CR ConclusionStr Questions

8/9/2019 CR ConclusionStr Questions

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Table Of Contents

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Questions

1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)a noninvasive diagnostic procedurecan be used toidentify blockages in the coronary arteries. In contrast to angiogramsthe invasive procedurecustomarily usedMRIs pose no risk to patients. hus! to guarantee patient safety in theattempt to diagnose arterial blockages! MRIs should replace angiograms in all attempts atdiagnosing coronary blockages."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most support the recommendation above$(%) %ngiograms can be used to diagnose conditions other than blockages in arteries.(&) MRIs #ere designed primarily in order to diagnose blockages in the coronary arteries.(') %ngiograms reveal more information about the nature of a blockage than an MRI can.() %n MRI is ust as likely as an angiogram to identify an arterial blockage.(*) +ome patients for #hom an angiogram presents no risk are un#illing to undergo an MRI.

, In a marketing study! consumers #ere given t#o unlabeled cartons of laundry detergent. -necarton #as bright green and yello# the other #as drab bro#n and gray. %fter using thedetergent in the t#o cartons for one month! /0 percent of the consumers in the study reportedthat the detergent in the bright green and yello# carton cleaned better. his study sho#s thatpackaging has a significant impact on consumers udgment of the effectiveness of a laundrydetergent."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the conclusion dra#n in the marketingstudy$(%) he detergent in the bright carton contained bleach crystals the detergent in the drabcarton did not.(&) he detergents in the t#o cartons #ere the same.(') he detergents in the t#o cartons #ere different! but they had both been laboratory tested.() he detergent in the drab carton #as a popular name brand the detergent in the brightcarton #as generic.(*) he detergent in the drab carton #as generic the detergent in the bright carton #as apopular name brand.

0 he average life epectancy for the 2nited +tates population as a #hole is 30.4 years! butchildren born in 5a#aii #ill live an average of 33 years! and those born in 6ouisiana! 31.3years. If a ne#ly#ed couple from 6ouisiana #ere to begin their family in 5a#aii! therefore!their children #ould be epected to live longer than #ould be the case if the family remained in6ouisiana."hich of the follo#ing statements! if true! #ould most significantly strengthen the conclusiondra#n in the passage$(%) %s population density increases in 5a#aii! life epectancy figures for that state are likely to

be revised do#n#ard.(&) *nvironmental factors tending to favor longevity are abundant in 5a#aii and lessnumerous in 6ouisiana.(') #enty7five percent of all 6ouisianians #ho move to 5a#aii live longer than 33 years.() -ver the last decade! average life epectancy has risen at a higher rate for 6ouisianiansthan for 5a#aiians.(*) +tudies sho# that the average life epectancy for 5a#aiians #ho move permanently to6ouisiana is roughly e8ual to that of 5a#aiians #ho remain in 5a#aii.

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9 % cost7effective solution to the problem of airport congestion is to provide high7speed groundtransportation bet#een maor cities lying ,:: to ;:: miles apart. he successfulimplementation of this plan #ould cost far less than epanding eisting airports and #ouldalso reduce the number of airplanes clogging both airports and air#ays."hich of the follo#ing! if true! could proponents of the plan above most appropriately cite as apiece of evidence for the soundness of their plan$(%) %n effective high7speed ground7transportation system #ould re8uire maor repairs to manyhigh#ays and mass7transit improvements.(&) -ne7half of all departing flights in the nations busiest airport head for a destination in amaor city ,,; miles a#ay.(') he maority of travelers departing from rural airports are flying to destinations in citiesover iversity in #ork force participation has

produced ne# ideas in management! product development! and marketing!? the associationclaimed.he associations argument as it is presented in the passage above #ould be moststrengthened if #hich of the follo#ing #ere true$(%) he percentage of minority and #omen #orkers in business has increased more slo#lythan many minority and #omens groups #ould prefer.(&) hose businesses #ith the highest percentages of minority and #omen #orkers are thosethat have been the most innovative and profitable.(') isposable income has been rising as fast among minorities and #omen as among thepopulation as a #hole.() he biggest gro#th in sales in the manufacturing sector has come in industries that marketthe most innovative products.(*) Recent improvements in management practices have allo#ed many manufacturers to

eperience enormous gains in #orker productivity.< "oodsmoke contains dangerous toins that cause changes in human cells. &ecause

#oodsmoke presents such a high health risk! legislation is needed to regulate the use ofopen7air fires and #ood7burning stoves."hich of the follo#ing! if true! provides the most support for the argument above$(%) he amount of dangerous toins contained in #oodsmoke is much less than the amountcontained in an e8ual volume of automobile ehaust.(&) "ithin the urisdiction covered by the proposed legislation! most heating and cooking isdone #ith oil or natural gas.(') +moke produced by coal7burning stoves is significantly more toic than smoke from #ood7burning stoves.() =o significant beneficial effect on air 8uality #ould result if open7air fires #ere banned#ithin the urisdiction covered by the proposed legislation.

(*) In valleys #here #ood is used as the primary heating fuel! the concentration of smokeresults in poor air 8uality.

