Crater Studies Crater Measurements ADA382891

8/12/2019 Crater Studies Crater Measurements ADA382891

1/92

iPNE-1107PART FTO pro

II>"Ploxjoebare 0


2/92

PrintedinUSA. Availablefrom heClearinghouseforFederalScientificandTechnicalInformation,NationalBureau fStandards,U.S.Department fCommerce,Springfield,Virginia22151Price: PrintedCopy$3.00;Microfiche$0.65.


3/92


4/92

CD CD CD

C D Xa > O C O H0)+> cd C n Uo COIC D SM PH

OC D HaC O rH + -> ao u


5/92

ABSTRACT

ProjectPre-GondolaI,aserieso ffour20-tonhighexplosivecrateringdeto-nations,asconductedbytheU.S.ArmyEngineerNuclearCrateringGroupduringOctoberandNovember1966 norderodetermine hecrateringcharacteristicso fthePre-Gondolaprojectsite ocatedabout18milessouth fthetown fGlasgow,ValleyCounty,Montana. Theessentiallyflatsitemediumconsistedo funcemented,ighlycompacted,moderatelyjointedshaleo ftheLateCretaceousage, Bearpawshaleformation. Thecratersproducedwerebothdeeperandwider han hosepreviouslyobservedineitheralluviumorbasalt,buthadflatterslopes. Forsingle-chargecratersnBearpawshaletheoptimumdepthofburstforbothapparentcraterdepthandradius sabout130ft/kt Pertinentdatafor hefoureventsaresummarizedbelow.Event EquivalentYield Depth fBurst ApparentCraterRadius AppCrate

feeta.rentrDepth

tons feet ft/kt1/3-4 feet ft/kt1/34 ft/kt1?3-4Charlie 21.58 42.49 131.2 80.4 248.0 32.6 100.7Bravo 21.30 46.25 143.4 78.5 243.4 29.5 91.5Alfa 22.39 52.71 161.1 76.1 232.5 32.1 98.1Delta 22.26 56.87 174.0 65.1 199.3 25.2 77.1


6/92

PREFACE

Thisreport, PartIo fPNE-1107,is hefinalreporto fthecratermeasurementandejectastudyprogramsfor hePre-GondolaIcrateringcalibrationseries. PartII covers hesurfacemotionprogram. PNE-1107updatespreliminaryresultsreportedearlier,andalsocontainscrateringdataobtainedfromthe1000-poundSeismicSiteCalibrationSeries.

TheeffortsofMajorRichardH.BenferandSpecialistsFrederickH.FosterandMichaelA .ovakin hepreparation fthisreportaregratefullyacknowledged.


7/92

CONTENTSPageNo.

ABSTRACTPREFACECHAPTER. INTRODUCTION1.1escriptionandPurpose1.2copeo fReport 01.3rogramObjectives 01.3.1urposeso fCraterStudiesTechnicalProgram01.3.2raterMeasurements 21.3.3jectaStudies21.4ackground 2CHAPTER PRESHOTSITEDESCRIPTION 3

2.1opography 32.2eology8 2.3hargeandEmplacement 8 2.3.1eneral 8 2.3.2avityConstruction 8 2.3.3oosterChargeandDown-HoleHardwareEmplacement92.3.4ccessHoleStemming02.3.5itromethaneEmplacement0CHAPTER 3EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURES 53.1raterNomenclature53.2resentation fPostshotCraterTopography53.3artography53.4raterMeasurementProcedures 5

3.4.1verage,Maximum,andMinimumApparentCraterRadii 53.4.2pparentCraterDepth73.4.3verage,Maximum,andMinimumApparentLipRadii 73.4.4verage,Maximum,andMinimumApparentLipHeight 73.4.5verageRadiuso fOuterBoundaryo fContinuousEjecta 73.4.6pparentCraterVolume 73.4.7pparentLipVolume 73.4.8aximumRangeo fMissiles73.5mplacementandCharacteristicsofEjectaPellets 8 3.6ostshotCollectionandReductiono fEjectaStudyData.8 CHAPTER SCALINGANDPREDICTIONSOFCRATERPARAMETERS .14.1calingo fCraterDimensions 14.2redictedCraterParameters 24.2.1abulatedCraterDimensionPredictions24.2.2redictionProcedure 2


8/92

CONTENTSContinued)

CHAPTER RESULTS5.1eneral5.2harlieEvent5.3ravoEvent5.4lfaEvent5.5eltaEvent

CHAPTER ANALYSISANDINTERPRETATION6.1pparentCraterDimensions6.2omparisonofCrateringCharacteristicsofDifferentMedia6.3pparentCraterGeometry6.4raterLip6.5aximumRangeofMissilesCHAPTER CONCLUSIONSREFERENCESAPPENDIXAAPPENDIXB EJECTASTUDYDATA

RESULTSOFSEISMICSITECALIBRATIONSTUDIESPROGRAMCRATERAPPENDIXC-PRE-GONDOLAITECHNICALREPORTSTABLES4.14.25.16.1

6.26.37.1BlB2B3B4B5

ChargeYieldsandScalingFactorsPredictedCraterDimensionsforPre-GondolaIPre-GondolaICraterResultsComparisonofMeasuredandPredictedCraterParametersSummaryofCraterSizeandShapeApparentLipDataSummaryofPre-GondolaICraterDimensionsTabulatedPreshotandPostshotEjectaStudyData,CharlieEventTabulatedPreshotandPostshotEjectaStudyData,BravoEvent A Array. . . .TabulatedPreshotandPostshotEjectaStudyData,BravoEvent B ArrayTabulatedPreshotandPostshotEjectaStudyData,AlfaEventTabulatedPreshotandPostshotEjectaStudyData,DeltaEvent

FIGURESFrontispiece Pre-GondolaCraters(November4, 1966)1.1 IndexmapofFt.PeckReservoirareashowing ocationofPre-GondolaprojectsiteAlfa, Bravo,andDeltasites

Preshot opography, CharliesitePreshot opography, BravositePreshot opography,lfasitePreshot opography,DeltasiteTopographicmaphowing ocationofgeologicprofile2.12.22.32.42.52.6

PageNo.33333541464657575862 63 64 66 67 697587 31 32335861 63 66 8182838485

11 13 14 15 16 17 19


9/92


10/92

CONTENTS(Continued)PageNo.

FIGURESContinued)6.8omparisonofCharlieaverageratercrossectionwithhyperbola6.9aximummissile yingonwhiteplasticpanelmarker6.10aximumrangeofmissilesforBearpawshaleAlhotSC-1rateroutlinesA2hotSC-1raterprofilesA3hotSC-2rateroutlinesA4hotSC-2raterprofilesA5hotSC-3rateroutlinesA6hotSC-3raterprofilesA7hotSC-4crateroutlinesA8hotSC-4craterprofilesBlre-GondolaICharlieEventB2re-GondolaIBravoEvent A ArrayB3re-GondolaIBravoEvent B ArrayB4re-GondolaIAlfaEventB5re-GondolaIDeltaEvent

6 36 46 57 17 1727 2 7 37 37 4747 67 77 8798 0


11/92

CHAPTERINTRODUCTION

1.1 DESCRIPTIONANDPURPOSEProjectPre-GondolaIwasaseries fchemicalexplosivesingle-charge

crateringexperiments nweak,etclay-shaleconductedbytheU.S.ArmyEngineerNuclearCrateringGroup NCG)asapartofthejointAtomicEnergyCommission-Corpso fEngineersnuclearexcavationresearchprogram. ThepurposeofPre-GondolaIwasocalibrate heprojectsitewithrespectoitscrateringcharacteristicsandoprovide basisfordesignoftheproposed140-tonPre-GondolaIIand hePre-GondolaIIIrow-chargecrateringdetonations nthesamemedium.ThePre-GondolaIdetonationswereexecutedinValleyCounty,near heedgeoftheFortPeckReservoirapproximately18milessouthofGlasgow,Montana, on hefollowingschedule:Event Date Time MST)Bravo 25October1966 1000:00.760Charlie 28October1966 1200:00.654Alfa 1November1966 1000:00.275Delta 4November1966 1000:00.032

LongitudeW10638'24.894W 10638'29.974W10638'15.325W10638'38.134

LatitudeN 755-46.154N4755'53.294N4755'46.570N4755'48.077

Thefour20-ton(nominal)sphericalchargesofliquidexplosivenitromethane(CH3N02)resultednthefollowingcraters:Event Tons DepthofBurst ApparentCraterRadius

feet metersAppaCrater

feetrentDepth

feet meters metersCharlie 19.62 42.49 12.95 80.4 24.50 32.6 9.94Bravo 19.36 46.25 14.10 78.5 23.93 29.5 8.99Alfa 20.35 52.71 16.07 76.1 23.19 32.1 9.78Delta 20.24 56.87 17.34 65.1 19.84 25.2 7.68

Toassistnseismicsitecalibrationandtoprovidepreliminary nformationforthedesigno fthePre-GondolaIexperiment,NCGhadearlierconducted hefollowingPre-GondolaSeismicSiteCalibrationSeriesatthePre-GondolaIsite:


12/92

Event Pate Time MST) Longitude LatitudeSC-1 20June 1966 0845 W10638'30.573 N4755'48.383SC-4 21June 1966 0811 W10638'35.059 N4755'53.380SC-2 22June 1966 0805 W10638'20.792 N4755'48.181SC-3 23June 1966 0837 W10638'29.495 N4755'44.579

The four1000-pound ] phericalcharges ofnitromethaneresultedn hefollowingcraters:Event Tons Deptho fBurst ApparentCraterRadius

feet metersApparentCraterDepth

feet meters feet metersSC-4 0.5 12.2 3.72 24.5 7.48 13.0 3.96SC-2 0.5 15.8 4.81 27.3 8.32 12.5 3.81SC-1 0.5 19.1 5.82 7.1* 2.16 2.8* 0.85SC-3 0.5 23.3 7.10 14.6* 4.45 3.4* 1.04

Figure1.1,anindexmapo ftheFortPeckReservoirarea, shows he ocationo fthePre-Gondolaprojectsite.1.2COPEOFREPORT

Thisreport, PartIo fPNE-1107,is hefinalreportofthecratermeasurementandejectastudyprogramsforthePre-GondolaIcrateringcalibrationseries. PartIIcovers hesurfacemotionprogram. PNE-1107updatespreliminaryresultsreportedinReference1,andalsocontainscrateringdataobtainedfromthe1,000-poundSeismicSiteCalibrationSeries.1.3ROGRAMOBJECTIVES

1.3.1 Purposeso fCraterStudiesTechnicalProgram. Therefollowsa ist fthepurposeso fthecraterstudies:

1.oextendsingle-chargeexplosivecrateringexperience oaweak,wet,clay-shalemedium.

