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PENDANT CRANE OPERATION

• The Law and the regulations and safe use of

the Pendant/remote crane, slinging

techniques crane pre operation check‟s

• Lifting equipment examination and storage

• The rating of lifting equipment

• The Law and the regulations and safe use of

the Pendant/remote crane, slinging

techniques crane pre operation check‟s

• Lifting equipment examination and storage



2

THE LAW

Section 1



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EMPLOYER‟S DUTIES

Section 2 (1):

Every employer shall ensure, so far as reasonablypracticable, the health, safety and welfare of all hisemployees at work.

Section 2 (2)(A):

Provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work.

Section 2 (2)(B):

Safety and Absence of risks to health in connection with

the Use, Handling, Storage and Transport.

Section 2 (2)(C):

Provision of such information, instruction, training and

supervision as is necessary.





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MANUFACTURER‟S, DESIGNERS,IMPORTERS and SUPPLIERS HAVESOME DUTIES HASWA Section 6

1 It must be designed and constructed to be safe andwithout risk.

2 Is the substance safe and without risks to health whenbeing used, handled and transported.

3 Have the necessary tests and examinations been carried

out.

4 Must provide adequate information about tests, uses andconditions.



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Every employee MUST take reasonable care of THEIRown HEALTH and SAFETY, and that of others who beaffected by what THEY/YOU do or do not do at work.

It is called ACTS & OMISSIONS.

Every employee MUST co-operate with their employeras necessary to perform any duty, or to comply with any

requirement imposed as a result of any law which may bein force.

HOW DOES THE ACT AFFECT US, THEEMPLOYEE?



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While you can APPEAL against a prohibition notice (within 21 days ) the work remains suspended and thenotice in force until the tribunal gives its decision.

HOW THE ACT WORKS:

H.S.E Inspectors can enter ANY site at ANY time, they can even bring in the local law if they want to.

If they enter site and find or suspect a breach of a regulation they may issue an: Improvement Notice( HASWA section 21)

These are not only served where there has been anincident, they are also usually served where a regulation has been broken. The minimum time to „PUT‟ it right is 21 days. Work need not be suspended.You can APPEAL,

or a PROHIBITION NOTICE ( HASWA section 22 )



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A CROWN COURT can inflict an UNLIMITED fine.

For breach‟s of sections 7 & 8, the Employee, canattract a maximum fine of £5,000to £20,000

(Criminal Justice Act 1991) and, or a SIX MONTHS imprisonment. That‟s US yes you & meThey can also try and find GUILTY, but pass onto thehigher criminal courts for sentencing.

A SUSPENDED SENTENCE CAN ALSO BE INCLUDED.

IF THINGS GO WRONGSince MARCH 1992, the courts can impose more SEVERE PENALTIES for HEALTH and SAFETY

offences. MAGISTRATES Courts, (SHERIFFS in Scotland) have the power to impose fines of up to £20,000 for a breach of Sections 2 to 6 of the HASWA (on the

employer),



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The act of March 1992 also widens the rangeof health & safety offences that can getcustodial sentences from crown courts.The

MAXIMUM PENALTIES in the crown court remain the same, i.e. UNLIMITED FINE, amaximum TWO YEARS imprisonment orboth.

IF THINGS GO WRONG CONT:

However, magistrates for the first time will

also have the power to impose CUSTDODIALsentences on INDIVIDUALS for up to SIXMONTHS for more serious offences, e.g. notcomplying with an improvement order.



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AN APPOINTED INSPECTOR CAN:

Gain access without a warrant to a workplace at any time.

Employ the police to assist in the execution of their duty.

Take equipment or materials onto premises to assistinvestigations

Direct that locations remain undisturbed for as long as isseen fit.

Order the removal and testing of equipment.

Take statements, records and documents.



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Lifting Operation and LiftingEquipment Regulations

In December 1998 a new regulation called LOLERcame into force.

It replaced:

The Factories Act 1961 (the few remainingsections).

The Construction (Lifting Operations)

Regulations 1961. Office, Shops And Railway Premises (Hoist

and Lifts) Regulations 1968. Only here forLifts on industrial premises.



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L.O.L.E.R.

Lifting Operation And LiftingEquipment Regulations

These are part of an amending directive to

P.U.W.E.R.

Provision And Use Of Work EquipmentRegulations



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Lets start with a

A SUMMARY OF THE REGULATIONS

REGULATION 1.

Citation & Commencement.

LOLER WILL COVER ALL LIFTINGEQUIPMENT FROM DECEMBER 1998.

THIS INCLUDES, NEW, EXISTING,SECOND-HAND, LEASED, BEGGED ORBORROWED LIFTING EQUIPMENT.

REG L N 2 N ERPRE N



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REGULATION 2: INTERPRETATIONThis defines the various terms:

Formally known as tackle, any item that connects the loadto the Lifting Machine.

LIFTING EQUIPMENT: Again, formally known as the Lifting Machine. Work

equipment used for raising or lowering of loads.LIFTING OPERATION:An operation concerned with the raising or lowering of aload, no matter how small.

LOAD:Now includes a person, as you can use chairs or cages tolift them.

LOLER Applies wherever The Health and Safety atWork Act 1974 Applies.

ACCESSORY for LIFTING:



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REGULATION 3: APPLICATION

The Regulations apply:

1.1 In Great Britain.

2 To an employer in respect of lifting equipment

or its accessories used by an employee.3 The self-employed.

5 Applies to all industrial sectors.

4 To a person who has control to any extent of:

A Lifting Equipment.B A person who uses it.C The way it is used.



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The factors, when considering whether the risk froma particular piece of LIFTING EQUIPMENT or OPERATION means that LOLER will apply include:

REGULATION 3 CONT:

This regulation also lays certain DUTIES on the EMPLOYER. These being:

They should take appropriate precautions, the higherthe risk, the greater the measures required to REDUCE

that risk to as low as REASONABLY PRACTICABLE.



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REGULATION 3 CONT:

The FACTORS:

2 The RISK of a LOAD FALLING or STRIKING aPERSON or OBJECT and the consequences.

4 The RISK of the LIFTING EQUIPMENT FAILING or FALLING OVER whilst in use and theconsequence.

If the RISK ASSESSMENT identifies RISKS that

LOLER would control, then these requirements need tobe applied.

3 The RISK of the LIFTING EQUIPMENT STRIKING a PERSON or some other OBJECT andthe consequences.

1 The TYPE of LOAD being lifted, its WEIGHT ,SHAPE and what it CONSISTS of.



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An Engineering Company was FINED £30,000 after a court heard

how a Fitter was crushed to DEATH when a barrel he was helping

to lift fell on top of him.

The workmen were moving a PLASTIC barrel weighing around

250 kilograms. To carry out the lift, the men wrapped 2 LIFTING

SLINGS AROUND the barrel, then lifted it with a crane.

The Fitter climbed into the container to direct the crane driver, but

SLIPPED, and FELL underneath the suspended barrel, which fell

on him.

I am not surprised, SLINGS AROUND A PLASTIC BARREL!, no

wonder they slipped.