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3 'ontrary to earlier predictions! demand for sugarcane has not increased in recent years. @et!even though prices and production amounts have also been stable during the last three years!sugarcane gro#ers last year increased their profits by more than ten percent over theprevious years level.

%ny of the follo#ing statements! if true! about last year! helps to eplain the rise in profits*A'*BC(%) Many countries that are large consumers of sugarcane increased their production ofsugarcane7based ethanol! yet their overall consumption of sugarcane decreased.(&) +ugarcane gro#ers have saved money on #ages by s#itching from paying laborers anhourly #age to paying them by the amount harvested.(') he price of oil! the maor energy source used by sugarcane gro#ers in harvesting theircrops! dropped by over t#enty percent.() Many small sugarcane gro#ers oined together to form an association of sugarcaneproducers and began to buy supplies at lo# group rates.(*) Rainfall in sugarcane7gro#ing regions #as higher than it had been during the previousyear! allo#ing the gro#ers to save money on epensive artificial irrigation.

/ Most employees in the computer industry move from company to company! changing obsseveral times in their careers. 5o#ever! +ummit 'omputers is kno#n throughout the industry

for retaining its employees. +ummit credits its success in retaining employees to its informal!nonhierarchical #ork environment."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports +ummits eplanation of its success inretaining employees$(%) +ome people employed in the computer industry change obs if they become bored #iththeir current proects.(&) % hierarchical #ork environment hinders the cooperative echange of ideas that computerindustry employees consider necessary for their #ork.(') Many of +ummits senior employees had previously #orked at only one other computercompany.() In a nonhierarchical #ork environment! people avoid behavior that might threaten groupharmony and thus avoid discussing #ith their colleagues any dissatisfaction they might have#ith their obs.

(*) he cost of living near +ummit is relatively lo# compared to areas in #hich some othercomputer companies are located.

4 ManagerC %ccounting and &illing are located right net to each other and the t#o departmentsdo similar kinds of #ork yet ependitures for clerical supplies charged to &illing are muchhigher. Is &illing #asting supplies$5ead of &illingC =ot at all."hich of the follo#ing! if true! best supports the position of the 5ead of &illing$(%) here are more staff members in %ccounting than in &illing.(&) #o years ago! ependitures in %ccounting for clerical supplies #ere the same as #ereependitures that year in &illing for clerical supplies.(') he #ork of &illing no# re8uires a #ider variety of clerical supplies than it did in the past.() +ome of the paper7and7pencil #ork of both %ccounting and &illing has been replaced by

#ork done on computers.(*) Members of %ccounting found the clerical supplies cabinet of &illing more convenient to goto for supplies than their o#n departments cabinet.

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1: MayorC In each of the past five years! the city has cut school funding and each time schoolofficials complained that the cuts #ould force them to reduce ependitures for essentialservices. &ut each time! only ependitures for nonessential services #ere actually reduced.+o school officials can implement further cuts #ithout reducing any ependitures for essentialservices."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports the mayors conclusion$(%) he citys schools have al#ays provided essential services as efficiently as they haveprovided nonessential services.(&) +ufficient funds are currently available to allo# the citys schools to provide somenonessential services.(') Brice estimates 8uoted to the citys schools for the provision of nonessential services havenot increased substantially since the most recent school funding cut.() De# influential city administrators support the funding of costly nonessential services inthe citys schools.(*) he citys school officials rarely eaggerate the potential impact of threatened funding cuts.

11 In order to relieve congestion in the airspace near the airports of a certain country!transportation officials propose sending passengers by ne# rapid trains bet#een the countrysmaor airport and several small cities #ithin a 0::7mile radius of it. his plan #as proposed

even though the officials realiEed that it is the maor airport that is congested! not those in thesmall cities.he plan to relieve congestion #ould #ork best if #hich of the follo#ing #ere true about themaor airport$(%) Rail tickets bet#een the airport and the small cities #ill most likely cost more than thecurrent air tickets for those routes.(&) Most passengers #ho fre8uently use the airport prefer to reach their cities of destinationeclusively by air! even if they must change planes t#ice.(') here are feasible changes in the airports traffic control system #hich #ould significantlyrelieve congestion.() +ome of the congestion the airport eperiences could be relieved if more flights #erescheduled at night and at other off7peak hours.(*) % significant proportion of the airports traffic consists of passengers transferring bet#een

international flights and flights to the small cities.1, he local board of education found that! because the current physics curriculum has little

direct relevance to todays #orld! physics classes attracted fe# high school students. +o toattract students to physics classes! the board proposed a curriculum that emphasiEesprinciples of physics involved in producing and analyEing visual images."hich of the follo#ing! if true! provides the strongest reason to epect that the proposedcurriculum #ill be successful in attracting students$(%) +everal of the fundamental principles of physics are involved in producing and analyEingvisual images.(&) Fno#ledge of physics is becoming increasingly important in understanding the technologyused in todays #orld.(') *8uipment that a large producer of photographic e8uipment has donated to the highschool could be used in the proposed curriculum.

() he number of students interested in physics today is much lo#er than the number ofstudents interested in physics ;: years ago.(*) In todays #orld the production and analysis of visual images is of maor importance incommunications! business! and recreation.