2.ocalibrate hePre-Gondolaprojectsitewithrespectoitscrateringcharacteristicsandoprovidedesign nputoPre-GondolaIIandII Irow-chargecrater-ingdetonationsat hissite.

3.oprovideexperimentaldataforusen heoreticalstudiesofcraterformationandfor hedesign ffuturesingle-androw-chargecrateringdetonations nwetmedia.Anomalousandveryasymmetrical;mayhaveroduced moundon evelterrain.

10


13/92

^

>

YouthCamp PinesRecreationCamp

. > ^(7Airport ^^avedRoad ifLandingStrip GradedRoad ScalenMiles0N

Figure1.1 Indexmapo fFt.PeckReservoirareashowinglocation fPre-Gondolaprojectsite.

11


14/92


15/92

CHAPTER2PRESHOTSITEDESCRIPTION

2 1TOPOGRAPHYThe opographyoftheexperimentalareaconsistedofaslightlyundulatingsurface

adjacent o heFortPeckReservoirononesideandgentlyrollinghillson heother.Themaximumslopeof hegroundsurfaceat heiteofanyofthedetonationswasonlyabout 1:20 (Delta). Figure2.1hows hegeneralnatureofthepreshotgroundsurface. Figures2.2 hrough2.5, show hepreshot opographyof hegroundsurfaceforeachevent.

i'.'SS

Figure2.1 Alfa,Bravo,andDeltasites.

13


16/92

X **

Scale ineet10000 Contour interval 2tFigure2.2 Preshot opography, Charliesite.

14


17/92


18/92

Scale ineet000 t 200 Contournterval 2tFigure2.4 Preshot opography,Alfasite.

16


19/92

Scale ineet10000 Contournterval 2tFigure2.5 Preshot opography,Deltasite.

17


20/92

2.2EOLOGYThegroundsurfaceateacho fthesiteswasunderlainby heLateCretaceousage,

Bearpawshaleformation. At heBravosite heshalewascoveredbyamantle f5o feetofglacialtillandalluvium,andat heDeltasite heshalewascoveredbyaninsignificantamountofoverburden. TheBearpawformationhasbeendescribedasadarkgray,uncementedbuthighlycompacted,moderatelyjointedshale(Reference2) .Weatheringeffectswereobservedodepthso fabout5feetat heAlfaandBravosites,whileat heCharlieandDeltasites heeffectsofweatheringextended odepthso fabout14feet.

Below heweatheredzone,theBearpawshalewasessentiallyhomogeneous,exceptfor hinbutpersistentbentonite ayersandoccasionaldisk-shapedcalcareousconcretionswhichrangedup oabout footindiameter. Thestratigraphicsectionrevealedbyboreholesat hefoursitesmaybedivided ntowodistinctparts. Theuppermember s,for hemostpart,devoido fbentonite ayersexceptfor pairofbentonite ayerswhose hicknessesrangeup o nchesandwhichalwaysoccurabout30feetabove hebaseo fthemember. Underlyingthisuppermember,thestratigraphicsectioncontainsnumerous hinbentonite ayers. The opofthemember sdistinctivelymarkedbya6-inchbentonite ayer. Figure2.6 satopographicmapwhichshows helocationo fageologiccrosssectiondrawn hroughtheSGZboreholes,andFigure2.7shows hegeologiccrosssection(Reference1) .

Ashearplanecut heAlfaSGZboringatadepth fabout58feet. About60feeto fthestratigraphicsectionwasabsentfromtheboreholecorebecauseo ffaulting(Figure2.7). Severaljointsetswithinconsistentorientationsoccurredatspacingsof1/2 o feet, andnumeroushairlinecrackswerevisiblebetween hemajor oints.Theaveragemoisturecontent fthecoresampleswhichwereanalyzedwas20percentbyweight,while heaveragepercentageo fsaturationwas98percent(Reference1) .2.3HARGEANDEMPLACEMENT

2.3.1eneral. EachchemicalexplosivechargeforPre-GondolaIconsistedo fapproximately40,000pounds 20 ons)ofliquidexplosivenitromethane, contained naminedsphericalcavityapproximately10feetindiameterandcenter-detonatedwithaboostercharge. Figure2.8shows hechargedesign.

2.3.2avityConstruction. Toconstruct hecavity,anaccesshole38-inches ndiameterwasfirstdrilled feet, 6 nchesdeeper han hedesireddeptho fburst DOB).Near hebottomo ftheaccesshole, asphericalcavity,roughly11feetndiameter,was henexcavatedusingstandardminingmethodswithpneumaticandhandtools.Blastingwasnotpermitted. Duringconstructionasump, 3feetdeep,wasmaintainedat hebottomoftheaccesshole ocollectandocontrolthegroundwaterandfacilitatemuckingoperations. Rockanchorsandongshalepinswere nstalledradiallyon

18


21/92

ScaleneetContourntervalftFigure2.6 Topographicmapshowinglocation fgeologicprofile.

concentricringpatterntoinsurepersonnelsafety,cavityintegrity,andsupportoftheshotcretewirefabricreinforcing. Thecavitywasbroughtntosphericaltolerance,10feet3-1/4 nches1-1/4 nches ndiameter,ithpneumaticallyappliedmortar(shotcrete)andmade iquid ightwithanelastomersealcoatreinformedwithglassfabric. Aftercompletionthecavitieswerefilledwithwaterodeterminewhetheranyleakswerepresent. Thewaterwasremovedshortlybeforethe oadingofthenitro-methanebyloweringasubmersiblepumpdown heventline.

2.3.3 BoosterChargeandDown-HoleHardwareEmplacement. Uponcompletionoftheliquid-tighttest,thedown-hole oadingassemblyconsisting fmountingring,aluminumfill,andvent ineswas nstalled. Themountingringwassuspendedfromsteelchannelssetntheaccessholekeywaybythree3/4-inchcoil-proofchainsandgroutednplace. Theboostercharge,6pounds fcompositionC-4explosivenanaluminumcanisterdetonatedbytwoSE-1high-energydetonators,as owereddownthe

19


22/92


23/92

o < D C M II .0II c S i 0c r_ _ o > - . < u _0) o u

o cpc-0c0

o

o u

T3cc 3c d siUo" > c d fn ff l cd "

a o cd T3


24/92

1/4-in.Manometerube 1-1/2-in.Aluminumilline Boosteroweringpipeanddetonatoreads

DOB

Reinforcedshot-creteinerwith2x2-14/14wirefabric

5t 1-5/8n.radiusPlasticsealant

^ l: ''

Figure2.8 Crosssection fchemicalexplosivecharge.

23


25/92

El.2247.33l.2245.97"TfT?-ft~I 4 8 - i n . C . M . P . T illllSurfaceCasing 11 1IJl, A r.D 7.0t18.0ft

Bot tomofmfg.ing

Oft

a . 1 1 II 3.4t

Bravo Alfa

25.3ft54 -*9

2252.95JfUP ^^

Note:

El.2271.60C f

-16.2t

26.0ft $ -o in-22-#9

Charlie

Keyeinforcingsteelaidn pairs2n.o/caboutccess shaft_.achpairstackedonndotated45frompre-cedingpair.Concretestemmingcoloredasdetailed.

Delta

29.0ft

38.7 ft

72-#9

Figure2.9 Accessholestemmingdesigns.

24


26/92


27/92

Fal lback: : ? . :? t?:wii(6

Da aximumepthfpparentraterelowreshotgroundurfaceeasuredormalohereshotgroundsurface.*Da) Depthfpparentraterelowveragepparentcrateripcrestelevat ion.Do b ormaldepth fburstmeasurednormal opreshotgroundsurface).Dt aximumdepth f ruecrater elowpreshotgroundsurface.Dtl epth f ruecrater ip restbe l owapparentcraterlipcrest.Ejecta ater ialbovendreyondheruerater nd includes:1)oldback;2)recciaballasticra-jectory; (31dustaerosol ransport;tc. Fallback.Materialal l ennside he ruecrater ndncludes: 11)lideblocks;2)reccia ndstratified a l l back

ballastic rajectory;3)ustaerosolransport;(4 ) alus;etc.Ha) Apparentcrateripcrestheightabovepreshotgroundsurface. H| ] ruecrateripcrestheightabovepreshotground ur -face.La c Apparentcraterl ip crest.Ltc Truecraterlip crest.Ra adiusfpparentcratermeasured nhepreshotgroundsurface.Note :heradiusmeasurementspertainonlytosinglecharge cratersnd epresent veragedimensions.fratershapedeviatessubstantially ro mcircular, hedirec-tion fmeasu remen tmust epecified.n verage radiusvalueca n lso edetermined ydividingthe planarea y Tndaking hesquareoot.Ral Radius fapparent ip res t o enter .Rjs Outerradius fdisplaced urface.Reb Radiuso fouterboundaryfcontinuousejecta.R|b Outer adiuso ftrueipboundary.Rt adiusoftruecratermeasuredonthepreshotgroundsurface.Rt Radius f rueip res t o enter .Rzt istancebetween hezeropointndhe ruecratersurfacemeasuredn nypecifiedirect ion.he nmeasurednadirectionbe l owhe zeropointsequiva-lent o ower avityadius.