This case CLEARLY demonstrates the need to carry out adequate

RISK ASSESSMENTS prior to starting work. LOLER REG 8 (1)

COMPANY FINED FOR EMPLOYEES

DEATH



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This regulation concentrates on the adequatestrength and stability aspects of the LIFTING

EQUIPMENT.

REGULATION 4:STRENGTH & STABILITY



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This covers the Safe use of CRANES,MAN CAGES and LIFT TRUCKS when

lifting PERSONS.

REGULATION 5:LIFTING EQUIPMENT FOR LIFTING

PERSONS



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Lifting equipment is not to be used unlesspositioned and installed in such a way as to

minimise risk. Hooks and similar devices providedfor lifting should be of a type that reduces therisk of the load becoming displaced from the hookor other devices.

POSITIONING & INSTALLING

REGULATION 6:



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Every EMPLOYER shall ensure that machinery andaccessories for lifting loads are clearly marked to

indicate their Safe Working Loads.

YOU must never ERASE or ALTER any marks on the equipment, by the same token, YOU must never ALTER or

MODIFY any EQUIPMENT or its DOCUMENTS

Where the SAFE WORKING of machinery for LIFTING LOADS depends on its configuration, it

should be marked with its SAFE WORKING LOAD at each configuration, This is mainly aimed at FORK LIFT

TRUCKS, MOBILE CRANES and FLOOR CRANES.

REGULATION 7:MARKING OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT

REGUL TION 8



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REGULATION 8:ORGANISATION AND PLANNING

This is the crux of the new legislationIt requires that EVERY lifting operation involvingLIFTING EQUIPMENT be:

•Properly Planned By A Competent Person.

•Appropriately Supervised. This Is Why YouAre Here

•Carried Out In A Safe Manner.

A “LIFTING OPERATION” means anoperation concerned with the lifting or

lowering of a load.

REGULATION 8 CONT:



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REGULATION 8 CONT :PRE-USE CHECK

The EMPLOYER should ensure that their employees have

Appropriate Training and Instructions so that THEY are able to ensure that the LIFTING EQUIPMENT is SAFETO USE. As they, the USER, are often the most at risk

from failing equipment they should know:

Types of Pre-use checks.

Kinds of defects that may be expected.

In both lifting Equipment and Accessories.

ALSO what action to take when a defect is found.These Equipment Checks To Be Carried Out, Both

BEFORE And AFTER Use.

REGULATION 9



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REGULATION 9: THOROUGH EXAMINATION

This is LONG, but basically it means:

Unless that is, the COMPETENT person decrees

otherwise, this will depend a lot on the conditions of use,environment and storage. It may mean that the periodbetween examinations can be extended.

What is called a “WRITTEN SCHEME” must then be put in place. This is RISK ASSESSMENT BASED

1 ALL accessories (tackle) MUST be examined onor before the 6 months due date. As MUST anyequipment used for lifting PERSONS

2 ALL lifting equipment (machine) MUST beexamined on or before the 12 months due date.

REGULATION 10:



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To us, it means, that if the COMPETENT person has reason to SCRAP an ACCESSORY,

he must notify the HSE if it is not scrappedin his presence.

REGULATION 10:

The COMPETENT person is to notify the employer / owner and any person HIRING /USING the equipment of any DEFECT

affecting SAFETY.

REPORTS AND DEFECTS



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The remaining regulations concern the militaryand revoking the existing regulations

REGULATION 11:

Reports of the examination are to kept for atleast 2 years for accessories, and for the

machine, as long as it is in service.

RECORDS

MINIMUM ATTRIBUTES of PERSONNEL



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CRANE DRIVER

1. Over 18 years of age.2. Fit, with regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes.

3. Able to judge distances, heights and clearances.

4. Physically able to operate the crane safely.

5. Conversant with duties of a Slinger and the signal codes.

6. Trained for the type of crane being driven, andknowledge of its safety devices.

7. Familiar with any fire appliances and means of escape.

8. Competent & Authorised to operate it.




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SLINGER AND BANKSMAN

1. Competent and be Over 18 years of age.2. Physically able to handle the lifting equipment.

3. Able to establish weights, balance loads and judgeheights, distances and clearances.

4. Capable of selecting Lifting Equipment in a suitablecondition to lift a load.

5. Trained in the techniques of slinging, signalling and

should understand the signal code.

7. Capable of initiating and directing the safe movementof the crane and load.

8. Nominated to carry out the slinging.



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Section 2

CRANES



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This crane section is divided

into two parts:1 The CRANE and its bits.

2 YOU and how you interfacewith the CRANE

3 SIGNALLING

KNOWLEDGE OF CRANES



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KNOWLEDGE OF CRANESTerms and Definitions:

Overhead travelling Crane

A crane comprising of a bridge supported by endcarriages capable of travelling along elevated tracks.

Bridge

The main structure of the crane that spans acrossthe rails/gantry and supports the crab or trolley.

Gantry

The main structural support for a crane which may

form part of the building structure onto which therails are mounted.

Crab or TrolleyAn assembly that contains the hoist and hook units

that moves along the bridge of the crane.

KNOWLEDGE OF CRANES cont



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KNOWLEDGE OF CRANES contTerms and Definitions, cont:

Drum

A grooved cylindrical component forming part ofthe hoist mechanism onto which the hoist ropesare wound.

Limits

Devices that prevent the movement of the hoist, longor cross travel past a particular point.

Ultimate limits

Devices provided in addition to limits to preventmovement past a safe point in the event of failure ofthe main limits.

Cross Travel

The motion of a crane crab or trolley along the bridge.




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KNOWLEDGE OF CRANES contTerms and Definitions, cont:

Hoisting

The motion of lifting or lowering a load in a verticaldirection.

Long Travel

The motion of the complete crane along the track.

Headroom

The maximum vertical distance between the item beinglifted and the point of suspension of the lifting machine(not to be confused with height of lift).

Height of lift

The amount of possible travel between the top andbottom connection points (i.e. between the raised limitof the hook of a crane and the top of the load prior tolifting).

Overhead Crane



35Typical Pendant Controlled Overhead Travelling Crane

Crab: Hoist andCross travel

Hook Block

Overhead Crane

ConcreteCraneGantry

CraneRail

FabricatedBridgeStructure

PendantControl

SteelLattice

CraneGantry




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Crane Motions:

An Overhead Crane hasthree motions,

Cross Travel

Long Travel

Hoisting

Not forgetting!

Emergency STOP

Single Beam Under slung Crane



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Single Beam Under slung Crane

Pendant

Hoist Drum

Hook Block

CraneBridge

Crab

EndCarriage

Double Beam Over slung



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Double Beam Over slung EndCarriage

Pendant

CrabCrane

Bridges



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YOU and how you interfacewith the CRANE

SAFETY RULES



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SAFETY RULES

Do not stand below a suspended load.

Keep hands clear of the load and lifting equipment whilstthe weight is being taken.

DO NOT climb on a load or on stacked materials near by.