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10 Revie#ing historical data! medical researchers in 'alifornia found that counties #ith thelargest number of television sets per capita have had the lo#est incidence of a serious braindisease! mos8uito7borne encephalitis. he researchers have concluded that people in thesecounties stay indoors more and thus avoid eposure to the disease.he researchers conclusion #ould be most strengthened if #hich of the follo#ing #ere true$(%) Brograms designed to control the siEe of disease7bearing mos8uito populations have notaffected the incidence of mos8uito borne encephalitis.(&) he occupations of county residents affect their risk of eposure to mos8uito7borneencephalitis more than does television7#atching.(') he incidence of mos8uito7borne encephalitis in counties #ith the largest number oftelevision sets per capita is likely to decrease even further.() he more time people in a county spend outdoors! the greater their a#areness of thedangers of mos8uito7borne encephalitis.(*) he more television sets there are per capita in a county! the more time the averagecounty resident spends #atching television.

19 'ountry @ uses its scarce foreign7echange reserves to buy scrap iron for recycling into steel.%lthough the steel thus produced earns more foreign echange than it costs! that policy isfoolish. 'ountry @s o#n territory has vast deposits of iron ore! #hich can be mined #ith

minimal ependiture of foreign echange."hich of the follo#ing! if true! provides the strongest support for 'ountry @s policy of buyingscrap iron abroad$(%) he price of scrap iron on international markets rose significantly in 14/3.(&) 'ountry @s foreign7echange reserves dropped significantly in 14/3.(') here is virtually no difference in 8uality bet#een steel produced from scrap iron and thatproduced from iron ore.() +crap iron is no# used in the production of roughly half the steel used in the #orld today!and eperts predict that scrap iron #ill be used even more etensively in the future.(*) Durnaces that process scrap iron can be built and operated in 'ountry @ #ith substantiallyless foreign echange than can furnaces that process iron ore.

1; 5alf of the subects in an eperimentthe eperimental groupconsumed large 8uantities of

a popular artificial s#eetener. %fter#ard! this group sho#ed lo#er cognitive abilities than didthe other half of the subectsthe control group#ho did not consume the s#eetener. hedetrimental effects #ere attributed to an amino acid that is one of the s#eeteners principalconstituents."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould best help eplain ho# the s#eetener might produce theobserved effect$(%) he governments analysis of the artificial s#eetener determined that it #as sold inrelatively pure form.(&) % high level of the amino acid in the blood inhibits the synthesis of a substance re8uired fornormal brain functioning.(') &ecause the s#eetener is used primarily as a food additive! adverse reactions to it arerarely noticed by consumers.() he amino acid that is a constituent of the s#eetener is also sold separately as a dietary

supplement.(*) +ubects in the eperiment did not kno# #hether they #ere consuming the s#eetener or asecond! harmless substance.

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14 In general! a professional athlete is offered a million7dollar contract only if he or she has ustcompleted an unusually successful season. 5o#ever! a study sho#s that an athlete signingsuch a contract usually suffers a decline in performance the follo#ing season. his studysupports the theory that a million7dollar contract tends to #eaken an athletes desire to ecelby diminishing his or her economic incentive."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the conclusion dra#n above$(%) -n the average! athletes #hose contracts call for relatively small salaries #ith possiblebonuses for outstanding achievement perform better than other athletes.(&) %thletes are generally offered million7dollar contracts mainly because of the increasedticket sales and other revenues they generate.(') Many professional athletes have careers marked by year7to7year fluctuations in theiroverall levels of performance.() -n the average! higher7salaried athletes tend to have longer and more successfulprofessional careers than do lo#er7salaried athletes.(*) +i of the ten leading batters in the =ational 6eague this season signed million7dollarcontracts during the off7season.

,: +ince the ;;7mile7per7hour speed limit #as mandated on our high#ays! both money andhuman lives have been saved.

%ll of the follo#ing! if true! #ould strengthen the claim above *A'*BC

(%) Most high#ay users find that travel times are not appreciably lengthened by the ;;7mile7per7hour speed limit.(&) 5igh#ay driving at ;; miles per hour or less is more fuel7efficient than high7speed driving.(') =early all high#ay safety eperts agree that more accidents occur at speeds over ;; milesper hour than at lo#er speeds.() he percentage of fatalities occurring in high#ay accidents at speeds greater than ;;miles per hour is higher than that for lo#7speed accidents.(*) %utomobiles last longer and re8uire fe#er repairs #hen driven at consistently lo#erspeeds.

,1 oughened hiring standards have not been the primary cause of the present staffing shortagein public schools. he shortage of teachers is primarily caused by the fact that in recent yearsteachers have not eperienced any improvements in #orking conditions and their salaries

have not kept pace #ith salaries in other professions."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most support the claims above$(%) Many teachers already in the profession #ould not have been hired under the ne# hiringstandards.(&) oday more teachers are entering the profession #ith a higher educational level than inthe past.(') +ome teachers have cited higher standards for hiring as a reason for the current staffingshortage.() Many teachers have cited lo# pay and lack of professional freedom as reasons for theirleaving the profession.(*) Many prospective teachers have cited the ne# hiring standards as a reason for notentering the profession.