Sa pparentcrater urface, .g.ock-airrubble-airinterface.SaJ pparent ip urface.SGZ Surfaceground e r o .Sd Displacedround urface.Sn Preshotground urface.St...Truecratersurface,e.g.rock-airorr ockrubbleinter-face.Va olumeo fapparentcraterbe l owpreshotground ur -face.Va[ Volume fapparentcrater elowapparent ip rest.V| Volumeo ftruecrater e l owpreshotground urface.Vt olumeof ruecraterbe l ow ruecrater ip rest.Z ert icalepthfurstequivalentoobhe ncrater s o rm ed n horizontalsurface).ZP ZeroPointeffect ive enter fxplosionenergy.Note:hefol lowingdefinitionsapplytolinearcratersonly.Linearrateref e r sohexcavat iono rm edyover lappingraterffectsesultingro m ow fcharges .Al labove erms pplicable o inglecratersapply lsoto inearcraterswith heexcept iono fheradius e rmswhichare eplaced y hewidth e rmsbelow.W a W idth ofpparentlinearcratermeasurednhepreshotgroundurface.W ai Widthfapparent ipresteasu r edcrossinearcrater.WJS W idth fisplacedurfacemeasuredcrossinearcrater.W eb W idth fouterboundary fcont inuousejectameas-uredcross inearcrater.

. Wdthf ruecrateruteripoundarymeasuredacrosslinearcrater..Width f rue inearcratermeasured n hepreshotgroundsurface.

.Wdth ftrue inearcrateripcrestmeasured crosscrater.Alldistances,unless pecifiedotherwise,aremeasu redparal-le lorperpendicular opreshotground urface.

W,w ,w ,,

Figure3. 1 Craternomenclature.

26


28/92

planimeter,and heaverageapparentcraterradius,R wascalculatedas heradiuso facirclehavingthesamearea. Thecenteroftheapparentcraterwasestimatedvisuallyas helocation fthecenterofacircleofradius,Rinthepositionwhichmostcloselyapproximated heapparentcrateroutlineor he nnerzerocontour ine.Maximumandminimumradiiweremeasuredfromtheapparentcratercenter.

3.4.2pparentCraterDepth. Theapparentcraterdepth,D isdefinedas hedistancebetweenthedeepestpoint nthecraterand hepreshotgroundsurfacemeasuredperpendicular othepreshotgroundsurface. Becauseallo fthePre-GondolaIsiteswereessentially evel,thedepthso ftheapparentcratersweremeasuredas hedif-ferencenelevationbetweenthedeepestpointneachcraterand heelevation fthepreshotgroundsurfaceverticallyabove hatpoint. Theapparentdepthso feachcratermaybereaddirectlyfromthe sopach-typemap.

3.4.3verage, Maximum,andMinimumApparentLipRadii. The raceo f linedrawnalongthecrestoftheapparentlip neither hepostshottopographicmaportheisopach-typemapcorresponds otheoutlineo fthe ipcrestradius. Theaverage ipcrestradius, R, ,and hemaximumandminimumlipcrestradiiweredeterminedinthesamemanneras heaverage, maximum,andminimumapparentcraterradii.

3.4.4verage,Maximum,andMinimumApparentLipHeight. Theaverageapparentlipheight,H,wasdeterminedby 1)plottingfromthe sopach-typemapaprofileofthereliefalongtheapparent ipcrest,(2)usingaplanimeter odetermine heareabetweenthe ipcrestprofileand hezero evelon heprofile,and 3)dividingthemeasuredareabythe engtho fthe ipcrestprofile. Themaximumandminimumapparentlipheightsmaybereaddirectlyfromthe sopach-typemapsas hemaximumandminimumvalueswhichoccuralongtheapparent ipcrests.3.4.5verageRadiusofOuterBoundary fContinuousEjecta. Thearea nsidetheouterzerocontour ine nthe sopach-typemapwasmeasuredwithaplanimeter,andtheaverageradius ftheouterboundaryofcontinuousejecta,B wascalculatedas heradius facirclehavingthesamearea.

3.4.6pparentCraterVolume. Theapparentcratervolume,V wasdeterminedby 1)measuringwithaplanimeter hearea nsideeachnegativecontour ine ntheisopach-typemap, and 2)alculating,byuse fanaverageend-areamethodappliedtohorizontalsections akenat1-foot ntervals(thecontour ntervalofthe argescaleisopach-typemap), the otalvolumeoftheapparentcrater.3.4.7pparentLipVolume. Theapparent ipvolume,V,wasdeterminedinamannersimilar othato ftheapparentcratervolume. Theaverageend-areamethodwasappliedto heareas fthepositivecontour ines nthe sopach-typemap.

3.4.8aximumRangeofMissiles. Themaximumrangeo fmissileswasdeter-minedby 1) ocatingandmarkingthemostdistantmissilesfoundaround heperimeter

27


29/92

o feachcrater,and 2)measuringonaerialphotographs hemostdistantmissilemarked. Themarkersconsisted fwhiteplasticpanels, 1footby feet,fastenedtowoodenstakeswhichhadbeendrivenntotheground.3.5MPLACEMENTANDCHARACTERISTICSOFEJECTAPELLETS

Priortoeach ftheevents,individuallycodedejectapelletswereplacednanarrayo ffiveverticalholeswhichextendedfromapointnear heSGZ o pointslightlybeyondthepredictedapparentcraterradius. At heBravositewoarrays femplace-mentholeswereconstructed. In hisreport,thewoarraysaredistinguishedfromoneanotherbythedesignation A for hearraywhichextended oward heControlPointandthedesignation B for heotherarray. Theonlydifferencentheconstructiono fthetwoarrays s hateacho ftheemplacementholes n he A arrayextendedodeptho f35feet,except heonenearest heSGZwhichextended oadepth fonly20feet.

Theejectapelletsconsistedofcylinders(3inchesindiameterb y12inches inlength)o fcoloredconcretegroutwhichcontained hreequartersofapoundo fcoloredglassfragments. Thecylindershada7-daycompressivestrengthof3,000psi. Aseparatecolorofconcretegroutwasusedforeachemplacementhole nanyonearray. Withineachhole hepositionofeachpelletwascodedbythecoloror hecombinationofcolorso fitsglassfragments. Theelevationo f he ops feachpelletwasrecorded othenearestone-tentho fafootafterwhichconcretegroutwasused ofillthespacebetweentheejectapelletsand hewallsoftheemplacementholes. Figure3.2schematicallyshows hespacingsusedbetweeneachoftheejectaemplacementholesforeachevent,lists hecoloro ftheconcretegroutused omake heejectapellets,and ists hecolorschemeutilizedtocode ndividuallyeach ftheejectapellets.3.6OSTSHOTCOLLECTIONANDREDUCTIONOFEJECTASTUDYDATA

Aftereachdetonationthelocation,pproximatesize,and ndividualcode feachpelletwhichcouldbefoundwasdeterminedandrecorded(Figure3.3). Thedistanceandbearingfromexistingreferencepointso hepostshotpositiono feachpelletwasprovidedbyafieldsurveyteam. Thesefielddatawereconvertedbyacomputertotheactualpostshot ocationsanddistancesrelative o heSGZoftheparticularevent.Thereduceddataare abulatednAppendixB.

28


30/92

7-1/2SGZ -1/2

20

Blackgrout

1 5

Go

30

1 5 15

27 2010

GreengroutBrowngrout

- RedgroutdAlfaravo Charlie

SGZ

20

Blackgrout

Goldgrout

1 4

30

14

27

14

2010

GreengroutBrowngrout

Note:Redgroutlloles4-1/2n.diameterMeasurementsnfeetDelta

STANDARDCOLORCODE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Red Green Blue Black White Yellow Brown 8 9 10 1 1 12 1 3 14Pink Clear R ed R ed Red Red Red Green Blue Black White Yellow15 1 6 1 7 18 19 20 21 Red Red R ed Green Green Green GreenBrown Pink Clear Blue Black White Yellow22 23 24 25 26 27 28Green Green Green Blue Blue Blue Blue Brown Pink Clear Black White Yellow Brown

29 30 31 32 33 34 3 5 Blue Blue Black Black Black Black BlackPink Clear White Yellow Brown Pink ClearNote: Pelletemplacementfromoptobottomalwaysnincreasingnumericalorder

Figure3.2 Ejectapelletemplacement.29


31/92

HHBGErapasaoHB

200 01_ 200 400 600 800

Scaleft)arrayo a a a s Q Surfaceotionargets Ejectaelletrray

Figure3.3 Locationo fejectapelletarraysandsurfacemotiontargets.

30


32/92

CHAPTERSCALINGANDPREDICTIONSOFCRATERPARAMETERS

4.1 SCALINGOFCRATERDIMENSIONSBecauseo ftheneedforaconsistentbasisforcomparisonofcraterdimensions

producedbydifferentchargeweightsanddifferentchargecompositions,bothamongstshotswithinaspecificmediumandbetweenshots fdifferentmedia, eachofthecraterdimensionswasscaled oacommonyieldof ktassumingW caling.

Thebasis fthescalingcalculationsassumes heenergyequivalentyieldo f kt(2,000,000pounds) obe hesameas hereleaseo f10 kcalofenergy. Thus,anenergyequivalentyieldof gramis:

em 0 kcalofenergy= gm (2,000,000 b )(453.5924gm/lb) AKcaiTheexperimentalheat fdetonation fnitromethane s1.227 kcalpergram(Reference3) . Therefore,theactualweightsofnitromethanewereconvertedoenergyequivalentyieldsbymultiplyingtheacualweightofnitromethanebytheratio:

1.227kcal1.1023kcal 1.113* 1 on 0.0011kt )where heratiovalueof1.113wasroundedtoaworkingvalueo f1.1.

