craniofacial anatomy

7/29/2019 craniofacial anatomy

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Muscles ofHead and Neck

Presentedby :

Dr. Zare , E .


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Functions of Muscle

Movement

Stability

Communication Control of body openings and passages

Heat production


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Connective Tissues of a Muscle

A skeletal muscle is composed of both muscular

tissue and connective tissue

A skeletal muscle cell (muscle fiber) is

surrounded by a sparse layer of areolarconnective tissue called the endomysium whichallows room for blood capillaries and nerve

fibers to reach each muscle fiber.

Muscle fibers are grouped in bundles called

fascicles .


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Each fascicle is separated from neighboring

ones by a connective tissue sheath called the

perimysium.

The muscle as a whole is surrounded by stillanother connective tissue layer, the epimysium.

The epimysium grades imperceptibly intoconnective tissue sheets called fasciae .


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Anatomy of skeletal muscles

Skeletalmuscle

fiber (cell)

MuscleFascicle

Surrounded byperimysium

Surrounded byendomysium

endomysium

perimysium

Skeletalmuscle

Surrounded byepimysium

epimysium

tendon

Play IP Anatomy of Skeletal muscles (IP p. 4-6)
http://c/Documents%20and%20Settings/Anne/Desktop/A&P%20animations/07_AnatSkelMuscl_A.swf


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deep fasciae between adjacent musclesand a superficial fascia (hypodermis)between the muscles and skin.


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There are two ways a muscle can attach

to a bone.

In a direct (fleshy) attachment collagenfibers of the epimysium are continuous

with the periosteum, the fibrous sheath

around a bone. The red muscle tissue

appears to emerge directly from the bone.


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In an indirect attachment, the collagenfibers of the epimysium continue as astrong fibrous tendon that merges into

the periosteum of a nearby bone


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Muscle names are descriptive

Location (e.g., temporalis attaches to temporal bone

in skull)

Action (flexor causes muscle flexion)

Shape (deltoid is shaped by the Greek letter delta)

Size (vastus, minimus)

Number of tendons of origin (biceps, triceps)

Origin and insertion


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Anatomy of the Muscular System

OriginMuscle attachment that remains

fixed

InsertionMuscle attachment that moves

ActionWhat joint movement a muscle

produces

i.e. flexion, extension, abduction,

etc.


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The strength of a muscle and the direction

in which it pulls are determined partly by

the orientation of its fascicles, illustrating

the complementarity of form and function.

Differences in fascicle orientation are the

basis for classifying muscles into five

types .


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Facial Muscles

frontalis

orbicularis

oculi

zygomaticus

major

minor

corrugator

supercilia

nasalis


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Hyoid

Muscles

hyoid bone

digastric

mylohyoid


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Neck Muscles

trapezius

splenius capitius

levator scapula

scalenes

sternocleidomastoid

digastric


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Eye Muscles

superior rectus

lateral

rectus

medialrectus

inferior rectus

superior oblique


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Other Neck Muscles

Platysma - broad surface muscle covering the neck andchin muscles

Lateral Pterygoid deep muscle attachments to themandible and lateral pterygoid process

Medial Pterygoid - deep muscle attachments to themandible and medial pterygoid process.

TMJ - temporomandibular joint
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/plat.htmhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/lpte.htmhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/mpte.htmhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/mpte.htmhttp://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/surface/head_neck/tmj.htmlhttp://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/surface/head_neck/tmj.htmlhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/mpte.htmhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/mpte.htmhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/lpte.htmhttp://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissector/mml/plat.htm


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The epicranius or occipitofrontalis muscle of thescalp has an anterior and posterior regionconnected by the galea aponeurotica . Contraction

of these muscles allows the skin to slide over thescalp.

The frontalis muscle is a member of the epicraniuscomplex that begins at the anterior hairline and

inserts into the forehead and eyebrow skin.


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The procerus muscleoverlies the nasalbone and attaches to

the nasal root skin.

It causesforeshortening of thenose and 'rabbitlines (i.e. skin

tension linesexaggerated bywrinkling up thenose).


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The orbicularis oris muscle allows pursing and puckering ofthe lips, apposition of the corners of the mouth, and pulling ofthe lips up against the teeth and gingivae.

It has no bony or cartilaginous attachment and is innervated

by the buccal or marginal mandibular branches of the facialnerve.

This circumferential muscle is necessary for correct speechand allows enunciation of the letters M, V, F,P and O.

The facial arteries and veins are covered and protected from

damage by the lip elevator muscles.


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The quadratus labii superiorismuscle group is comprised of

several lip elevators. The levator anguli oris and

risorius muscles are mouthangle retractors andelevators.

The zygomaticus majormuscle travels from the

zygoma downward anddiagonally to the uppercorner of the mouth, where itcontributes to the nasolabial

fold.


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The buccinator muscle constitutes alarge area of the cheek as it courses from

the posterior maxillary area to the uppermedial surface of the mandible, where it

interdigitates with the orbicularis oris.


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Muscles of the

Head andNeck

Figure 7-12(b)


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Muscles of the Anterior Neck

Figure 7-13


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