. The closed circuit between the limbic system and the thalamus and hypothalamus is the Papez circuit. The fornix connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, which project to the anterior nuclei of the thalamus. The nuclei of the thalamus complete the closed circuit through fibers to the hippocampus. These interconnections combine to form the neural basis of emotion.
For more detail see http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Audition/site/anatomy%20of%20emotion%20in%20pain
Hippocampal Formation
Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus
Gyruc Cinguli
PAPEZ CIRCUITPAPEZ CIRCUIT
Mamillary Body
The AmygdalaLeDoux
Identified as crucial in fearFear conditioning in animalsTrace route from audition
LeDouxIdentified as crucial in fearFear conditioning in animalsTrace route from audition
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal Forebrain
Nuclei
Fornix
Mammillothalamic Tract
Cingulate Gyrus
Anterior Nucleus of Dorsal Thalamus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Mammillary Body
Sensory Cortex
Sensory Thalamus
Hypothalamus, Midbrain, Pons,
Medulla
Main and Accessory
Olfactory Bulb
Medial Basal Forebrain and Hypothalamus
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Face & Emotion: Paul Ekman
• Multicultural/Evolutionary Theory• 1 - Universal neurophysiology in the facial
muscles • 2 - Culture-specific variations in the
expression of emotion
• Seven Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion:Anger, Happiness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust, Sadness, and Contempt
Ekman, Paul (2003). Emotions Revealed : Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York: Henry Holt & Company; Copy for the slide above taken from a PPT slide set by Evette Samaan available at
http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/EmotionsStressHealthPsych101.ppt#6. Slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.
Hormones and Emotion• You perceive the sensory stimulus.• The adrenal gland sends out two
hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
• They activate the sympathetic nervous system.
• That produces arousal or alertness that provides the body with the energy to act (pupils dilate, the heart beatraces, and breathing quickens.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Info for this slide taken from Evette Samaan at http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/EmotionsStressHealthPsych101.ppt#12
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Theorist(s) Basic Emotions Basis for Inclusion
Plutchik acceptance, anger, anticipation, disgust, joy, fear, sadness, surprise
Biological Adaptation Related (Evolutionary)
Arnold anger, aversion, courage, dejection, desire, despair, fear, hate, hope, love, sadness
Relation to action tendencies
Ekman, Friesen, and Ellsworth
anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise Universal Facial Expressions
Frijda desire, happiness, interest, surprise, wonder, sorrow
Forms of Action Readiness
Gray rage and terror, anxiety, joy Hardwired
Izard anger, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise Hardwired
James fear, grief, love, rage Bodily Involvement
McDougall anger, disgust, elation, fear, subjection, tender-hearted, wonder Relation to Instincts
Mowrer pain, pleasure Unlearned
Oatley and Johnson-Laird
anger, disgust, anxiety, happiness, sadness
No Propositional Content Requirded
Panksepp expectancy, fear, rage, panic Hardwired
Tomkins anger, interest, contempt, disgust, distress, fear, joy, shame, surprise Density of Neural Firing
Watson fear, love, rage Hardwired
Weiner & Graham
happiness, sadness Attribution Independent
Chart taken with permisson from Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331
The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to animals as well as to humans.
Emotion serves an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.
There is a small number of basic primary or prototype emotions.
All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of primary emotions.
Primary emotions can be conceptualized as pairs of opposites.
All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to each other.
The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to animals as well as to humans.
Emotion serves an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.
There is a small number of basic primary or prototype emotions.
All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of primary emotions.
Primary emotions can be conceptualized as pairs of opposites.
All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to each other.
Emotions have an evolutionary history and have evolved various forms
of expression in different species.
Despite different forms of expression of emotions in
different species, there are certain common elements, or
prototype patterns, that can be identified.
Primary emotions are hypothethical constructs or idealized states whose
properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence.
Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of intensity or levels of arousal.
Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience:
Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3-33). New York: Academic.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Plutchik's Psycho- Evolutionary Theory
of Basic Emotions Has Ten Postulates
Plutchik's Psycho- Evolutionary Theory
of Basic Emotions Has Ten Postulates
Differential Emotions Theory (Izard & Malatesta, 1987)
Slide modelled after Farmer, Marion (2002) http://psychology.unn.ac.uk/marion/webdevptl%20files%5Clec07%5Clec07.ppt#12 & #13
Nine basic emotions: interest, joy, sadness, surprise, anger, fear, disgust, contempt, and shame.
Three components for each: • Neural: each emotion is linked to a particular neural substratum.• Motor-expressive: each is expressed in a distinct manner.• Mental: each is associated with a specific feeling tone.
• For each emotion the three components are innately linked and are initially organised in a rigid, stereotypical manner.
• Basic emotions all have unique adaptive value, biological functions, and social functions.
• Emotions emerge when they first become adaptive to the individual; some are present at birth e.g. disgust.
• Development of emotions takes place in synchrony with perceptual, motor and cognitive development, but the link is indirect. The need for new emotions emerges with new cognition, mobility, and perceptions.
• The regulation of affect also moves through a development process.• Emotions constitute the primary motivation for human behavior.
Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed). Handbook of Infant Development. New York: Wiley Interscience.
■
■
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Physiological changes occur before the emotion and create the feelings we label as emotions: stimulatingsituation → physiological changes → emotion labeling. A visceralexperience (gut reaction) is labeledas an emotion. We have some autonomic reactions to stimuli. We observe these physicalsensations and label them asfeelings.
2. Research suggests that some visceral responses are not interpreted as emotions.
3. The range of emotions is broader and more complex than the range of gut reactions. But recent PET scans
suggest physiological correlates of emotional states are more specific
than once thought.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
This theory has
4 problems.
This theory has
4 problems.