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,, If the airspace around centrally located airports #ere restricted to commercial airliners andonly those private planes e8uipped #ith radar! most of the private7plane traffic #ould be forcedto use outlying airfields. +uch a reduction in the amount of private7plane traffic #ould reducethe risk of midair collision around the centrally located airports."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the conclusion dra#n in the secondsentence$(%) 'ommercial airliners are already re8uired by la# to be e8uipped #ith etremelysophisticated radar systems.(&) 'entrally located airports are eperiencing over7cro#ded airspace primarily because ofsharp increases in commercial7airline traffic.(') Many pilots of private planes #ould rather buy radar e8uipment than be ecluded fromcentrally located airports.() he number of midair collisions that occur near centrally located airports has decreased inrecent years.(*) Brivate planes not e8uipped #ith radar systems cause a disproportionately large numberof midair collisions around centrally located airports.

,0 "hich of the follo#ing best completes the passage belo#$*stablished companies concentrate on defending #hat they already have. 'onse8uently! they

tend not to be innovative themselves and tend to underestimate the effects of the innovationsof others. he clearest eample of this defensive strategy is the fact thatHHHHHH(%) ballpoint pens and soft7tip markers have eliminated the traditional market for fountainpens! clearing the #ay for the marketing of fountain pens as luury or prestige items(&) a highly successful automobile #as introduced by the same company that had earlierintroduced a model that had been a dismal failure(') a once7successful manufacturer of slide rules reacted to the introduction of electroniccalculators by trying to make better slide rules() one of the first models of modern accounting machines! designed for use in the bankingindustry! #as purchased by a public library as #ell as by banks(*) the inventor of a commonly used anesthetic did not intend the product to be used bydentists! #ho currently account for almost the entire market for that drug

,9 #o decades after the *merald River am #as built! none of the eight fish species native tothe *merald River #as still reproducing ade8uately in the river belo# the dam. +ince the damreduced the annual range of #ater temperature in the river belo# the dam from ;: degrees to< degrees! scientists have hypothesiEed that sharply rising #ater temperatures must beinvolved in signaling the native species to begin the reproductive cycle."hich of the follo#ing statements! if true! #ould most strengthen the scientists hypothesis$(%) he native fish species #ere still able to reproduce only in side streams of the river belo#the dam #here the annual temperature range remains approimately ;: degrees.(&) &efore the dam #as built! the *merald River annually overflo#ed its banks! creatingback#aters that #ere critical breeding areas for the native species of fish.(') he lo#est recorded temperature of the *merald River before the dam #as built #as 09degrees! #hereas the lo#est recorded temperature of the river after the dam #as built hasbeen 90 degrees.

() =onnative species of fish! introduced into the *merald River after the dam #as built! havebegun competing #ith the declining native fish species for food and space.(*) Dive of the fish species native to the *merald River are not native to any other river in=orth %merica.

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,; *tinction is a process that can depend on a variety of ecological! geographical! andphysiological variables. hese variables affect different species of organisms in different #ays!and should! therefore! yield a random pattern of etinctions. 5o#ever! the fossil record sho#sthat etinction occurs in a surprisingly definite pattern! #ith many species vanishing at thesame time."hich of the follo#ing! if true! forms the best basis for at least a partial eplanation of thepatterned etinctions revealed by the fossil record$(%) Maor episodes of etinction can result from #idespread environmental disturbances thataffect numerous different species.(&) 'ertain etinction episodes selectively affect organisms #ith particular sets ofcharacteristics uni8ue to their species.(') +ome species become etinct because of accumulated gradual changes in their localenvironments.() In geologically recent times! for #hich there is no fossil record! human intervention haschanged the pattern of etinctions.(*) +pecies that are #idely dispersed are the least likely to become etinct.

,< Many breakfast cereals are fortified #ith vitamin supplements. +ome of these cereals provide1:: percent of the recommended daily re8uirement of vitamins. =evertheless! a #ell7balanced

breakfast! including a variety of foods! is a better source of those vitamins than are suchfortified breakfast cereals alone."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strongly support the position above$(%) In many foods! the natural combination of vitamins #ith other nutrients makes thosevitamins more usable by the body than are vitamins added in vitamin supplements.(&) Beople #ho regularly eat cereals fortified #ith vitamin supplements sometimes neglect toeat the foods in #hich the vitamins occur naturally.(') Doods often must be fortified #ith vitamin supplements because naturally occurringvitamins are removed during processing.() 2nprocessed cereals are naturally high in several of the vitamins that are usually added tofortified breakfast cereals.(*) 'ereals containing vitamin supplements are no harder to digest than similar cereals#ithout added vitamins.