Never stand or pass between the load and a solid structure.

All personnel involved in lifting operations must be properlytrained in the use and operation of the equipment.

NEVER exceed the rated SAFE WORKING LOAD or

WORKING LOAD LIMIT of lifting equipment.Always think ahead!

NEVER traverse the load over PERSONS

Always carry out a TRIAL lift.

SAFE USE OF OVERHEAD CRANES



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SAFE USE OF OVERHEAD CRANES.

Preparations for use

Before using an Overhead Crane the operator shouldcarry out the following daily checks and report anydefects or problems immediately.

THE CORRECT APPROACH

Appropriate safety equipment is to be worn. Safetyboots are a must; it can also mean gloves, helmets andear defenders as required by local rules.

Ensure that the crane is within its Statutory

examination period, usually date tape on the electricalisolator or the pendant.

Sign „ON‟ to any Lift Plans or Operating Instructionsand check with supervision that there are no crane

problems.

Preparations for use continued



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Preparations for use, continued

Inspect the operating area for:

Any hazards to the crane operation, Work Permit in Place?Visually check to ensure the crane rails are free ofobstructions!

Visual inspection of the crane gantry, checking for oil leaksand displaced items.

Check that the hook is free and has no load attached.

Check that there are no obstructions in the operating path

that the crane or load can strike and that its usage will notblock EMERGENCY EXITS.

Check that the Pendant is in GOOD condition and that it issupported CORRECTLY.

What do think YOU check for?

When ALL the previous items have been completed, then you:



43

W LL p m mp , y

CARRY OUT PRE-OPERATIONAL CHECKS.

Check Power Supplies.

Power UP the crane at its main isolator, check thatsupplies are health at the crane controller (Pendant,Cab or console). Are the RED power lights ON?

Check that the EMERGENCY STOP button is re – set.Lower the hook to the ground, ensure its operationsmooth, then check for:

1 Condition of the hoist rope, any damage or

broken wires.2 Inspect the hook block for damage and that

the safety latch is working correctly.

Having done all that, then you start theOPERATIONAL CHECKS

OPERATIONAL CHECKS



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OPERATIONAL CHECKSSwitch „ON‟ the Pendant, Cab or remote unit

Check operation of the controls, Long travel, cross

travel and hoist.

Check that the EMERGENCY STOP button WORKS!

Check that ALL warning and safety devices operate.

Ensure that ALL limit switches operate, especially theHOIST one. THIS IS A MUST.

Check operation of all motion brakes.

Ideally the above should be carried out atthe beginning of a day or shift.

ANY DEFECTS OR PROBLEMS to be report to

the supervisor BEFORE YOU operate the crane.




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Operation of the crane.

Position the crane hook of the centre of gravity of the load.Connect the load to the crane hook using liftingaccessories (slings, shackles etc) of an appropriate SWLand size – observe correct sling angle, capacity of the

lifting points and any de-rating values. It may pay to putthe slings on the crane hook first, they may be heavy and itallows any twists to be removed.

Double check that all equipment is securely connected tothe load and the crane hook.

Using the hoist “creep” speed, slowly take up the slack inthe slings ensuring that all of the lifting accessories

remain in place and do not twist.




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Operation of the crane (continued).

When YOU are satisfied with the crane alignment, raisethe load approximately 50mm and STOP, this to ensure

that the slings and load are secure and the crane brake isholding.

Once satisfied that all is well, raise the load on creepspeed until it is at the correct height for travelling, this

should be as low as possible.

Travel at a speed that is suitable for the load, it must notswing if possible.

STOP when the slings are taut, then check that the craneis aligned for a vertical lift.




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If the load starts to swing when travelling – STOP – thendrive the crane in the direction of the swing.

When operating a pendant crane always FOLLOW the load,this way YOU can see any obstructions.


Operation of the crane - Travelling.

NEVER EVER try to PHYSICALLY STOP a

swinging load. That‟s what TAG lines are for.

Always keep the load under control, stopping any load swingquickly

STOP if any person attempts to walk under the suspendedload.

NEVER walk backwards and NEVER position YOURSELF between the load and any other object or wall.




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Operation of the crane - Lowering.

Stop lowering when signalled.

CREEP the load into its final position and just slacken theslings on instruction.

Operation of the crane – Completion of the operation.

Follow the slingers instructions, he may want you to takethe slings back to their storage point on the crane – theymay be heavy.




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Operation of the crane – When completed for the day.


Take the empty hook until it is within the crane bridge, butNOT until the crane upper limit operates.

Park the crab at one end of the bridge.

Park the crane such that the bridge is astride a vertical

column.This places the main weight of the crane acting directly ona vertical support, not applying bending moments to thebuilding structure.

There may occasions when a load will have to be leftattached to the crane hook – maintenance?

If this happens, place barriers around the load, „LOCK OFF‟ the crane, remove the key and leave a note on theisolator.

Hazards and Controls



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Hazards and ControlsAll personnel involved in lifting operations must be fullyaware of the many hazards that can affect the safe

execution of a lift.Hazards associated with the use of cranes and slingoperations include: ANY IDEAS OF THE HAZARDS??

Crushing hazards as a result of:

Dropped load

Load collapse

Caught between a moving load and another object

Impact hazards from a swinging load, load collapse andflying objects

Entanglement hazards from ropes, slings and tag lines.

Hazards associated with working at height

SIGNALLING



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SIGNALLING

There are three basic types of signalling used inLifting Operations. ANY IDEAS WHAT?

Hand Signals.

Voice Signals (usually by means of radio)

Flag Signals

Only hand and voice signals are used in every daylife. The universally accepted hand signals arethose that are given in BS 7121 – as follows.

Signalling



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Signalling

BS 7121 Hand Signals

Mobile and Fixed



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Mobile and Fixed

Gantries



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Section 3

LOAD ESTIMATION

THE LOAD



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THE LOAD

The importance of knowing with RESONABLEACCURACY, the weight of the LOAD to belifted, and its CENTRE of GRAVITY, MUST be foremost when planning any lifting operation.

REMEMBER! Any lifting equipment used isdeemed to be part of the LOAD

We shall have a look at the weight first!

HOW CAN YOU FIND THE WEIGHT?



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H W N F ND HE WE H

Well how can YOU?????

1 Look to see if the weight of the load is marked onthe load?, does the include ALL parts of the load??

2 Is the weight indicated on the delivery documents?

3 Is it on the Manufacturers drawings?

4 While it is still on the vehicle, YOU can send it to aweighbridge?

5 Calculate it! For this YOU need to know the material,its density and the volume.

6 Can YOU think of any other means of finding theweight?

SOME DENSITY‟S TO HELP YOU!