Table4.1gives heactualweights, energyequivalentyields, andscalingfactorsforeach fthePre-GondolaIEvents.TABLE4.1 CHARGEYIELDSANDSCALINGFACTORS

Charge Energy ScalingFactorEventeightquivalentYieldkt1/3-4)tont

Charlie9.62.021582 .3238Bravo9.36.021296 .3225Alfa0.35.022385 .3273Delta0.24.022264 .326731


33/92

4 .2 PREDICTEDCRATERPARAMETERS4.2.1 TabulatedCraterDimensionPredictions. Thepredictedcratermeasure-

mentsandthemaximummissilerangeofthefourPre-GondolaIEventsaregiveninTable4.2.TABLE4.2 PREDICTEDCRATERDIMENSIONSFORPRE-GONDOLAIEvent

Deptho fBurstApparentCraterRadius

ApparentCraterDepthMaxiRao fMi1kt

mumngessiles1kt 20tonsNM 1kt 20tonsNM 1kt 20 onsNM 20 onsNM

Charlie 130 42.4 240 78.3 115 37.5 4200 1370 Bravo 142 46.3 240 78.3 113 36.8 3550 1160 Alfa 160 52.2 237 77.3 105 34.2 2750 900Delta 174 56.7 227 74.0 93 30.3 2250 730Notes: 1. Scalingfactor 20X 1.11000 11/3.4 = 3261

2.M nitromethane3.lldimensionsnfeet4.2.2 PredictionProcedure. Thecraterdimensionpredictionswerebased n

datafromthefour1000-poundSeismicSiteCalibrationshots,scalingexperience nhardrockandalluvium,and imitedsmall-chargecrateringdatanotherclay-shaleformations(Reference ). Themaximummissilerangepredictionswerebased n previousexperiencenhardrockandalluvialmediaand heobservedrangeso fthe1000-poundshots.

32


34/92

CHAPTERRESULTS

5.1 GENERALTheactualandscaledapparentcraterdimensionsandtheresultsoftheejecta

studymeasurementsaretabulatedinTable5.1usingnomenclatureandnotationspre-sentedinChapter3. Table5.1 PRE-GONDOLAICRATERRESULTS

UnitsEvent

Dimension3 Charlie Bravo Alfa DeltaChargeWeightW (tons) 19.62 19.36 20.35 20.24EnergyEquivalent

(kt1/3-4)calingFactor 0.3238 0.3225 0.3273 0.3267DepthofBurst, DO B (ft) 42.49 46.25 52.71 56.87

Scaleddo b t/kt1/34) 131.2 143.4 161.1 174.0AverageRadius,R (ft) 80.4 78.5 76.1 65.1

Scaledra (ft/kt1/3-4) 248.0 243.4 232.5 199.3MaximumRadius (ft) 84.0 80.9 80.8 70.5MinimumRadius (ft) 74.3 75.0 60.0 52.0

Depth,D (ft) 32.6 29.5 32.1 25.2Scaledda (tt/kt1/3-4) 100.7 91.5 98.1 77.1

AverageLipCrestRadius,R (ft) 101.8 102.1 100.4 94.5Scaledr

al (tt/kt1/3-4) 314.4 316.6 306.8 287.4

MaximumRadius (ft) 106.9 107.9 107.6 99.7MinimumRadius (ft) 95.9 96.9 92.4 89.0

AverageLipHeight, H (ft)(/kt1/3-4) 14.5 13.7 13.9 13.0Scaledhal 44.8 42.5 42.5 39.8MaximumHeight (ft) 17.2 16.1 18.4 20.0

MinimumHeight (ft) 12.4 10.8 9.9 6.2AverageRadius fLip

Boundary, R


35/92

Thedepth,volume, andaverageradius f hefourapparentcraterscomparedtotheirDOBshow hat, exceptfor hedepth f heBravocrater, theprogressivelyshallowerDOBproducedcraterswithprogressivelygreaterdimensions. It s nterestingtonotethatwhile hedifferenceoftheaverage ipradiusofthe argestcrater(Charlie)and hesmallestcrater(Delta) sonly6.3feet, thedifferencebetween heaverageapparentcraterradiio fthesamewocraters s5. 3feet. Thesmalldifference ntheaveragelipradiicauses hecraters oappeartobeabout hesamesize(seeFigure5.1). How-ever, theactualapparentcratervolume f he argestcrater smore hantwice hato fthesmallestcrater.

Delta'

Charlie

Bravot

mhi..Alfa|

Ja m 0 200 400Scale ineet

Figure5.1 Verticalaerialphotographo fPre-GondolaIcraters34


36/92

IncludednAppendixBofthisreportareschematicdrawings feacho ftheejectapelletarrays. Thesedrawingsshowncrosssectiontheejectapelletemplacementholes, thenumbero fpellets nstalledineachhole, andadjacenttoeacho ftherecoveredpellets tsmeasureddistancefromSGZ.5.2 CHARLIEEVENT

TheshapeoftheCharliecraterwas hemostsymmetricalofthefourcraters,although tsdeeppointwasdisplacedabout10.5feetnanortheastdirectionfromSGZ andtherelativelyflatbottomofthecraterwasrectangular nshape. Figure5.2, apostshottopographicmapoftheCharliecrater, shows heshapeandsizeoftheapparentcraterandlip. Figure5.3showsorthogonalprofilesdrawnthroughtheapparentcraterandlip, andFigure5.4 sacontourmapofthe ntervalbetweenthepreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces, inwhichrespectit satypeo f sopachmap. The nnerzerocontourlineo fthismapcorresponds otheoutlineoftheapparentcraterandtheouterzerocontourlinecorresponds otheutlineo ftheouterboundaryofcontinuousejecta. Thistypeo fmap sespeciallyusefulforshowingtheactualshapeandheighto ftheapparentlip.

Theblock-size ftheejectaproducedbytheCharliecraterwasgenerallylessthan1.5feetndiameter, exceptwithinthecraterandalongthe ipcrestwheremanyblocks2.0feetormore ndiameterwerefound. Ingeneral, theblocksizewascom-parabletothatproducedby heAlfaandDeltadetonations,butwasconsiderablylessthanthatproducedby heBravoEvent. Alargeamountofrelativelysmallfragments(


37/92

>-LLA1+J LML_.jliFigure5.2 Postshottopography, Charliecrater.

36


38/92

>

40 200

r S 15 W N5E Elev.2252.96-\ I 2040 Levelof T Ft.PeckReservoir

-OChargecavityT I -

4020 020 40

200 1 50 100 500 100 Horizontaldistanceft40rS7520 0 20 40

1 50 200 N75W

LevelofFt.PeckReservoirElev.2252.96

OChargecavityT

4020 020 40

< u > 200 1 50 DO Ba42.49ft 80.4t 32.6ft

1 00 500 100 1 50 200 Horizontaldistanceft

D reshotsurfacePostshotsurfaceFigure5. 3 Charliecraterprofiles.

FortPeckReservoir Shore

2ftcontoursSupplementary1-ftcontours

Charliecrater

Figure5.4 Contourmapo f ntervalbetweenpreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces,Charliecrater.37


39/92


40/92

*

Figure5.7 WesternpartofCharlieapparent ip(wooden athsmarkpositiono fejectapellets).

Figure5.8 CrackininsideupperslopeofSouth-Southeastparto fCharlieapparentlip.

39


41/92

recoverypercentagewas20.4percent. Figure5.9shows he ocationsofthepostshotpositionsoftheejectapelletsfoundafter heCharlieEvent. Theejectapelletnumberscorrelate hepelletswithtabulatedpreshotandpostshotejectadata ncludednAppendixBofthisreport.

Lipcrest 0 2814C 23* ol8 o27

24 23CContinuousejectaboundaryl6179Anr6A o 250oo 3B 23B^5C15 25Bo oo A 830ZA21A o24B 13. '11 20A /21Bol4B 22B o29Bl4A

10 o20B o38

0 20 40 60Scaleneet

8 B SA 8C

Figure5.9 Postshot ocations fCharlieejectapellets. Numbersadjacent opelletscorrelatethemwithtabulatedpreshotandpostshotejectadata ncludednAppendixB.40


42/92

5.3 BRAVOEVENTTheshapeoftheBravocraterwasnearlysymmetrical,exceptforamoundor

shouldero nthenorthslopeo fthecrateranda9-footdisplacementofthedeepestpointofthecraterinasoutheastdirectionfromtheSGZ. Thevolumeo ftheBravoapparentcraterwassecondonlytothato ftheCharliecrater. Figure5.10 satopographicmapo ftheBravocrater,Figure5.11showspreshotandpostshotorthogonalprofilesdrawnthroughthecrater,andFigure5.12 s contourmap fthe ntervalbetweenthepreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces. Figure5.13,ahigh-angleobliquephotographoftheBravocrater, shows hemoundn hecrater,theoccurrence flargeimpactcratersaround hecrater,therelativelylargeblock-sizeo fthefragments hatmakeup heapparentlip,and numberoftheT-shapedmarkers hatdesignate hemostdistantmissilesaround heouterperimetero fthecrater. Figure5.14,aphotographoftheeastsideoftheBravoapparent ip,andFigure5.15,aphotographtakeninside hecrater, show hegeneralblock-sizeo ftheejecta hatcomprise he ipandfallbackma-terialwithinthecrater.

Althoughasystematicanalysisoftheejectablock-sizeresultingfromthevariousdetonationshasnotyetbeenmade, anon-sitevisualcomparisono ftheapparent ipso feach fthecraters ndicated hatthemaximumandaverageblock-sizeproducedbytheBravoEventwassignificantlygreater hantheblock-sizeproducedbytheotherevents.Evenmorepparentwas hegreaternumberandsizeo fimpactcratersproducedbytheBravoEvent. Someoftheobservedblockswereas argeas feetndiameterandsomeo fthempactcraterswereasmuchas15feetindiameter. The argemagnitudeo ftheblock-sizeappearsobedirectlyrelatedtothe argemagnitude ftheimpactcratersize.

Otherthanabundanceandsize,thempactcraterso ftheBravositevariedfromthoseattheothersites nthatmanyo fthe argestonesoccurredatrelativelygreatdistancesfromtheBravoSGZ; .e.,wellbeyondthe imit fcontinuousejectamaterial.Inaddition,themissiles hatproduced hedistantmpactcratersconsistedo fbothweatheredandunweatheredshalefragments,althoughavisualinspection ndicatedthatthemostdistant argecraterswerepredominantlyproducedbymissiles fweatheredshalewhichunlikemissileso funweatheredshale endedo ose heir dentityuponimpact.

EventhoughtheDOBo ftheBravoEventwas ntermediatebetweentheshallowestDOB(CharlieEvent)and hewogreatestDOB(AlfaandDeltaEvents),hemaximummissilerangeo ftheBravoeventwassignificantlygreater han hatrecordedfor heCharlieEventandwaswice hatoftheDeltaEvent.hemostdistantmissiles ocatedaroundthecraterconsisted fone-halftoone-poundfragmentso fshalewhichineverycaseappearedtobehighlyweatheredandcanbeassumedtohavecomefromrelativelynear hesurfaceoftheground.