,3 In opposing the 143: 'lean %ir %ct! the 2nited +tates automobile industry argued thatmeeting the acts standards for automobile emissions #as neither economically feasible norenvironmentally necessary. 5o#ever! the catalytic converter! invented in 14


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,/ % severe drought can actually lessen the total amount of government aid that 2nited +tatesfarmers receive as a group. he government pays farmers the amount! if any! by #hich themarket price at #hich crops are actually sold falls short of a preset target price per bushel forthe crops. he drought of 14/0! for eample! caused farm7program payments to drop by 1:billion.Given the information above! #hich of the follo#ing! if true! best eplains #hy the drought of14/0 resulted in a reduction in farm7program payments$(%) Brior to the drought of 14/0! the government raised the target price for crops in order toaid farmers in reducing their debt loads.(&) ue to the drought of 14/0! 2nited +tates farmers eported less food in 14/0 than in thepreceding year.(') ue to the drought of 14/0! 2nited +tates farmers had smaller harvests and thus receiveda higher market price for the 14/0 crop than for the larger crop of the preceding year.() ue to the drought of 14/0! 2nited +tates farmers planned to plant smaller crops in 14/9than they had in 14/0.(*) espite the drought of 14/0! retail prices for food did not increase significantly bet#een14/, and 14/0.

,4 % public7service advertisement advises that people #ho have consumed alcohol should notdrive until they can do so safely. In a hospital study! ho#ever! subects 8uestioned

immediately after they consumed alcohol underestimated the time necessary to regain theirdriving ability. his result indicates that many people #ho drink before driving #ill havedifficulty follo#ing the advertisements advice."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports the argument above$(%) Many people! if they plan to drink alcohol! make arrangements beforehand for anondrinker to drive them home.(&) he subects in the hospital study generally rated their abilities more conservatively than#ould people drinking alcohol outside a hospital setting.(') +ome people refrain from drinking if they #ill have to drive to get home after#ard.() he subects in the hospital study #ere also 8uestioned about the time necessary toregain abilities that do not play an important role in driving safely.(*) %#areness of the public7service advertisement is higher among the general populationthan it #as among the subects in the hospital study.

0: In order to increase revenues! an airport plans to change the parking fees it charges at itshourly parking lots. Rather than charging ,.:: for the first t#o7hour period! or part thereof!and 1.:: for each hour thereafter! the airport #ill charge 9.:: for the first four7hour period!or part thereof! and 1.:: for each hour thereafter."hich of the follo#ing is a consideration that! if true! suggests that the plan #ill be successfulin increasing revenues$(%) Jery fe# people #ho park their cars at the hourly parking lot at the airport leave their carsfor more than t#o hours at a time.(&) -ver the past several years! the cost to the airport of operating its hourly parking facilitieshas been greater than the revenues it has received from them.(') Beople #ho leave their cars at the airport #hile on a trip generally park their cars in lotsthat charge by the day rather than by the hour.

() % significant portion of the money spent to operate the airport parking lot is spent tomaintain the facilities rather than to pay the salaries of the personnel #ho collect the parkingfees.(*) he hourly parking lots at the airport have recently been epanded and are thereforerarely filled to capacity.

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01 Many companies no# have employee assistance programs that enable employees! free ofcharge! to improve their physical fitness! reduce stress! and learn #ays to stop smoking.hese programs increase #orker productivity! reduce absenteeism! and lessen insurancecosts for employee health care. herefore! these programs benefit the company as #ell as theemployee."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most significantly strengthens the conclusion above$(%) Bhysical fitness programs are often the most popular services offered to employees.(&) +tudies have sho#n that training in stress management is not effective for many people.(') Regular eercise reduces peoples risk of heart disease and provides them #ith increasedenergy.() Bhysical inuries sometimes result from entering a strenuous physical fitness program too8uickly.(*) *mployee assistance programs re8uire companies to hire people to supervise the variousprograms offered.

0, he cotton farms of 'ountry K became so productive that the market could not absorb all thatthey produced. 'onse8uently! cotton prices fell. he government tried to boost cotton pricesby offering farmers #ho took ,; percent of their cotton acreage out of production directsupport payments up to a specified maimum per farm.he governments program! if successful! #ill not be a net burden on the budget. "hich of the

follo#ing! if true! is the best basis for an eplanation of ho# this could be so$(%) epressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms! and the government lostrevenue from taes on farm profits.(&) 'otton production in several counties other than K declined slightly the year that thesupport7payment program #ent into effect in K.(') he first year that the support7payment program #as in effect! cotton acreage in K #as;L belo# its level in the base year for the program.() he specified maimum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the supportpayments #ere less per acre for those acres that #ere #ithdra#n from production than they#ere for smaller farms.(*) Darmers #ho #ished to 8ualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that#as #ithdra#n from production to gro# any other crop.

00 he level of lead contamination in 2nited +tates rivers declined bet#een 143; and 14/;.Dederal regulations re8uiring a drop in industrial discharges of lead #ent into effect in 143;!but the maor cause of the decline #as a 3; percent drop in the use of leaded gasolinebet#een 143; and 14/;."hich of the follo#ing! if true! best supports the claim that the maor cause of the decline inthe level of lead contamination in 2nited +tates rives #as the decline in the use of leadedgasoline$(%) he level of lead contamination in 2nited +tates rivers fell sharply in both 143; and 14/0.(&) Most of the decline in industrial discharges of lead occurred before 143


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09 It has al#ays been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the Beoples Republic of'hina. &ecause the system is effectively closed! it is impossible to kno# #ith any degree ofconfidence #ho is allied #ith #hom and for #hat reasons. @et 'hinese politics does ehibitmany of the eternal characteristics of factional political systems! as found in more opensocieties. It is legitimate to conclude! therefore! that 'hina has a factional political system."hich one of the follo#ing! if true! #ould confirm the authors conclusion that 'hina has afactional political system$(%) %ll open political systems are factional political systems.(&) %ll factional political systems are closed political systems.(') %ll closed political systems are factional political systems.() 'hinas political system is more open than many eisting factional political systems.(*) 'hinas political system is more closed than all eisting factional political systems.