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MATERIAL KGs\cu metre lbs.\cuft

Aluminium 2700 170Brass 8500 530Brick 2100 130Coal 1450 90Copper 8800 550

Concrete 2400 150Earth 1600 100Iron - Steel 7700 480Lead 11200 700

Magnesium 1750 110Oil 800 50Paper 1120 70Water 1000 62Wood 800 50

EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS



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U.S TON? = 2000lbs =907.2Kgs =0.893T

Metric TONNE? = 2204lbs =1000Kgs =1.1 U.S. Ton

Imperial TON? = 2240lbs =1016Kgs =1.12 U.S. Ton

1Kg = 2.2046lbs

4.5Kg = 10lbs

6.3Kg = 13.8lbs ( 14lbs = 1 stone)

12.5Kg = 27.5lbs ( 28lbs = 1 Quarter )

25Kgs = 55lbs ( 56lbs = 1/2 Cwt)

50kgs = 110lbs ( 112lbs = 1 Cwt)

500Kgs = 1102.3lbs = (1120lbs = 10Cwt)

750Kgs = 1653lbs = (1680lbs = 3/4 Cwt)

Q

WEIGHT OF A CONCRETE BLOCK



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Block volume = 2‟ x 2‟ x 6‟ = 24 ft³

Weight = 24 x 150 lbs. = 3600lbs.

3600lbs = 1.61 Tons

Concrete weighs

roughly 150 lbs percubic ft (ft³)

2ft

2ft

Slings with a capacity of at least 2.0 Tons are required.

Any ideas on the sling capacity required?

Any guesses as tohow YOU find the

block weight?




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Block volume = 0.61 x 0.61 x 1.83 = 0.681 m³

Weight = 0.681 x 2400kgs = 1634kgs

1634Kgs = 1.634 tonnes

Concrete weighs

roughly 2400Kgsper cubic metre (m³)

0.61m

0.61m

Slings with a capacity of at least 2.0 tonne are required.

Any guesses to

the block weight?

CENTRE OF GRAVITY



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(C OF G)

The centre of gravity of a load is the point at whichthe total weight of the body may be regarded asbeing concentrated. Another way of saying this is thatthe centre of gravity is the point about which theparts of a body exactly balance each other.

With a regularly shaped load (e.g. a rolled steel joist)the position of the centre of gravity can easily be

judged by measuring out the midpoint in each

direction. For more complex shapes, it may benecessary to estimate the centre of gravity of thevarious parts of the load and then combine them toget the C of G for the whole.

CALCULATING THE C of G



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50mm

50mm

100mm 100mm200mm 300mm

50mm

200mm

400mm

*Calculation of Centre of Gravity = CofG x Total Weight

= (CofG A x Weight of A) + (CofG B x Weight of B) + (CofG C x Weight of C)= (50x7.7) + (200x7.7) + (300x23.1) = 385 + 1540 + 6930 = 8855

So Cof G of Shape = 8855 38.5 = 230mm

Working out the Centre of Gravity of the steel shapeshown should be done as part of the planning of the

operation. As Crane Operator / Slinger you will need thisinformation.

ASSESSING THE C of G



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The most common way of finding the C of G of a load is bya trial lift.

HookabovesupposedC of G

The hook is positioned abovethe supposed C of G

But when the load is actuallylifted it swings slightly andhangs at an angle. This willtell you where the actualC of G is.

ASSESSING THE C of G cont.



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With the sling attachment points moved, the hook can thenbe positioned above the new C of G and a level obtained.

LOAD SECURITY- BALANCE AND



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SECURITY

Balance Any ideas what is meant?

The load will remain level when clear of the ground. Toachieve this the hook of the lifting appliance MUST bepositioned vertically above the centre of gravity of theload.

Stability Again, any ideas what is meant?

In this context, stability means 'resistance to toppling'. Anobject with a narrow base and a HIGH centre of gravitywill need less force to topple it than one with a wide base

and a LOW centre of gravity. It is essential, thereforewhen slinging a load to ensure it is sufficiently stable toresist these toppling forces. A load will be inherentlystable if the lifting sling is attached ABOVE the centre ofgravity.



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Section 4SLINGING

This Slinging section is divided



67

g ginto FIVE parts:

2 SLINGING and all the bits

employed and how YOU use them.

1 YOU and how you interface withSLINGING

3 Examples of means of SLINGING.

4 Sling „MODE‟ angles5 Pre-use inspections that YOU must

carry out



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YOU and how youinterface with

SLINGING

Firstly,

U s d Forks



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Gloves

Pallet

UnsecuredLoad

Forkscouldmove

DEFINITIONS



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The maximum load (mass) as assessed by a CompetentPerson which an item of lifting equipment may raise,lower or suspend under particular service conditions

Safe Working Load (SWL)

Working Load Limit (WLL)

The working load limit is the maximum load (mass)that an item of lifting equipment is designed to raise,lower or suspend.

CE Marking

The CE marking is a stylised mark affixed to an itemby the manufacturer, or responsible person to signifythat the equipment complies with all relevant

European Directives.

Any Ideas?

DEFINITIONS Cont:



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Lifting Accessory

An item of equipment used to attach the load to thelifting appliance and generally covers equipmentpreviously referred to as lifting gear or lifting tackle.

Lifting Appliance

Any machine which is able to raise, lower or suspend aload.

Lifting Equipment

A generic term used throughout the Lifting industrycovers loosely all lifting accessories, lifting gear andappliances used for LIFTING

GENERAL SAFETY RULES FOR SLINGERS



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1 The Slinger MUST always be constantly awareof the safety aspect of HIS duties. Speciallythe SAFETY of COLLEAGUES and HIMSELF,then the LOAD and company property.

2 The Slinger MUST always be in a position sothat the crane driver can see him CLEARLY. Ifthis is not possible, then another QualifiedSlinger MUST be used to relay the signals.

3 The Slinger MUST inspect ALL items ofequipment that he is going to use to ensure it isFIT for PURPOSE.

PREPARATIONS FOR SLINGING



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1. Inspect the load for:

As the Slinger you have certain actions to carry out:

A The weight of the load? (Do You Know it)?

B Are the accessories attachment points suitable?

C Is it free to lift?, not bolted down?

D Can both YOU and the CRANE get to it?

E Is the Centre of Gravity known?.

F Enough head room.

2. Select the accessories to be used.3 Inspect the accessories, is it in „DATE‟! IS IT FIT

FOR PURPOSE

4 Check the route to the delivery point, Floor loading.

LIFTING THE LOAD



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Attach the slings\ accessories to the Crane hook, THEN tothe load.

IS THE HOOK ABOVE THE LOAD‟S CENTRE OF GRAVITY?

Raise the load approximately 50mm, then STOP.

Attach Tag lines if required?

Raise the load to the travel height.

Travel to the delivery point.

Get the crane driver to take the SLACK out of the slingsand check.

Why do we stop?

Check: Is the load balanced? Are the slings secure?

Is the load stable? Is the load secure?

Is the crane brake holding?

Any idea why?

Which is?

*MORE actions to complete!



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* Warn people to move away from the route to be taken

* Make sure the LOAD route is free from hazards and

obstacles

* Remember the slip & trip hazards for pendant andremote control crane operators.

* Determine the fixing, stacking or landingarrangements at the delivery point beforestarting. Can you land the load?