41


43/92


44/92

T40 820 I 0 AJ 52084060> 200

S0W N0E

LevelofFt.PeckReservoir150 100 500 100 Horizontali s tance ft2 0)= 520S 40

t60> 200

S0E N0W

LevelofFt.PeckReservoir OChargecavityi

4020 020 4060 150

DOB100 500 100 -orizontaldistance-ft 150 200 a46.25ft 78.5ft 29.5ft

Preshotsurface PostshotsurfaceFigure5.11 Bravocraterprofiles.

Supplementary1-ftcontours - Figure5.12 Contourmapofintervalbetweenpreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces,Bravocrater.

43


45/92

u 0) -M fli u u o >u O Xanu o + -> o Xad la* HiIXo ni 4rH

H

44


46/92

Figure5.14 Easternpart fBravoapparent ip.

i.-**a**

Figure5.15 Bravocrater(from,nearbottom).

45


47/92

Twoarrays fejectapelletswereemployedat heBravosite. Elevenpercento f156pelletswererecoveredfromthe A array,and17percent f107pelletswererecoveredfromthe B array. Botho ftheserecoverypercentagesarebelow heaveragepercentage f20.4percent. Figures5.16and5.17areplanviewswhichshowthe ocations fthepostshotpositionso ftherecoveredejectapelletsfromthe A andB"arrays, respectively.lDll5.4LFAEVENT

Theshape ftheAlfacraterwasapproximatelysymmetrical, exceptfor heoccurrenceo fasmallmoundorshoulder n henortheastslope fthecraterand heoccurrenceo fa5.5-footdisplacemento fthedeepestpointo fthecrater n south-southwestdirectionfromSGZ. Figure5.18is opographicmapo ftheAlfacrater,andFigure5.19showsorthogonalprofilesofthepreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces.Figure5.20 sacontourmapo fthe ntervalbetweenthepreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces.

Figure5.21 s high-angleobliquephotographo f heAlfacrater. Themoundwithin hecrater s n henearcraterslope. TheimpactcratersntheforegroundwereproducedbyejectafromtheAlfacraterbut hosenthebackgroundwere,forthemostpart,formedbyejectafromtheBravocrater. Ejectaraysarequiteevident ntheapparentcrater ip. TheV-shapedmarkersaround heperimeterofthecratermarkthemaximummissile ocatedn hatarea. Figure5.22 s photographofthewesternsideoftheAlfaapparentcrater ip. It sevident nFigure5.21and5.22 hatalthoughoccasionalblocks o feetndiameteroccurwithin hecraterandalongthe nnerorhigherregionso fthe ip,thepredominantblock-size s ess han footndiameter.

Only15percent f107ejectapellets nstalledat heAlfasitewererecovered.Figure5.23shows he ocationsof hepostshotpositions ftherecoveredpellets.5.5ELTAEVENT

Thevolumeo ftheDeltaapparentcraterwas he easto fthefourcratersand tsshapewassomewhatelongated. Figure5.24 sa opographicmapo ftheDeltaapparentcrater, andFigure5.25showswoorthogonaltopographicprofiles fthepreshotandpostshotgroundsurfacedrawn hroughtheSGZ. Figure5.26,acontourmapo ftheintervalbetweenthepreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces, shows heelongatedshapeo fthecraterand hedistributionoftheejectedmaterial.

Theblock-size ftheDeltacraterejectawasnotverydifferentfromthatproducedby heAlfaandCharlieEvents, althoughtheaverageblock-sizewasprobablysomewhatgreater. Asseenintheaerialphotograph ftheDeltacrater(Figure5.27),impactcratersarepracticallynonexistent. Figure5.28,aphotographo fthewesternsegmentoftheDeltaapparent ip, shows heblock-sizeo fthe ipmaterial. Figure5.29 s planview fthe ocationso fthepostshotpositions ftherecoveredejectapellets.Thirty-onepercent, hehighesto fthefiveejectaarrays, f106ejectapellets nstalledwererecovered.

46


48/92

\

Lipcrest

Continuousejectaboundary

1 9 B 19A*18 13' 225B^17A15A2 1

14Ao o 9 B Scalenfeet9AA4B 12 10A 7 B olOBo oi7A6A 13A

6 B o Figure5.16 Postshot ocationso fBravoA arrayejectapellets. Numbersadjacentopelletscorrelate hemwithtabulatedpreshotandpostshotejectadataincludedinAppendixB.47


49/92

1A

1 7

,1 0

> 2 B 1 4A

08 *14B

2A&6ID

,11

.ISA0 20 40 60 Scaleneet

.1 6 1 5 B Figure5.17ostshot ocations fBravo B arrayejectapellets.umbersadjacentopelletscorrelate hemwithtabulatedpreshotandpostshotejectadata ncluded nAppendixB.

48


50/92

FORT PECK RESERVOIR

CONTOUR1NTEHV6LTOOT

Figure5.18 Postshotopography,Alfacrater.

49


51/92

S42W N42E

100 50 0 50 1 00 Horizontaldistance-ft

1 50 200

Elev.2271.73020 4060

LevelofFt.PeckReservoir OChargecavity

N48 020 020 4060

> 1 00 50 0 50 1 00 1 50 200HorizontaldistanceftDreshotsurface - Postshotsurface200 1 50 DOB R a

52.71t 76.1t 32.1tFigure5.19 Alfacraterprofiles

Scaleneet50 100 150 200 Alfacrater2f tcontoursSupplementary ftcontours

Figure5.20 Contourmap f ntervalbetweenpreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces,Alfacrater.50


52/92

mm , 7 ] ) f [ ,,JLJF sr.-i/i- - -tp

-.JAR..-Vv iraJMwBBwfeTwgsawB

[,, .,,?*, BIT. ^-.jy?-affgSBas


53/92

LipcrestContinuousejectaboundary '16A

Apparentcrateroutline101 4A

16B 14B 2B1 2 1 3 A 16C13B 11A

ollBFigure5.23 Postshot ocations fAlfaejectapellets. NumbersadjacenttopelletscorrelatethemwithtabulatedpreshotandpostshotejectadataincludedinAppendixB.

52


54/92

Figure5.24 Postshottopography,Deltacrater.

53


55/92

020B^2054060

200

S4W N4E

-Elev.2271.73LevelofFt.PeckReservoirOChargecavity

4020 020 4060 150 1 00 50 0 5 0 1 00 Horizontaldistanceft 150 200

I080 I 0 n 20 540o t60-a

S86 N86W Elev.2271.73

LevelofFt.PeckReservoirOChargecavity

4020 020 4060

> 200 1 50 100 5 0 0 50 100 1 50 200 Horizontaldistanceft

Presho tsurface Postshotsurface

DO Ba56.87ft 65.1t 25.2tFigure5.25 Preshotandpostshot opographicprofilesdrawnthroughDeltasurfacegroundzero.

DeltacraterScaleneet50 100 1 50 g-i-. --.'200 2f tcontours- Supplementary1-ftcontoursFigure5.26 Contourmapo fintervalbetweenpreshotandpostshotgroundsurfaces,Deltacrater.

54


56/92

Figure5.27 High-angleobliquephotographofDeltacrater.

8M

Figure5.28 WesternpartofDeltaapparent ip.55


57/92

0 20 40 60Scale nfeet

Lipcresto2 o2 3

8--.11

1 065

3 244 22 0262125 3 2 20 34 3 328/0

17 v ol8

Figure5.29 Postshotlocationso fDeltaejectapellets. Numbersadja-centtopelletscorrelate hemwithtabulatedpreshotandpostshotejectadata ncludednAppendixB.

56


58/92

CHAPTERANALYSISANDINTERPRETATION

6.1 APPARENTCRATERDIMENSIONSThedimensionso fthePre-GondolaIcrateringeventsprovide hefirstreliable

datathatcanbeutilized odrawcrateringcurvesforanytypeo fshalemedium. Becausethephysicalproperties fdifferentshalemediavarysignificantlyitisonlyappropriate,atthepresent ime,touse hecurvesforpredictingdepthsandradiio fcratersmadeinBearpawshale. Later,henmoredataareavailable nthecrateringcharacteristicso fdifferenttypes fshale,generalcrateringcurvesmaybedrawnforpredictingbothcraterdepthandcraterradius.Onlyverylimiteddataonthecrateringcharacteristics fanytype fshale,except1,000-poundSeismicSiteCalibrationSeriesdata,ereavailablepriorothePre-GondolaIseriesofevents. However,it so finteresttonote hat, o ntheaverage,thepredictionsoftheapparentcraterradiianddepthswerewithin4and14percent,respectively,o fthemeasuredvalues. Table6.1givesacomparisono fthemeasured,predicted, andscaledcratermeasurements. Alsoincludedwithin he able s hepercentageoferroro feachprediction.

Figures6.1and6.2arecrateringcurvesfor heredictiono fapparentcraterradiianddepths nBearpawshale. Thecraterdimensionsutilized n hecurveswerescaledto ktbythe3.4throoto ftheequivalentyieldoftheactualchargeweights. Thecurveswerefittedbyeyeusingaprocedure fheavilyweightingthe40,000-poundshotsincomparisonwiththe1,000-poundshots. Because fthe argeamounto fscatter,the1,000-poundshotswereusedonlytodetermine heapproximatedirectiono fthecurvesintheregionofthegreaterDOB. Thedashedportions fthecurvesare nferredfrominformationavailableinReference3. Thecrateringcurves ndicate hat heoptimumDOBfor heapparentcraterradiusanddepth sabout130ft/kt 3

Therapiddecrease ntheapparentcraterdimensionswithincreasingchargedepthsdeeper hantheoptimumdepthisassumedtoresultprincipallyfroman ncreaseinthevolumeo fbrokenrock(bulking)andadecreaseinejectavelocities. The ow valueo fcraterdepthfor heBravoEventmayberelated otheblock-sizeandthebulkingfactorofthefallback. Inaddition,a2-meteroverburdenat hesiteapparentlyaffectedsurfacemotionphenomena(seePartII,PNE-1107).