0; %n annually conducted! nation#ide survey sho#s a continuing marked decline in the use ofillegal drugs by high school seniors over the last three years."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould provide most support for concluding from the surveyresults described above that the use of illegal drugs by people belo# the age of ,: isdeclining$(%) 'hanges in the level of drug use by high school seniors are seldom matched by changesin the level of drug use by other people belo# the age of ,:.(&) In the past! high school seniors #ere consistently the population group most likely to useillegal drugs and most likely to use them heavily.(') he percentage of high school seniors #ho use illegal drugs is consistently very similar tothe percentage of all people belo# the age of ,: #ho use illegal drugs.() he decline revealed by the surveys is the result of drug education programs specificallytargeted at those belo# the age of ,:.(*) he number of those surveyed #ho admit to having sold illegal drugs has declined evenfaster than has the number #ho have used drugs.

0< %n eperiment #as done in #hich human subects recogniEe a pattern #ithin a matri ofabstract designs and then select another design that completes that pattern. he results of theeperiment #ere surprising. he lo#est ependiture of energy in neurons in the brain #asfound in those subects #ho performed most successfully in the eperiments.

"hich of the follo#ing hypotheses best accounts for the findings of the eperiment$(%) he neurons of the brain react less #hen a subect is trying to recogniEe patterns than#hen the subect is doing other kinds of reasoning.(&) hose #ho performed best in the eperiment eperienced more satisfaction #hen #orking#ith abstract patterns than did those #ho performed less #ell.(') Beople #ho are better at abstract pattern recognition have more energy7efficient neuralconnections.() he energy ependiture of the subects brains increases #hen a design that completes theinitially recogniEed pattern is determined.(*) he task of completing a given design is more capably performed by athletes! #hoseenergy ependiture is lo#er #hen they are at rest than is that of the general population.

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03 r. +heila Borter plans to run an eperiment using nursing students. *ach student #ill besho#n either a pleasant nature film or a disturbing horror film. *ach student #ill be observedby someone #holooking only at the students facial epressionsmust ascertain #hich filmis being sho#n. +tudents sho#n the horror movie are told to hide their feelings in order toconvince the observer that they are #atching a pleasant film. r. Borter hypothesiEes that allthe students in the eperiment #ho are convincing #ill be among the best at #orking #ithpatients. he hypothesis #ill be tested by comparing the convincing students andunconvincing students in terms of their performance #ith patents."hich one of the follo#ing incidents best illustrates r. Borters hypothesis$(%) =iles! the most convincing student in the eperiment! later #ent on to become a physician.(&) %fter graduating! @oshiro! a nursing student #ho #as convincing in the eperiment! helpedcare for &ram! a patient at a hospital. &ram recovered from his operation.(') %fter graduating! Fim! a nursing student in the eperiment #ho #atched the nature film!#as removed from the staff of a hospital for unacceptable performance in patient care.() aria! a nursing student #ho #as convincing in the eperiment! later received >%s? inthose classes in #hich #orking #ith patients in a teaching hospital #as the sole basis of hergrades.(*) Marite! a nursing student #ho #as not convincing in the eperiment! later 8uit nursingschool.

0/ %dult female rats #ho have never before encountered rat pups #ill start to sho# maternalbehaviors after being confined #ith a pup for about seven days. his period can beconsiderably shortened by disabling the females sense of smell or by removing the scent7producing glands of the pup."hich of the follo#ing hypotheses best eplains the contrast described above$(%) he sense of smell in adult female rats is more acute than that in rat pups.(&) he amount of scent produced by rat pups increases #hen they are in the presence of afemale rat that did not bear them.(') Demale rats that have given birth are more affected by olfactory cues than are female ratsthat have never given birth.() % female rat that has given birth sho#s maternal behavior to#ard rat pups that she did notbear more 8uickly than does a female rat that has never given birth.(*) he development of a female rats maternal interest in a rat pup that she did not bear is

inhibited by the odor of the pup.

04 5alf of the subects in an eperimentthe eperimental groupconsumed large 8uantities ofa popular artificial s#eetener. %fter#ard! this group sho#ed lo#er cognitive abilities than didthe other half of the subectsthe control group#ho did not consume the s#eetener. hedetrimental effects #ere attributed to an amino acid that is one of the s#eeteners principalconstituents."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould best support the conclusion that some ingredient of thes#eetener #as responsible for the eperimental results$(%) Most consumers of the s#eetener do not consume as much of it as the eperimentalgroup members did.(&) he amino acid referred to in the conclusion is a component of all proteins! some of #hichmust be consumed for ade8uate nutrition.