• ENSURE THAT THE LOAD IS NEVER TRAVELLEDOVER THE TOP OF PERSONNEL

POSITIONING AND LOWERING OF THELOAD



76

LOAD.

When the crane is above the desired location. Signal theoperator to STOP. Align the crane above the set down point.

Signal the operator to LOWER the load, but STOP justbefore landing.

Manoeuvre the load to its FINAL position by signalling thecrane operator.

Signal for the load to be LANDED!

DO NOT disconnect the slings from the load until YOU aresure it is in the correct position.

REMOVING THE ACCESSORIES or Tackle



77

Release the accessories from the load FIRST (if possible).

Back hook the slings onto thecrane hook, and allow thecrane to take the strain.

Return the accessories to the sling store.

Clean UP the area.

Clear away ALL surplus and unwanted materials.

Remove the accessories from the crane hook and return tostore, HEAVY? ( REMEMBER IT IS YOUR BACK )

RETURNING THE ACCESSORIES TO THESTORE



78

STORE.

Following an operation, YOU MUST examine ALL accessoriesfor damage prior to its return to the store.

Any suspect items MUST be reported to YOUR supervisor

These suspect items are to be labelled “DEFECTIVE, NOT TO BE USED” Then arrange for an EXAMINATION by acompetent person BEFORE being returned to service.

Always store items in a tidy manner, in the correct place.NOT ON THE FLOOR

Keep the storage area CLEAN

Keep the sling rack SECURE



79

Now to SLINGING and all the bits

employed and how YOU use them.

Slinging Equipment



80

There is a wide variety of slinging equipment available tosuit all types of lifting operation

The most commonly used items of slinging equipment are:Eyebolts Shackles

Slings (Chain, Steel Wire Rope and Fibre)

These items of equipment will be suitable for most simpleand routine lifting operations and are generally all that isrequired for the majority of lifting operations

Safety Principles for Slinging Equipment:

1 Equipment must be of adequate strength for the task.2 Equipment must be free from defects that could affect

safety performance.

3 Equipment must be designed to operate safely.

STANDARD SLINGING MEDIUMS



81

Material: CHAINAdvantages: Tough, Flexible and Durable.Disadvantages: Expensive, Heavy and can damage the item to be

lifted.

Material: STEEL WIRE ROPE Advantages: Cheap, Strong and Versatile.

Disadvantages: Inflexible, Corrodes from the inside. Can damagethe item to be lifted and injure the Operator

Material: FIBREAdvantages: Cheap, Flexible, Safe for the Operator and will

not Damage the load.Disadvantages: Natural ones rot. Man made ones do not. Both

are easily damaged. Natural ones are erratic inperformance,Man made ones are not.

Safe use of Eyebolts



82

Eyebolts are one of the most widely used liftingaccessories due to their low cost and simplicity of use.

They are formed from a single piece of forged steel toproduce a single eye with a threaded shaft.

They are screwed into a matching threaded hole in the load

to be lifted using ONLY HAND EFFORT to provide a liftingpoint suitable for use with a hook or shackle.

Collar eyebolt Dynamo Eyebolt (Banned)

Safe use of Eyebolts cont:



83

Confirm that the threads of the eyebolt and the hole in

the load going to be used are the same.

What have YOU got to do?

Screw in the eyebolt freely and tighten firmly by HAND ONLY. Use shims to ensure correct alignment (NOTE: themaximum thickness of shims should not exceed 0.4 xthread pitch)

Ensure that the underside of the collar is in FULL contactwith the surface of the load – it should not be possible tosee daylight between the two surfaces.

Check the condition of the thread of the hole the eyeboltwill be screwed into, it MUST be in GOOD condition

The hole must have a thread depth of at least 1.5x the

length of thread.

Lifting with Eyebolts



84

Collar Eyebolts: Connect the load to the lifting appliance usingslings and shackles – observe for correct sling angles.

„W‟ 2 TONNES

30ºIncludedangle

„W‟ = 1.14 tonne

57%

As With Slings, If the Axis of the Eyebolt Passes theVertical, So the SWL of It Decreases. A 24mm DiameterCollar Eyebolt S.W.L., 2.0 Tonnes In The Vertical =

60º includedangle

„W‟ = 0.74 tonne37%

90º includedangle

‘W‟ = 0.5 tonne

25%

Maximum load „W‟ to be lifted by each eyebolt when the sling

legs are inclined at the stated angle to the vertical.

Lifting with Eyebolts cont:



85

Ensure eyebolts and shackles are compatible – the shacklepin diameter should be greater than the eyebolt eye

thickness. Also;NEVER force in or over-tighteneyebolts

NEVER exceed the recommendedANGLES of loading

NEVER reeve slings throughpairs of eyebolts

Safe use of Shackles h kl / h EE h kl



86

Shackles come in two types/shapes – DEE shackles orBOW shackles, with a variety of different pin types.

British Standard and ISO standard shackles are rated totake the full SAFE WORKING LOAD as a point load in thecentre of the pin (ie the worst case loading).

However, some other standard of shackles may not be

similarly rated and may require the load to be evenlydistributed across the length of the pin.

Dee ShackleBow Shackle

Safe use of Shackles cont;



87

Dee shackles are intended only to

take a single directional load on thecrown

Dee Shackle

Where as Bow shackles can takemulti-directional loads up to theSWL of the shackle

Bow Shackle

How ever when using a Bow shackle for multidirectionalloads, allowances MUST be made for the increase in load

factor from the angled slings.

Setting up to Lift with Shackles!



88

What have YOU got to DO?

Ensure that the load on thepin is central andperpendicular – spacers /packing if required.

Incorrect CorrectEnsure the pin is screwedFULLY into the body, flush atthe end.

HAND TIGHT ONLY, DO NOT USE FORCE.

If the pin is held in position by a nut, do not tighten ontothe shackle body, this will cause distortion.

Check that the lifting operation or slinging arrangementwill not cause the pin to unscrew or loosen.

Safe use of Chain Slings Ch i Sli i t d i t it id



89

Chain Slings come in many types and sizes to suit a widevariety of applications.

The majority of chain in usetoday use mechanical joiningdevices.

The End fitting can be ahook or a special shackle.

These comprise of a MasterRing, it goes on the crane hook,a Coupling Device, a length ofchain, then another CouplingDevice and finally the End

fitting.

Safe use of Chain Slings cont;



90

A chain sling may simply be an endless length of chain orcould have a variety of end fittings for special applications.

They are therefore extremely versatile and hard wearing,but tend to be heavy and sometimes difficult to handle(especially the large heavy duty ones).

Preparing to Lift with Chain Slings.Ensure the Master link / Ring fits easily over the load hookof the crane / lifting machine and that couplingcomponents are not trapped.

Ensure all legs of the sling hangfreely and that the chain is nottwisted or knotted.




91

Check the sling angles and any de-rating factor for bothangle and mode of use.

Single Leg sling

in straight lift -

Maximum load

= SWL marked

0-90°

Single leg sling in

basket hitch,hooked back to

master link.