57


59/92

TABLE6.1 COMPARISONOFMEASUREDANDPREDICTEDCRATERPARAMETERSUnits EventDimension Charlie Bravo Alfa Delta

AverageRadius,Ra (ft) 80.4 78.5 76.1 65.1Scaledra (ft/kt1/3-4) 248.0 243.4 232.5 199.3PredictedRa (ft) 78.3 78.3 77.3 74.0ScaledPredictedRadiusra (ft/kt1/3-4) 240.0 240.0 237.0 227.0Erroro fPredictedValue < % > 2.5 0.5 1.5 12.0

CraterDepth,Da (ft) 32.6 29.5 32.1 25.2Scaledda (ft/kt1/3-4) 100.7 91.5 98.1 77.1PredictedDa (ft) 37.5 36.8 34.2 30.3ScaledPredictedDepthda (ft/kt1/3-4) 115.0 113.0 105.0 93.0ErrorofPredictedValue (% ) 13.0 20.0 6.0 17.0

MaximumMissileRange,Rme 800 905 545 453Scaledrm (ft/kt1/3-4) 2,471 2,806 1 ,665 1,376PredictedRm (ft) 1,370 1,160 900 730ScaledPredictedValuerme (ft/kt1/3-4) 4,200 3,550 2 ,750 2,250Erroro fPredictedValue (% ) 41.5 21.0 39.5 38.0aScaleddimensionsare ndicatedby owercase etters.

6.2 COMPARISONOFCRATERINGCHARACTERISTICSOFDIFFERENTMEDIA Figures6.3 hrough6.6show hecrateringcurvesforbasaltandalluvium,

respectively. Allo fthedatautilizedn hepreparationo fthese figureswerescaledoacommonyield f ktusing1/3.4rootscaling. Anexaminationo fthealluviumcrateringcurves(Figures6.5and6.6)shows hat heDOBnecessarytoobtainmaximumdepthsandradii nalluviumaresignificantlydifferent. However,theDOBnecessarytoobtainmaximumcraterdimensions nBearpawshale(seeFigures6.1and6.2)andbasalt(seeFigures6.3and6.4)arenearly hesame.

Acomparisono ftheradiusversusDOBcrateringcurvesforBearpawshale,basalt,andalluvium,Figures6.1, 6.3, and6.5,respectively,indicates hatfor hecratersproducedby denticalchargesplacedat hemedium'soptimumDOB,theradiuso fthecraterformednBearpawshalewillbe63percentgreaterthan heoneproducedinbasaltand33percentgreater han heoneproducednalluvium. Thedeptho fthecraterproducednBearpawshale,however,willbeonly27percentgreater han heoneproducednbasaltandonly percentgreater han heoneproduced nalluvium.

58


60/92


61/92

200

CO > 1 5 0 4.1onsHE )A0onsHE )v1.8tonsHE )O.5onsHE )O.0on sHE )O.0on sHE )420 tonsnuclear)85 tonsnuclear)

+ 20 tonsHE )

RhyoliteBasa l tBasaltBasa l tBasa l tBasaltBasa l t BasaltLimestone

Highexplosive-

5 000 Depthofburst-ft/kt'Figure6.4 Apparentcraterdepthversusdeptho fburstforhardrock.#NuclearO56lbE 0560lbE A40,000lbE D,000,0001 bE WWWWWWWWWWIA \\SubsidencecratersV\\\\)\ o oo

25000 1/3.4 3505000 Depthofburst-ft/ktFigure6 .5 Apparentcraterradiusversusdeptho fburstforalluvium

60

400 45 0


62/92

250

^ 200 **

150a.a > at-0) 100 o 4-c0)o a.Q.


63/92

6.3 APPARENTCRATERGEOMETRYProfiles feachcrater, drawnalongorthogonal ines hroughtheapparent

crater, areshownnFigures5.3, 5.11, 5.19,and5.25. Anaveragecraterprofileofeacho fthePre-GondolaIapparentcraterswasdeterminedbymeasuringtheaverageradiusofeachcontour inewithin hecratern mannersimilar othatusedfordeter-miningtheaverageapparentcraterradius(seeChapter3) ,andbyplottingeachaverageradiussoobtainedatitsrespectiveelevation. Figure6.7showseach ftheaveragecraterprofileswhichwereadjustedverticallyso hat heirdeepestpointscoincided.* 4 I -Delta830coS205 o:=0

Charlie"70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Horizontali s tance ft

Figure6.7 Comparison faveragecratercrosssections.Anexaminationo ftheorthogonalandaverageprofilesdrawnforeacho fthe

cratersshows hatwhile heaverageslope fthecratersat hepreshotgroundsurface(0) s29degrees, theaverageslopeofthecratersalongmosto fthecraterprofilesapproximately26degrees. Theseslopesaresignificantlyflatter han hoseobservedineitheralluviumorbasalt.

FromFigure6.7 t sreadilyapparent hat herewasverylittledifferencen heaverageshapeo fthefourcratersregardlessofDOB. Theslightvariationo fcratershapedoesnotappearoberelatedoDOB,at eastwithin herangeo fdepthsencountered,because heslopesoftheCharliecrater(shallowestDOB)aresomewhatsteeper hanthose fheBravocrater(nextoshallowestDOB).

Becauseonlyslightvariations ntheaveragecraterprofilesexist, theCharlieaveragecraterprofilewasselectedasrepresentativeand huswasusedforcomparisonwiththeshapeo fahyperbola(Figure6.8). Fromthisfigureit sseen hat heshapeo fthecratersproducednBearpawshalebydetonationsatnearoptimumdepths fburialcanbecloselyapproximatedbyahyperbola.

62


64/92

5 0

40(0 u cD|305 u 20

10

Hyperbola:y2=0.315x2+25 9

Averagerosssection

1000000 Horizontaldistanceromcenter ft 7 0 80 Figure.8 ComparisonofCharlieaveragecratercrosssectionwithhyperbola.

6.4 CRATERLIPTable6.3 abulates hemaximum, minimum, andaverage ipheightand ipcrest

radiusmeasurementsofeachof hePre-Gondola apparent ips. Included n hesametableare heH/R^al/Ral' anc^Rl/R va-luesfeachcraterandtheiraveragevalues. Datafrom heBearpawshale ndicate hat n hismediumH 0.14R,orHal 0.18R Similarly,R&1 .34RTABLE 6 3APPARENT LIP DATA

Charlie Bravo Alfa Delta AverageLipHeight Ha])

Average(ft) 14.5 13.7 13.9 13.0 13.8Maximum(ft) 17.2 16.3 17.8 19.9 17.8Minimum(ft) 12.4 10.8 9.9 6.2 9.8Ha/Ra 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.18Hal/Ral 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14LipCrestRadius (Ral> Average(ft) 101.8 102.1 100.4 94.5 99.7Maximum(ft) 106.9 107.9 107.6 99.7 105.5Minimum(ft) 95.9 96.9 92.4 89.0 93.6Ral/Ra 1.27 1.32 1.30 1.45 1.34

6 3


65/92

6.5 MAXIMUMRANGEOFMISSILESThemostdistantmissilesfromSGZwere ocatedbeyond heRgbofeacho fthe

craters. Ineverycase hesemissilesconsistedofapproximatelyone-halftoone-poundfragments fweatheredshaleorsoil. Thegroundsurfacen heexperimentalareawassufficientlyflat hat hesmallmpactcratermadebythemissilecouldusuallybefoundwithinafe wfeetofthemissile. It smprobable hatanyofthemissilesrolledmore hanabout15feetfromtheirpointo fimpact. Figure6.9 saphotographo fatypicalmissile yingontheapex f tsV-shapedmarker.

Figure6.9 Maximummissile yingonwhiteplasticpanelmarker.Asobservedearlier,thepredictedmaximumrangeo fmissileswasnerrorb y

35percent n heaverage,usingW ' scaling,asopposed oaverageerrors f4and14percentfor hepredictedvalues fcraterradiiandcraterdepths, respectively.Themaximummissilerangepredictionswerebased n curvedrawn hrough heappropriatelyscaledmaximummissilerangeso f hefour1000-pound(0.5-ton)SeismicSiteCalibrationshotswhere heresultingcurveapproximated hemaximummissilecurveforalluviumthathadbeenobtainedbyW ' scaling. Each fthepredictionsmadefromthecurvewassignificantlygreater han heobservedvalues.

Ananalysiso fthemaximummissilerangesfromboththe0.5-and20-toneventsindicates hat herangesforsingle-chargecratersarebestrepresentedbytheequation:

64


66/92

w RmeTJJJ K DOBW1/378 whereK X10

Thisequationwasempiricallyarrivedatbyagraphicaladjustmentof hemaximummissilerangesforboth he0.5-and20-tondetonations oacommonstraight ineona1/3double ogarithmicplot(Figure6.10). Theforegoingimplies hatascalingofWisnotapplicable o hePre-Gondolamedium. TheBravoEventasstatedearlier nthisreportand nPNE-1107PartIIbehavedanomalouslywhencompared o heother20-tonevents. Thus,theauthorbelieves hat herelativelylargemaximummissilerangeof heBravoEventshouldbetreatedasanomalousdataand hat hebestinfor-mationavailableindicates hat hemaximummissilerangesforsingle-chargeraters

I /o oinBearpawshalecanbestbescaledbyW ' . oo CO

(0co1 eE x o

6UUU _llII II 5000- A.5tons 4000 o0tons -3000 - \ -

- Yo -2000 - Y -1500

innn i l ii \50 6000 100 1 50 2005000

Depthofburstft/kt1//38)Figure6.10 MaximumrangeofmissilesforBearpawshale.