(') he 8uantity of the s#eetener consumed by individuals in the eperimental group isconsidered safe by federal food regulators.() he t#o groups of subects #ere evenly matched #ith regard to cognitive abilities prior tothe eperiment.(*) % second eperiment in #hich subects consumed large 8uantities of the s#eetener lackeda control group of subects #ho #ere not given the s#eetener.

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9: %dvertisers are often criticiEed for their unscrupulous manipulation of peoples tastes and#ants. here is evidence! ho#ever! that some advertisers are motivated by moral as #ell asfinancial considerations. % particular publication decided to change its image from being afamily ne#spaper to concentrating on se and violence! thus appealing to a differentreadership. +ome advertisers #ithdre# their advertisements from the publication! and thismust have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material."hich one of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the argument$(%) he advertisers s#itched their advertisements to other family ne#spapers.(&) +ome advertisers s#itched from family ne#spapers to advertise in the changedpublication.(') he advertisers epected their product sales to increase if they stayed #ith the changedpublication! but to decrease if they #ithdre#.() Beople #ho generally read family ne#spapers are not likely to buy ne#spapers thatconcentrate on se and violence.(*) It #as epected that the changed publication #ould appeal principally to those in adifferent income group.

91 -ne variety of partially biodegradable plastic beverage container is manufactured from smallbits of plastic bound together by a degradable bonding agent such as cornstarch. +ince onlythe bonding agent degrades! leaving the small bits of plastic! no less plastic refuse per

container is produced #hen such containers are discarded than #hen comparable non7biodegradable containers are discarded."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strengthens the argument above$(%) &oth partially biodegradable and non7biodegradable plastic beverage containers can becrushed completely flat by refuse compactors.(&) he partially biodegradable plastic beverage containers are made #ith more plastic thancomparable non7biodegradable ones in order to compensate for the #eakening effect of thebounding agents.(') Many consumers are ecology7minded and prefer to buy a product sold in the partiallybiodegradable plastic beverage containers rather than in non7biodegradable containers! evenif the price is higher.() he manufacturing process for the partially biodegradable plastic beverage containersresults in less plastic #aste than the manufacturing process for non7biodegradable plastic

beverage containers.(*) echnological problems #ith recycling currently prevent the reuse as food or beveragecontainers of the plastic from either type of plastic beverage container.

9, espite the approach of #inter! oil prices to industrial customers are eceptionally lo# thisyear and likely to remain so. herefore! unless the #inter is especially severe! the price ofnatural gas to industrial customers is also likely to remain lo#."hich of the follo#ing! if true! provides the most support for the conclusion above$(%) 6ong7term #eather forecasts predict a mild #inter.(&) he industrial users #ho consume most natural gas can 8uickly and cheaply s#itch tousing oil instead.(') he largest sources of supply for both oil and natural gas are in subtropical regionsunlikely to be affected by #inter #eather.

() he fuel re8uirements of industrial users of natural gas are not seriously affected by the#eather.(*) -il distribution is more likely to be affected by severe #inter #eather than is thedistribution of natural gas.

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90 odays lo# gasoline prices make consumers #illing to indulge their preference for larger cars!#hich consume greater amounts of gasoline as fuel. +o 2nited +tates automakers areun#illing to pursue the development of ne# fuel7efficient technologies aggressively. heparticular reluctance of the 2nited +tates automobile industry to do so! ho#ever! couldthreaten the industrys future."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould provide the most support for the claim above about thefuture of the 2nited +tates automobile industry$(%) % prototype fuel7efficient vehicle! built five years ago! achieves a very high /1 miles pergallon on the high#ay and


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9< 'ompanies - and B each have the same number of employees #ho #ork the same numberof hours per #eek. %ccording to records maintained by each company! the employees of'ompany - had fe#er ob7related accidents last year than did the employees of 'ompany B.herefore! employees of 'ompany - are less likely to have ob7related accidents than areemployees of 'ompany B."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the conclusion above$(%) 'ompany B manufactures products that are more haEardous for #orkers to produce thandoes 'ompany -.(&) 'ompany B holds more safety inspections than does 'ompany -.(') 'ompany B maintains a more modern infirmary than does 'ompany -.() 'ompany - paid more for ne# ob7related medical claims than did 'ompany B.(*) 'ompany B provides more types of health7care benefits than does 'ompany -.

93 he proportion of manufacturing companies in %lameda that use microelectronics in theirmanufacturing processes increased from < percent in 1434 to


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94 Botato cyst nematodes are a pest of potato crops. he nematodes can lie dormant for severalyears in their cysts! #hich are protective capsules! and do not emerge ecept in the presenceof chemicals emitted by potato roots. % company that has identified the relevant chemicals isplanning to market them to potato farmers to spread on their fields #hen no potatoes areplanted any nematodes that emerge #ill soon starve to death."hich of the follo#ing! if true! best supports the claim that the companys plan #ill besuccessful$(%) =ematodes that have emerged from their cysts can be killed by ordinary pesticides.(&) he only part of a potato plant that a nematode eats is the roots.(') +ome bacteria commonly present in the roots of potatoes digest the chemicals that causethe nematodes to emerge from their cysts.() rials have sho#n that spreading even minute 8uantities of the chemicals on potato fieldscaused nine7tenths of the nematodes present to emerge from their cysts.(*) he chemicals that cause the nematodes to emerge from their cysts are not emitted all thetime the potato plant is gro#ing.