Maximum load

= SWL marked

Single leg sling in

choke hitch -

Maximum load

= 0.8 x SWL marked

Single leg sling in

basket hitch withboth master links

onto the hook -

Maximum load

= 1.4 x SWL marked

0-90°




92

Place all hooks facing

OUTWARDS and locate ontothe load attachment pointensuring the safety catchesare engaged properly andthat the load will be taken on

the SEAT /BOWL of thehook – NEVER ON THE TIP

Safety CatchSeat or Bowl of the hook

Hook tip, catchmust not pass.

Safe use of Steel Wire Rope Sling



93

Wire rope slings provide a low cost, versatile means ofconnecting a load to a lifting appliance.

Wire

Strand

Fibre Rope

Lubrication and Shape

A Wire Rope:

FREQUENT CHECKS,ON STEEL WIRE ROPES



94

ON STEEL WIRE ROPES Check all Steel Wire Ropes (S.W.R.) at frequent intervals

for kinks and frays, and ensure they are free fromprojecting needles of steel.

The allowable number of brokenwires is 5% in 10 diameters out of

total number in the steel rope.

You must ensure that none of thewire slings you use has any kinks ordamage as well.

These broken wire can cause injuryas well being detrimental to therope capacity.

Safe use of Steel Wire Rope Sling cont:



95

At one time, Steel Wire Rope slings were the preferredchoice of many slingers, but their popularity has diminishedsince the introduction of man made fibre slings.

Safe use of Man Made Fibre Slings



96

They are now used in the majority of slings, and come intwo different forms.

The MOST common material used is Polyester, exactly thesame as in YOUR shirt

The most common materials used in MAN-MADE fibreslings are Nylon, Terylene, and Polyester.

They are less robust than wire rope and chain slings, andare more easily damaged. They also degrade with age andexposure to sunlight and other sources of UV light.

Safe use of Man Made Fibre Slings cont:Fi l h i h fl WEBB li (b l li )



97

Firstly there is the flat woven WEBB sling (belt sling),these are used in a variety of applications.

They are a form of textile sling that is soft and easy tohandle whilst being rigid across the width.

make them ideal for handling loads which require somesupport when being lifted as the load is spread across thefull width of the webbing.

These qualities

Thus avoiding point contact as in Chain Slings.

Safe use of Man Made Fibre Slings cont: H th t f d MAN MADE th ti fib



98

However, the most favoured MAN-MADE synthetic fibrerope sling is the „ROUNDSLING‟

So what is a „ ROUNDSLING„! Any guesses?A roundsling for practical purposes is taken as a hank of

yarn joined to form an endless sling protected by a Tubularsleeve.

The protective sleeve plays NO part in the LOAD bearingqualities of the sling.

Safe use of Man Made Fibre Slings cont:



99

Polyester ROUNDSLINGS are a form of endless textilesling that are soft, lightweight and extremely flexible.

They are easy to handle and are especially useful ondelicate surfaces, but as they less robust than chain slingsthey need careful handling.




100

Preparing to Lift with ROUNDSLINGS.

1 Check the surface to be lifted for sharp corners,edges or tight radius‟s.

2 Protect the ID / information label from damage,make sure it will not be trapped or scuffed.

3 Check that the slings will not be subject to heat,flames or hot particles (welding) whilst in use.

4 Ensure that you have plenty of packing or edgeprotecting material available

5 Check that the load is free to lift, and that theslings can be attached with ease.




101

Getting ready for the LIFT.

Ensure the sling's are not twisted or caught on anything!

Check the MODE factor and sling angles are within thecapacity of the sling‟s for the load to be lifted.

If using CHOKE hitch, ensure the bite will not cause unduefriction on the sling when the load is taken.

Ensure the sling‟s engage correctly with the lifting

appliance / load hook and the load attachment – DO NOT FORCE FIBRE SLINGS ONTO THE HOOK, SHACKLE ORTHE CHOKE HITCH „BITE‟




102

Lifting with „ROUNDSLINGS‟

Take the load SLOWLY and check that the SLING‟S arebeing LOADED evenly and correctly.

When the LOAD is JUST clear of the ground, check that

the bite has been taken correctly, the sling‟s are STABLE,and will not SLIP.

Check that any protective packing or sleeving is still in the

correct place, effective and will not SLIP.



103

Examples of means of

SLINGING, and Mis-use.

Slinging Methods



104

Direct “in-line” slinging.

Slinging Methods



105

Choke Hitch Slinging

Slinging MethodsBasket Hitch Slinging



106

Basket Hitch Slinging

MISUSE OF SLINGS!Which is the CORRECT way to remove slings?



107

Which is the CORRECT way to remove slings?

Just pull the slingsfrom under the load?

Or land the load on

timber supports, thenpull the slings outfrom under the load?

THE LOAD



108

Always „BACK-HOOK‟ your slings

to avoid the

lashing legs fromhooking ontoother items.

To avoid lashinglegs andaccidental„HOOK - UPS‟‟



109REMEMBER!

Ensure the load is

•Secure• Balanced

•Safe



110

Sling „MODE‟ angles

Spreader Beam



1121000 KGS

500Kg 500Kg

30 deg

520 Kg

550Kg

45 deg

90 deg

700Kg

120 deg1000Kg

SLING IDENTIFICATION



113

Originally the SWL of multi-leg slings was given as theload within the angle, i.e., 5 tonne @ 0 - 90degrees or

90 - 120 degrees included

However, the SWL of ALL slings will NOW be given as 5tonne @ 45 degrees or 5 tonne @ 60 degrees from the

VERTICAL

90º120º

45º

45º 60º

30º



114

Multi-leg slings impart a „clamping force‟ on the load, thisincreases as the included angle is increased. This force is

much increased where the chain forms a loop.

SmallAngle

Small Clampingforce

Loop of

Chain

Even largerclamp force

LargerAngle

Large clamping

force



115

There are occasions, where the clamping force will assistthe SLINGER.

In the above situation the clamping force will keep theslings in position during the lift.

When a two leg sling is used for a straight lift, the angle isto be a max of 45deg from the vertical, and the SWL is



116

When two single leg slings, of the same lengthand SWL are used for a straight lift then the maximum loadmust not exceed 1.4 x SWL of a single leg. 45deg is themaximum angle from the vertical

0-90°

2 leg sling instraight lift -Maximum load= SWL asmarked

2 single legslings instraight lift -Maximumload = 1.4x SWL

marked on asingle leg.

m f g f m , WLthat marked.

The slings used to be rated at 90deg between legs.Now 45deg from the vertical is the maximum angle to

b d



117

be used.

45°

Two Leg sling

Four leg sling

45°

120°

120° 120°

Three leg sling



118

Different types of equipmentand the PRE-USE inspectionsYOU must carry out.