6 5


67/92

CHAPTERCONCLUSIONS

As resulto fthePre-GondolaIcrateringcalibrationseries,thecrateringcharacteristicso ftheBearpawshalehavebeencalibrated. Apparentcraterradiianddepths nBearpawshaleatoptimumanddeeperDOBcanbepredictedwitharelativelygooddegreeofaccuracy. TheoptimumDOBforbothapparentcraterdepthandapparentcraterradius sabout130ft/kt ThemaximummissilerangeforvaryingyieldsandDOBcanalsobepredictedrelativelyaccuratelyfromtheBearpawshalemaximummissilecurve. Thesedataareavailableforusen hedesigno ffutureexperi-mentsn hePre-Gondolamediumandforevaluatingdatacollectedfromdetonations nothermedia.

Thepertinentdatafor hePre-GondolaIcraterdimensionsaresummarizedinTable7.1.TABLE7.1 SUMMARYOFPRE-GONDOLA CRATERDIMENSIONSEvent

EnergyEquivalentYield Depth fBurst ApparentCraterRadius ApparentCraterDepthtons feet ft/kt1/3-4 feet ft/kt1/3-4 feet ft/kt1/3-4

Charlie 21.58 42.49 131.2 80.4 248.0 32.6 100.7 Bravo 21.30 46.25 143.4 78.5 243.4 29.5 91.5Alfa 22.39 52.71 161.1 76.1 232.5 32.1 98.1Delta 22.26 56.87 174.0 65.1 199.3 25.2 77.1

Thecratersproducedwerebothsignificantlydeeperandespeciallywider hancratersproducednalluviumandbasalt,ndhadflatteraveragecraterslopes.

66


68/92

REFERENCES1..K.Kurtz; AReportoftheScopeandPreliminaryResultsofProjectPre-GondolaI ;NCG/TM66-20,December1966; U.S.ArmyEngineerNuclearCrateringGroup,Livermore,California.2...udleyandH..ack; Site-SelectionInvestigations,rojectPre-

Gondola ;PNE-1101,ebruary1967,.S.ArmyEngineerNuclearCrateringGroup,Livermore,California.

3..L.Ornellas; TheHeatandProductsofDetonationofCyclotetramethyleneTetranitramine HMX), 2,4 ,6-Trinitrotoluene(TNT,Nitromethane NM),andBis(2,2-Dinitro-2-Fluoro-Ethyl)-Formal(FEFO) ;UCRL-70444(Preprint May1967)LawrenceRadiationLaboratory, Livermore,California.

4 .CraterTests nCucarachaandCulebraFormations ;IsthmianCanalStudiesMemorandum283-P,April1948 ;PanamaCanalCompany, DiabloHeights,CanalZone.5.. C.Hughes,R .H. Benfer,F.H.Foster; StudyoftheShapeandSlopeo f

Explosion-ProducedCraters ;NCG/TM65-8,November1965;U.S.ArmyEngineerNuclearCrateringGroup, Livermore,California.

67-68


69/92

APPENDIXARESULTSOFSEISMICSITECALIBRATION

CRATERSTUDIESPROGRAM

69


70/92

SEISMICSITECALIBRATIONCRATERMEASUREMENTSUnits

Event~. aDimension SC-4b SC-2C SC-ld SC-3eChargeWeight,W (tons) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5EnergyEquivalentScalingFactor (ft/kt1/3-4) 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11DepthofBurst,DOB (ft) 12.2 15.8 19.1 23.3

Scaleddob (ft/kt1/3"4) 111 144 179 212AverageRadius,R& (ft) 24.5 27.3 7.1f 14.6f

Scaledr (ft/kt1/3-4) 223 248 64.5f 13 3fAverageDepth,D (ft) 13.0 12.5 2.8f 3.4f

Scaledd (ft/kt1/3-4) 118 114 25f 31 *LipRadius,Rgj (ft) 30 32 29 26LipHeight,Hgj (ft) 3.8 3.1 3.7 4.3AverageRadiusofLipBoundary,Rg (ft) 111 86 103 69 MaximumMissileRangeme ' (ft) 500 333 206 147 EjectaPelletRecovery (%> 52.5 62.4 54.3 48.6

EjectaPelletShotPointAngle (deg) 45 34 25 22MaximumEjectaPelletRange (ft) 233 196 12 1 64

Scaleddimensionsaredesignatedby oweraseletters.SC-4Weatheredshale, abovewater able;erysmallblocksize.

CSC-2Saturatedunweatheredshale,belowwater able;mediumblocksize.SC-1Weatheredshale, abovewater able, slightlyslopingground;mallblocksize.SC-3Saturated, slightlyweatheredhale,atorabovewater able, slightlyslopingground;mediumblocksize,fPoorlydefinedandveryasymmetrical.

70


71/92

Outerboundaryofcontinuousejecta AR 142ftmefromSGZ

R 1 3 4ft \me \fromSGZ v\/

ProfileC 1 00 75

50 255 Horizontaldistanceft)Profiles: D

50 75 1 00

Presho tsurfacePostshotsurface

Reservoirevel2238.5_ |_

ProfileA5055 Horizontaldistanceft) 50 75 100

FigureA2 ShotSC-1craterprofiles.71

125

125


72/92

Outerboundaryofcontinuousejecta ? jQcp_]R 240ftromSGZme

Rme20ftfromSGZ

OR 3 3 3ftromSGZ R 27 3ftromSGZmee

0 30 60 90 Scaleneet

FigureA3 ShotSC-2crateroutlines.

>

100 1020 1 25

ProfileD _JSGZ242.55O ChargecavityJ100 75 5055 Horizontaldistanceft) 50 DO B 15.8ft. 7 5 Profile100 125 Presho tsurfacePostshotsurface-

255 Horizontaldistance ft)

FigureA4 ShotSC-2raterprofiles.125

72


73/92

Outerboundaryofcontinuousejecta AR 6 8ftme fromGZ

ToCP-1R 147ftme fromSGZ

R 89ftme fromSGZR 106 ft\me fromSGZ

Deepes tpointofcraterftromSGZ,elevation2259.70 20 40 60

i Scale ineetFigureA5 ShotSC-3crateroutlines.

1 0 0

SGZ262.90CHARGE CAVITY

T

ProfileD1020 Profi le -125005055 Horizontaldistanceft) 5 0 75 100 1 25 Presho tsurface Postshotsurface

100 50 255 Horizontaldistanceft) 50 75 100 125 FigureA6 ShotSC-3craterprofiles.73


74/92

OuterboundaryofcontinuousejectaR 440ftromSGZme

ToCP-1R 37 5ftme fromSGZ

R 5 00tromSGZme R 415tromSGZme

0 40 80 120== t--Scaleneet

FigureA7 ShotSC-4rateroutlines.

1020 125

1 25

SGZ264.45Profile

IChargecavityI100 7 5 50 255 Horizontaldistanceft) 5 0 o o DOB 12 .2tto R a 24.5ft1 Da 13 .0ft AToCP-1Profiles: D 75 ProfileI100 125 Presho turface Postshotsurface100 750550 Horizontaldistanceft)FigureA8 ShotSC-4craterprofiles. 7 5

74


75/92

APPENDIXBEJECTASTUDYDATA

75


76/92

Centerofpelletpreshotocation

PelletdistancefromSGZostshot Apparentcraterprofile

2220 Originalgroundsurface

2210

2200 100000 Horizontaldistanceft)

60 70 80

FigureBl Pre-GondolaICharlieEvent.

76


77/92

2256

2246

2236

o2226o > ID

2216

2206

2 1 9 6

--80 65

--2381 89

--205

10

--325-378246

20

Originalroundsurface Emplacementholeumber

Centerofpelletpreshotocation

::\P el letdistancefromSGZostshot

-Apparentcraterprofile

Jj3000 Horizontaldistanceft)

60 70 80

FigureB2 Pre-GondolaIBravoEventA Array.

7 7


78/92

225 5

c_ o -a >

2245

223 5

2225

22 1 5

Originalgroundsurface4

II -Apparentcraterprofile

Emplacementholeumber * Centerofpellet:; preshotocation

PelletdistancefromSGZostshot

2205

21 9 5 100000 Horizontaldistanceft)

60 70 80

FigureB3 Pre-GondolaIBravoEventB Array.

78


79/92

2252

2242

2232

2 2222 >

2212

2202

2192 3000Horizontaldistanceft)

FigureB4 Pre-GondolaIAlfaEvent.

79


80/92


81/92

TABLEBl TABULATEDPRESHOTANDPOSTSHOTEJECTASTUDYDATA,CHARLIEEVENT

PreshotEmplacementHoleDistancefrom SGZ Depth t o Topof Pellet

feet feet7. 5 +0.27. 5 -2.87.5 7.5 7.5

-11.8-11.8-11.8

7.5 -14.87. 5 -15.815 15 +0.1+0.115 -0.915 1515

-1.9-1.9-1.915 -2.9

15 -3.915 -4.915 -5.915 -6.915 1515

-7.9-7.9-7.9

15 -8.915 -9.915 -18.915 - 25 . 930 +0.33030 -0.7-0.73030 -1.7-1.73030 -2.7-2.7303030

-5.7-5.7-5.7

3030 -7.7-7.7303030

-8.7-8.7-8.7

30 -9.730 -10.730 -11.74 54 5 +0.4+0.4

PostshotFragmentNumber

HorizontalDistanceFromSGZ

feet4 2

2 16 3a3b3c

19 219 72 31

4 16 85 14 36 a6 b 2 9 42 4 77 3 2 38a8 b8c

3 2 33 3 33 3 4

9 2 9 510 2 7 811 2 2 712 2 1513 2 3 414a14b14c

2 6 42 5 5116

15 2 0016 1801 7 18118 13519 2 3 32 0a2 0b 2 412 7 42 1 a2 1b 2 162 4 02 2 a2 2 b 2 022 4 72 3a2 3 b2 3 c

13 619 714 6

2 4 a2 4 b 14 82 2 32 5 a2 5 b2 5 c

19 22 062 00

2 6 19127 1392 8 1102 9 a2 9 b 1872 6 2

45 -1.6 30 212Thesenumberscorrelate hesedatawiththecorrespondingpellet ocationsnFigure5.9.