4. Even though James predicted that the loss of bodily sensation through spinal injury would depress emotions, this is not the case. Some report an increase in emotional intensity.
Sight of oncoming
car(perception
ofstimulus)
Pounding
heart(arousal
)
Fear(emotion
)
1. The visceral response may not occur quickly enough to account for sudden emotions
1. The visceral response may not occur quickly enough to account for sudden emotions
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.
This theory proposes that emotion-eliciting stimuli are relayed simultaneously to the cortex and organs of the sympathetic nervous system. When stimuli reach the thalamus, this part of the midbrain activates a physical reaction and an emotional response.
Cannon-Bard theory
Cannon-Bard theory
The thalamus is a crossroads for sensory pathways, and it simultaneously signals the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex. But the rest of the limbic system, particularly the hypothalamus and amygdala, are known to play a role in emotional responses. A physiological response and an emotional reaction may not be simultaneous.
PoundingHeart
(Arousal)
Fear(Emotio
n)
Sight of Oncoming
Car(Percepti
on of Stimulus)
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
Cere
bra
lC
OR
TEX
Au
ton
om
ic
Nerv
ou
s
Syste
m
•
First ExposureFirst Exposure
Later ExposureLater Exposure
StimulusStimulus
Negative After ImageNegative After Image
A Response
A - Response
B - Response
B - ResponseB - Response
}
}
Richard Solomon’s Opponent Process Theory states that once a particular emotional reaction has been activated, the brain
tries to regain homeostasis by initiating the opposite reaction.
Stimulus
AdaptationAdaptation
A Response
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
APPRAISAL THEORIES
Arnold (1960) introduced appraisal into psychology by describing it as the process by which a person determines the significance of their situation.
Appraisal gives rise to attraction or aversion, and emotion is equated with a "felt tendency toward anything intuitively appraised as good (beneficial), or away from anything intuitively appraised as bad (harmful)."
Lazarus (1991) said appraisals are necessary and sufficient for emotion, and he saw each emotion as being completely determined by the patterns of appraisal giving rise to them.
Appraisal theorists think the cognitive processes underlying emotion are conscious or unconscious, and propositional or non-propositional.
Cognitivists say emotions involve propositional attitudes: one can't be angry unless another is guilty; one can't be envious unless another has something good.
By Ronald de Sousa, Retrived from the Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy 3-05
Physiology: ArousalExpression: Overt
Cognition: Appraisal
EMOTION
Created by Dr. Gordon Vesselss 2005
Appraisal Theory: Schachter-Singer
“two factor” or “social-
environmental context and
arousal” theory
Appraisal Theory: Schachter-Singer
“two factor” or “social-
environmental context and
arousal” theory
CognitiveLabel After Appraising
Social-Environmental
Context:“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of Oncoming
Car(Perception of Stimulus)
PoundingHeart
(Arousal)
This is the theoretical basis for canned laughter. A stimulus causes physiological
arousal; this stimulus is considered in light of environmental and social cues. The
arousal is then interpreted as an emotional state based on these cues. In other words, the environment, particularly the behavior
of other people, is used to explain the physiological state. Events relevant to one’s
well-being are important factors in determining their emotional response.
This is the theoretical basis for canned laughter. A stimulus causes physiological
arousal; this stimulus is considered in light of environmental and social cues. The
arousal is then interpreted as an emotional state based on these cues. In other words, the environment, particularly the behavior
of other people, is used to explain the physiological state. Events relevant to one’s
well-being are important factors in determining their emotional response.
Benoit, Anthony G. (2002). Emotion and Motivation. Retrieved from http://environmentalet.org/psy111/motimotion.htm Slide arranged by Vessels 2005.
Appraisal Theories• Arnold (1960) was concerned with the missing piece
of the puzzle in explaining emotion.
• What causes the reaction in the first place ?
• He concluded there must be some sort of appraisal process by which we analyze a situation.
• This produces an action tendency (bear → run).
• Emotion is the outcome of this process.
• He proposed that this is unconscious as it happens, but we should be able to reflect back on the appraisal process afterwards to examine what happened.
Vaughan, Bell (2002). Motivation and Emotion. PPT slide retrieved from http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/home/bellv1/conf/VaughanMotivationEmotionLecture2004.ppt#26 Related MS word lecture at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fast+route+is+quick%2C+inaccurate&btnG=Search. Written for use permission granted.
OCC ModelEvent, Agent,
or Object of Appraisal
appraised in terms of
Goals (events)
Norms/Standards (agents’ actions)
Tastes/Attitude(objects)
joy
distress
hope
anxiety
relief
optimism
anger
gratitude
gratification
remorse
vigilance
pride
shame
admiration
reproach
guilt
love
hate
Loathing
awe
interest
GOAL-BASED EMOTIONS
COMPOUND EMOTIONS
STANDARDS-BASED EMOTION
ATTITUDE-BASED EMOTIONS
Ortony, Clore and Collins's theory proposes that the emotions we experience depend on what we focus on in situations. Emotions are seen as pos. or neg. reactions to things. They are descriptions of a person's reaction to events, people, and objects in the environment. These appraisals are reactions to the environment.
This theory yields different types of
emotions represented by token words. It makes a
distinction between examining emotion words
and examining the emotions. This circumplex
approach focuses on emotion words and how
they are used rather than on emotions and
how they are created.
Ruebenstrunk, Gerd (n.d.). PPT slide found at http://www.schooldays.de/ruebentemp/presentation4.ppt#21 used as a model by Vessels 2005.
Life events
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality type
EasygoingNon-Depressed
Optimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personality habits
NonsmokingRegular ExerciseGood Nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor Nutrition
Close, Enduring Lacking
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels
Tendency toward
Level of social support