EYEBOLTS



119

EYE BOLT WITH A LINK

DYNAMO EYEBOLT

COLLARED EYEBOLT

EYEBOLT WITH COLLAR

AND UNDERCUT – DIN 580

COLLAR

DYNAMO

EYEBOLT



120

COLLAR

EYEBOLT

EYEBOLT

WITH LINK



121

CORRECT USEAGE



122

CORRECT INCORRECT RESULT OF

INCORRECT

USE

Remember, depth of thread MUST be 1.5x diameter



123

76 ACCEPTABLE

EYEBOLT

PINNED

NEVER

EYEBOLT

WELDED

ACCEPTABLE

EYEBOLT

SCREWED

RUD Star Points. Looks

like a standard Eyebolt,



124

RUD,

VLBG, 360°

rotation, top

pivots as

well.

y ,

but rotates 360°

180° Pivot

360°

Rotation

Swivel, Pivots

180°androtates 360°.

This is the

light duty

version.

THREAD MISMATCH How much it is possible for a WHITWORTH threaded



125

(imperial) eyebolt to enter a METRIC threaded hole.

M12 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30

3/8''

1/2''

5/8''Screw

enters hole

4 Turns

3/4''Screw

enters hole

5 Turns

7/8''Screw

enters hole

5 Turns

1''Screw

enters hole

5+ Turns

1 1/8''Screw

enters hole

7+ Turns

BSW

Screw

ISO METRIC THREADED TAPPED HOLES

In this

region the

screw will

not enter

the holes

In this

region the

screw drops

into the

holes

THREAD MISMATCH How much it is possible for a METRIC threaded eyebolt to



126

enter a WHITWORTH (imperial) threaded hole.

3/8'' 1/2'' 5/8'' 3/4'' 7/8'' 1'' 1 1/8''

M12Screw

enters hole

2 Turns

M16

M18Screw

enters hole

5+ Turns

M20Screw

enters hole

4 Turns

M22

M24

M27Screw

enters hole

1 Turns

ISO

METRIC

Screw

B.S.W THREADED TAPPED HOLES

Screw

enters hole

5 TurnsIn this

region the

screw will

not enter

the holes

In this

region thescrew

drops into

the holes

EYEBOLT Pre-Use InspectionCh k th t ID N SWL d



127

Check that ID No, SWL andthread identification are

legible and correct.

Check there is a valid reportof thorough examination

Inspect the eye and collar fornicks, gouges, corrosion anddistortion (for eyebolts with linksalso check that the weld is notcracked)

Check that the screw threads are not worn ordamaged and the thread is square and has not been

modified.

Check that the underside of thecollar is flat, true and has notbeen modified.

EYENUT



129

Although not primarily intended for lifting, they are useful incertain applications. They are for AXIAL lifting only. TheyMUST not be used for angular loading. The indicated SWL

assumes that the stud is of the same material as the eyenut.Ensure you use a 8.8 or 10.9 stud or bolt

•Never overload an eyebolt - allow



130

y• for the angle of use.

• DO NOT FORGET!

•Never over tighten an eyebolt.

•Never reeve a sling through a pair of• eyebolts

•Never load a dynamo eyebolt at• an angle.

•Never use collar eyebolts out of• permitted alignment.

•Never use in a way that might• unscrew the eyebolt.,

Hooks, things to look out for.



131

Hook withspring loadedsafety catch.

Swivel HookConstructionIndustry „C‟ hook

A „MOUSED‟ hook



132

Hooks cont:



133

Incorrect use of Hooks



134

Correct use of Hooks



135

Hook defects



136

Plate Clamps



137



138

SHACKLES

WHAT IS A SHACKLE? It is defined as a Lifting Accessory (accessories)



139

It consists of a body and pin.

These are the main parts

THERE ARE TWO MAIN SHAPES USED ININDUSTRY



140

Incorrect & Correct Use Of A Shackle Pin



141

INCORRECT Shackle pin bearing on a running.

It can work loose

CORRECT Shackle pin cannot turn

Pre-Use InspectionShackles



143

•Check that ID No andSWL are legible and

correct.•Check there is a validreport of thoroughexamination

•Inspect the pin for signs of

stretching, distortion andbending

•Inspect the body fordistortion, nicks and gouges

•Ensure the pin is the correct

one for the application andscrews freely into the body.

•Check the pin securingfeature (if fitted) iscompete and functional



144

CHAIN SLINGS

MULTI-LEG SLINGS WITH LESSTHAN THE FULL NUMBER OF LEGS



145

IN USE.

Eg a 4 leg sling with only 2 legs in use,

REDUCED SWL = 2/4 ie 1/2 x SWL MARKED

Eg a 3 leg sling with only 2 legs in use,

REDUCED SWL = 2/3 x SWL MARKED

CHAIN CLUTCHES • Correct use of „open‟



146

p

chain clutches.

•Unload or freeend of chain.

•Loaded chainMUST come

out of thebottom of theclutch.

CHAIN CLUTCHES

f



147

• Correct use of

“Closed” ChainClutches.

•Safety bolt allows theadjustment required.

•Loaded chain MUST comeout of the bottom of theclutch.

EXAMINE ALL LINKS FOR WEAR AT BEARING SURFACES



148

Nevertwist orknot

anysling.

Extreme wear at

bearing surfaces

WORKING LOAD LIMITS ON CHAIN SLINGSBS EN 818-4:1997Working load limits, tonnes



149Never Exceed The Working Load Limit Marked On The Sling



150

WIRE ROPES

WIRE ROPE



151

WIRE ROPE

Wire

Strand

Fibre Rope

Lubrication and Shape

CARE AND USE OF WIRE ROPES



152

CARE AND USE OF WIRE ROPES

Examine all wire ropes for damage before use.Faults which may render a rope unserviceableinclude:

1. Badly worn strands

2. Broken and fraying strands

3. Kinking

4. Corrosion

Note: Periodic inspection of wire ropes by acompetent person is required by safetyregulations.

Kinking: Handle wire rope slings with care andensure that a kink dose not occur making itunserviceable.

WHIP LASH



153

WHIP LASH

A damaged or over

strained rope maybreak and cause

serious injury to

anyone in its path.

FREQUENT CHECKS,

ON STEEL WIRE ROPES



154

Check all Steel Wire Ropes (S.W.R.) at frequent intervals for kinks and frays,

and ensure they are free from projecting needles of steel.

The allowable number of broken wires is 5% in 10 diameters out of total

number in the steel rope.

Example- 1/2 inch diameter rope of 6 > < 19 construction

Total Wires = 6 x 19 = 114 wires

10 Diameters = 1/2 inch x 10 = 5”

5% of 114 = 5.7.

Therefore if in a length of five inches (5”) there are 5 or more visible brokenwires, the S.W.R. should be taken out of service and scrapped.

However, if in an accident how do you explain there were less than five

broken wires.



155

FIBRE SLINGS

SYNTHETIC - MAN MADE FIBRES

The main ones used NYLON, TERYLENE, HIGH DENSITY



156

POLYTHENE, POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYESTER.

They are immune to Rotting and Mildew.

NYLON:Resistant to Alkalis.

TERYLENE:Resistant to Acids.

POLYPROPYLENE:

Resistant to Acids and Alkalis, but affected by Sunlight.