81


82/92

TABLE B2TABULATEDPRESHOTAND POSTSHOT EJECTASTUDY DATA,BRAVOEVENT A ARRAYPreshot Postshot

EmplacementHoleDistancefromSGZ Depth oTopofPelletfeet feet7.5 0.07.5 -5.07.57.5 -10.0-10.07.5 -12.07.5 -15.015 15 -2.4-2.415 15 -3.4-3.415 -4.415 15 -6.4-6.415 15 -8.4-8.415 -11.430 -0.03030 -1.0-1.03030 -4.0-4.03030 -5.0-5.030 -6.030 30 -7.0-7.030 -8.03030 -9.0-9.045 -1.445 -4.445 -5.4

FragmentNumber3HorizontalDistanceFromSGZ

1 23a3b4 56a6b 7a7b9a9b

10a10b11 12 13a13b14a14b15a15b16 17a17b19a19b2021 22

feet180165255221189205298352257 288246266254289296206265304160247257 15616821429817916814 7 146207172172

Thesenumberscorrelate hesedatawith hecorrespondingpellet ocations nFigure5.17.

82


83/92

TABLEB3 TABULATEDPRESHOTANDPOSTSHOTEJECTASTUDYDATA,BRAVOEVENT B ARRAYPreshot Postshot

FragmentNumber3Horizontal

EmplacementHoleDistancefromSGZ Depth oTopofPellet DistanceFromSGZfeet feet feet7.57.57.57.5

-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.1lalblcId

149184202797.57.5 -4.1-4.1 2a2b

2652667.5 -5.1 3 1577.5 -6.1 4 467.5 -7.1 5 407.5 -18.1 6 26515 +0.2 7 26415 -0.8 8 30115 -1.8 9 33515 -2.8 10 31215 -3.8 11 31815 -8.8 12 12115 -13.8 13 1993030 -0.0-0 14a14b 2772893030

-1.0-1.0

15a15b

37440030 -2.0 16 404

30 -8.0 17 23330 -10.0 18 22130 -11.0 19 185

aThesenumberscorrelatethesedatawiththeorrespondingpellet ocations nFigure5.18.

83


84/92

TABLEB4 TABULATEDPRESHOTANDPOSTSHOTEJECTASTUDYDATA,LFAEVENTPreshot Postshot

EmplacementHoleDistancefromSGZ Depth oTopofPellet FragmentNumber DistanceFromSGZfeet feet feet7.5 -1.2 1 14015 15 +0.3+0.3 2a2b 14822315 -0.7 3 20515 -1.7 4 20015 -2.7 5 17915 -3.7 6 18515 -7.7 7 14315 -8.7 8 14915 -9.7 9 14615 -10.7 10 1443030 +0.1+0.1 11alib 26029330 -0.9 12 2263030 -1.9-1.9 13a13b 2312433030 -2.9-2.9 14a14b 17221930 -4.9 15 170303030

-7.9-7.9-7.916a16b16c

125214233aThesenumbersorrelatethesedatawith hecorrespondingpellet ocations nFigure5.26.

84


85/92

TABLEB5 TABULATEDPRESHOTANDPOSTSHOTEJECTASTUDYDATA,DELTAEVENT

PostshotPreshotFragmentNumber3

HorizontalEmplacementHoleDistancefromSGZ Depth oTopofPellet DistanceFromSGZ

feet feet feet7 -0.4 1 1407 -1.4 2 1337 -2.4 3 1747 -3.4 4 1747 -4.4 5 1667 -5.4 6 1557 -6.4 7 1617 -7.4 8 1297 -8.4 9 1307 -15.4 10 1407 -16.4 11 1367 -18.4 12 13014 -0.1 13 24714 -1.1 14 28214 -2.1 15 29414 -3.1 16 27114 -4.1 17 23414 -5.1 18 24014 -6.1 19 24514 -7.1 20 21014 -8.1 21 18714 -10.1 22 18414 -11.1 23 13214 -17.1 24 17614 -23.1 25 19114 -25.1 26 18228 +0.6 27 26528 -0.4 28 23828 -4.4 29 25128 -5.4 30 24228 -7.4 31 25528 -8.4 32 19142 -2.9 33 22142 -4.9 34 217

^hesenumbersorrelatethesedatawith hecorrespondingpellet ocations nFigure5.33.85-86


86/92

APPENDIX CPRE GONDOLA I TECHNICAL REPORTS

8 7


87/92

APPENDIX CPRE GONDOLA TECHNICALREPORTS

TitleofReportPre-Gondola

AgencySeismicSiteCalibration NCGSite-SelectionInvestigations

Pre-GondolaTechnicalDirector's

SummaryReportGeologicandEngineer-ingPropertiesInvestigationsClose-inGroundMotion, EarthStress,ndPorePressureMeasure-mentsIntermediateRangeGroundMotionStructuresInstrumentationCraterStudies:CraterMeasurements

SurfaceMotionCloudDevelopmentStudiesClose-inDsplace-mentStudiesLidarObservationsofPre-GondolaCloudsPreshotGeophysicalMeasurements

NCG/Omaha

NCGNCG/Omaha

WES

Authorand/orTechni-calProgramOfficerM. K.KurtzB. B. RedpathH.A. JackW .W .Dudley

M. K.Kurtzetal.P.R. Fisheretal.J.D. Dayetal.

LRL D. V. PowerWES R. F. Ballard

NCG R. W . HarlanNCG W . G. ChristopherNCG/LRL WR. C.F. DayRohrerAFWL C. J. LemontSRI J.R. W .T. OblanasH.CollisLRL-N R.J. T.T. StearnsRambo

ReportNumberPNE-1100PNE-1101

PNE-1102PNE-1103

PNE-1104

PNE-1105PNE-1106

PNE-1107PartPNE-1107PartII

PNE-1108PNE-1109PNE-1110

PNE-1111


88/92

DISTRIBUTION

LRLInternalDistributionMichaelM.MayR.BatzelJ.G ofmanH. L.ReynoldsC.aussmannJ.RosengrenD.eweilC.VanAttaP. MoulthropF.byE.oldbergG.igginsJ.CarothersS.FernbachJ.HadleyJ.KaneB. RubinJ.KuryP.StevensonJ.BellE.HlseW . DeckerW .HarfordG.WerthM.NordykeF.olzerH.TewesJ.TomanJ.KnoxE.Teller,BerkeleyD.M.Wilkes,BerkeleyL.Crooks,MercuryTIDBerkeleyTIDFile 0

89


89/92

ExternalDistributionD.J. ConveyDepartmento fMinesandTechnicalSurveysOttawa,Ontario, CanadaG.W .GovierOilandGasConservationBoardCalgary,Alberta, CanadaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivisionLowerMississippiValleyVicksburg, MississippiU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictMemphis, TennesseeU.S.rmyEngineerDistrictNewOrleans,LouisianaU.S,ArmyEngineerDistrictSt. Louis, MissouriU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictVicksburg, MississippiU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision, MediterraneanLeghorn,ItalyU.S.ArmyLiaisonDetachmentNewYork,N.Y. U.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,GULFTeheran,IranU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision, MissouriRiverOmaha,NebraskaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictKansasCity,MissouriU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictOmaha,NebraskaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,NewEnglandWaltham, MassachusettsU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,NorthAtlanticNewYork,N.Y. U.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictBaltimore, MarylandU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictNewYork,N.Y. U.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictNorfolk,Virginia

90


90/92

ExternalDistribution(Continued)U.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictPhiladelphia,PennsylvaniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,NorthCentral,Chicago,IllinoisU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictBuffalo,ewYorkU..ArmyEngineerDistrictChicago,IllinoisU.S.rmyEngineerDistrictDetroit,MichiganU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,RockIsland,IllinoisU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictSt.Paul, MinnesotaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict, LakeSurveyDetroit, MichiganU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,NorthPacificPortland,OregonU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictPortland,OregonU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,AlaskaAnchorage,AlaskaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictSeattle,WashingtonU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictWallaWalla,WashingtonU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,OhioRiverCincinnati,hioU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictHuntington,WestVirginiaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictLouisville,KentuckyU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictNashville, TennesseeU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,PacificOceanHonolulu,HawaiiU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,arEastSanFrancisco,alifornia

91


91/92

ExternalDistribution(Continued)U.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictHonolulu,HawaiiU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,kinawaSanFrancisco,CaliforniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrict,outhAtlanticAtlanta,eorgiaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,anaveralMerrittIsland,loridaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictCharleston,outhCarolinaU.S.rmyEngineerDistrictJacksonville,FloridaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictMobile,AlabamaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictSavannah,eorgiaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictWilmington,NorthCarolinaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,SouthPacificSanFrancisco, CaliforniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictLosAngeles, CaliforniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictSacramento,CaliforniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictSanFrancisco, CaliforniaU.S.ArmyEngineerDivision,SouthwesternDallas,TexasU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictAlbuquerque,NewMexicoU. S.ArmyEngineerDistrictForthWorth, TexasU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictGalveston, TexasU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictLittleRock,ArkansasU.S.ArmyEngineerDistrictTulsa,OklahomaMississippiRiverCommissionVicksburg, Mississippi

92


92/92

ExternalDistribution(Continued)RiversandHarborsBoardofEngineers,Washington,D.C.Corps fEngineerBallisticMissileConstructionOfficeNortonAirForceBase,CaliforniaU.S.ArmyEngineerCenterFt.Belvoir,VirginiaU..ArmyEngineeringSchoolFt.Belvoir,VirginiaU.S.ArmyEngineerReactorsGroupFt.Belvoir,VirginiaU.S.ArmyEngineerTrainingCenterFt.LeonardWoo d ,MissouriU.S. CoastalEngineeringResearchBoardWashington,^.C.U.S.ArmyEngineerNuclearCrateringGroup 5Livermore,CaliforniaTID-4500,UC-35,NuclearExplosions-PeacefulApplications92

TnseportasreparedsnccountfGovernmentponsoredwork. Neitherhenitedtates,orheommission,ornyersonctingnbehalf ofieommiss ion :

Aakesnyarrantyrepresentat ion,xpressedrmplied,ithrespectolieccuracy,omplet eness,rsefu lnesslhenformat ionon- ta inedninseport ,rhatheselnynformat ion,pparatus,methorprocessdisclosednhiseportmayotnfringeprvatelyownedights;r

Documents

Crater Studies Crater Measurements ADA382891