HIGH DENSITY POLYTHENE AND POLYESTER:These have relatively good resistant to Acids, and poor to

Alkalis and Solvents

A FEW INTERESTING POINTS

L W i h A 2000k R d li 4 l



157

Low Weight:- A 2000kg Roundsling, 4 metre long

weighs just 0.75kg.

Chain Weighs in at 7gram\sqcm, butPolyester Is Only 1.38gram\sqcm.

Tensile Strength:-Grade 100 chain steel = 100kg\sqmm.Grade 80 chain steel = 80kg\sqmm.Polyester = 97kg\sqmm.

Synthetic Ropes are resistant to shock loading.Under full load they may stretch by approx. 3%

Operating Temperature: +100°C to -40°C

Pre-Use InspectionPolyester Round Slings•Check that ID No and SWL arelegible and correct



158

legible and correct.

•Check there is a valid

report of thoroughexamination

Inspect the sling for damage tothe outer sleeve as follows:

Cuts / abrasions which exposethe inner load bearing fibres.Heat / friction damageapparent as shiny and / orhard areas of the fabricsurface.

Chemical damage or UVdegradation (faded colour).Oil, grease or dirt ingress orheavy soiling of the fabric

Pre-Use InspectionFlat Webbing Slings•Check that ID No and



159

Check that ID No andSWL are legible andcorrect.

•Check there is a validreport of thoroughexamination

Inspect any attachments for damage, wear or distortion

Inspect for damaged webbing

and stitching as follows:Cuts to webbing.Abrasion / chafing.Heat / friction damage.Excessive soiling / dirt

ingress in fibres.Faded colour due to UVdegradation.Chemical damage.



160

Section 11

RECAP

THE LAW REMEMBER:



161

You the user must examine all Lifting Accessories,both before and after use.

It must be done before they are returned into storage.

You must carry out every operation in a Safe manner.Every operation must be planned by a Competent Person.

You are responsible for your OWN Acts & Omissions.

Basically, you are responsible for your own Health &Safety and that of others.

CRANE DRIVING

Before Using A Crane, You Must Ensure:



162

Have you got the correct PPE „on‟?

That the crane hook does not have a load attached orsuspended.

You are authorised to operate IT.

That IT actually works, as it should, All motions andtrips (if fitted) have been tested.

You have tested the hook „Upper Limit‟ switch. This isa MUST.

Nobody is working at a height, within a distance of 6Metres that the crane or load can touch.

Are any Work Permits in force?

Your name on the list?

SLINGING 1 BEFORE YOU DO ANY SLINGING MAKE SURE:



163

Weight of the Load. Is it Known?

What route will you take? Is it clear?

Will the Set Down point accept it? Floor loading?

Is it Free to lift? Still bolted down?

Are any Barriers required? To stop access?Equipment attachment points? Fit for purpose?Suitable?

Lifting equipment, is it in date?Is it fit for Purpose?

What slings are you going to use? Fibre? Chain?

Centre of Gravity? Is it Known?

SLINGING 2 WHEN SLINGING, BE SURE THAT:

Both YOU and the crane can get to it



164

Both YOU and the crane can get to it.

The included Sling angle is less than 90°?The lifting accessories are Secure?

The Load is secure? Nothing can drop off?

Crane Brake is holding?

Load is balanced?

You don‟t have too many slings on the Crane hook?

When the Load is landed that you can get the slingsFree.

Is the route clear?

Any bodies in the way?

LOAD ESTIMATION

REMEMBER:



165

Is the Weight displayed?

Is it noted? Where? On the Way Bill?

Does it include All parts of the Load?

Does it include the weight of the Slings?If Load is still on the vehicle? send to a Weighbridge!

Where is its centre of gravity (CofG)?

Has the C of G been calculated and or checked?

EYEBOLTS

REMEMBER:



166

They must be screwed fully in, 1.5 X the DIA isrequired depth of thread, and Hand Tight. Beware ofany thread mismatch between imperial and metricthreads.

Check Thread for Damage, Modification orDiscolouration.

You must check the state of the hole the eyebolt is

being screwed into. Any Corrosion? Angle of pull notto be more than 45º from the vertical. Remember theSWL drops dramatically from the vertical.

HOOKS REMEMBER:

All hooks should have Safety Catches fitted



167

All hooks should have Safety Catches fitted

Hooks on slings or eyebolts to be pointing outwards, ithelps the them stay in the Bowl of the hook.

Any slings on a Hook must All be in the Bowl, if not, aMaster Ring must be used and the slings attached to

it using shackles.REMEMBER TO CHECK FOR THE FOLLOWING DEFECTS:

Jaw opening, opening Out?

Hook is tip is twisted in relation to the body?.

Twisting or Cracks on the underside of the body.

Wear and Deformation in the hook Lifting Eye?

SHACKLES

There are two main shapes in use, the DEE and the BOW.



168

As to types there are many, the main difference is

the Material Used and Colour.When you disconnect a shackle you MUST remember

to replace the pin straight away.

When you examine the shackle for damage YOU MUST ALWAYS CHECK FOR:

Twisting of the body. Closing in of the „JAWS‟.

Correct Safe Working Load? Bent Pin?

Correct pin fitted? It has to be flush at the end!

CHAIN SLINGS

They are more versatile than Wire Rope Slings, Flexible too.



169

Very good in extremes of temperature.

MUST NOT be used in ACID atmosphere.

Tough BUT Expensive

Flexible but HEAVY

Durable BUT Can Do Damage to items being lifted.

You must Check for:

Wear, from dragging, on external surfaces, andon the internal ends.

Stretch in the legs, one leg longer than the other (s)and damage to the end fittings.

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

These are no good for use in EXTREMES of temperature.



170

They BREAK without warning.

They CORRODE from the inside.

VERY easily DAMAGED, especially when placed or used onsharp edges.

YOU EXAMINE FOR: Broken wires, Kinks and „Sets‟.

THEY ARE:

Cheap But have limited flexibility

Strong But corrode from the inside

Versatile But can cause damage

FIBRE SLINGS Man-made fibres are Light and Flexible.

YOU EXAMINE THEM FOR:



171

YOU EXAMINE THEM FOR:

DAMAGE to the casing, webbing or rope.CORE fibres showing on ROUNDSLINGS.

LABEL missing? SWL Displayed?

SIGNS of ACID contact. Loss of Colour, Soft &Spongy.

SWL marked on the sling?

They are Cheap Flexible and Safe for the Operator. But, they are easily Damaged,

Some are Difficult to examine an, Acids and

Alkalis can attack them

HINTS 10 HINTS FOR SAFE LIFTING

1. Never OVERLOAD the equipment.



2 Never use DAMAGED slings or equipment.

3 Position the sling's correctly, not on SHARP edges.

4 Use packing on SHARP edges, coats, tyres or gloves etc.

5 Do not DRAG goods in the sling, do not DRAG thesling on then FLOOR!.

6 Position the sling to ease removal,

7 Use on SMOOTH rounded hooks.

8 Try to avoid PLACING too many slings on a HOOK.

Documents

Crane Power Point Current