;: he mayor boasts that the average ambulance turnaround time! the time from summons todelivery of the patient! has been reduced this year for top7priority emergencies. his is aserious misrepresentation. his >reduction? #as produced simply by redefining >top priority.?

+uch emergencies used to include gunshot #ounds and electrocutions! the most time7consuming cases. =o# they are limited strictly to heart attacks and strokes."hich one of the follo#ing #ould strengthen the authors conclusion that it #as theredefinition of >top priority? that produced the reduction in turnaround time$(%) he number of heart attacks and strokes declined this year.(&) he mayor redefined the citys financial priorities this year.(') *perts disagree #ith the mayors definition of >top7priority emergency.?() -ther cities include gunshot #ound cases in their category o top7priority emergencies.(*) -ne half of all of last years top7priority emergencies #ere gunshot #ounds andelectrocution cases.

;1 Many consumers are concerned about the ecological effects of #asteful packaging. hisconcern probably eplains #hy stores have been 8uick to stock ne# cleaning products that

have been produced in a concentrated form. he concentrated form is packaged in smallercontainers that use less plastic and re8uire less transportation space."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most seriously undermines the eplanation offered above$(%) De# consumers believe that containers of concentrated cleaning products are merelysmall packages of regular cleaning products.(&) he containers in #hich concentrated cleaning products are packaged are no harder torecycle than those in #hich regular cleaning products are packaged.(') hose concentrated cleaning products that are intended to be used diluted have clearinstructions for dilution printed on their labels.() he smaller containers of concentrated cleaning products enable supermarkets anddrugstores to increase their revenues from a given shelf space.(*) 'onsumer pressure has led to the elimination of #asteful cardboard packaging that #asused for compact discs.

$)


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;, Many state legislatures are considering proposals to the effect that certain policies should bedetermined not by the legislature itself but by public referenda in #hich every voter can takepart. 'ritics of the proposals argue that the outcomes of public referenda #ould be biased!since #ealthy special7interest groups are able to influence voters vie#s by means oftelevision advertisements."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strengthens the critics argument$(%) Many state legislators regard public referenda as a #ay of avoiding voting on issues on#hich their constituents are divided.(&) uring elections for members of the legislature! the number of people #ho vote isunaffected by #hether the candidates run television advertisements or not.(') Broponents of policies that are opposed by #ealthy special7interest groups are oftenunable to afford advertising time on local television stations.() ifferent special7interest groups often take opposing positions on 8uestions of #hichpolicies the state should adopt.(*) elevision stations are reluctant to become associated #ith any one political opinion! forfear of losing vie#ers #ho do not share that opinion.

;0 &oth "rite#ell and *press provide round7the7clock telephone assistance to any customer#ho uses their #ord7processing soft#are. +ince customers only call the hot lines #hen theyfind the soft#are difficult to use! and the "rite#ell hot line receives four times as many calls

as the *press hot line! "rite#ells #ord7processing soft#are must be more difficult to usethan *presss."hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strengthens the argument above$(%) 'alls to the *press hot line are almost t#ice as long! on average! as are calls to the"rite#ell hot line.(&) *press has three times the number of #ord7processing soft#are customers that "rite#ellhas.(') *press receives t#ice as many letters of complaint about its #ord7processing soft#are as"rite#ell receives about its #ord7processing soft#are.() he number of calls received by each of the t#o hot lines has been gradually increasing.(*) he "rite#ell hot7line number is more #idely publiciEed than the *press hot7line number.

;9 %t one time! *uropean and apanese companies tried to imitate their %merican rivals. oday!%merican appliance manufacturers import *uropean scientists to lead their research staffs%merican automakers design cars that mimic the styling of German! Italian! and Drenchimports and %merican electronics firms boast in their advertising of >apanese7style? devotionto 8uality and reliability. In the #orld of high technology! %merica has lost the battle forinternational prestige.*ach of the follo#ing statements! if true! #ould help to support the claim above *A'*BC(%) %n %merican camera company claims in its promotional literature to produce cameras >asfine as the best +#iss imports.?(&) %n %merican maker of stereo components designs its products to resemble those of apopular apanese firm.(') %n %merican manufacturer of video games uses a brand name chosen because it soundslike a apanese #ord.() %n %merican maker of televisions studies German7made televisions in order to adopt

German manufacturing techni8ues.(*) %n %merican maker of froEen foods advertises its dinners as >Real *uropean7style entreesprepared by fine Drench and Italian chefs.?

%*


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;; he earths resources are being depleted much too fast. o correct this! the 2nited +tatesmust keep its resource consumption at present levels for many years to come."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the argument above$(%) =e# resource deposits are constantly being discovered.(&) he 2nited +tates consumes one7third of all resources used in the #orld.(') -ther countries need economic development more than the 2nited +tates does.() -ther countries have agreed to hold their resource consumption at present levels.(*) he 2nited +tates has been conserving resources for several years.

;< In the industrialiEed nations! the last century has #itnessed a shortening of the average#orkday from t#elve hours or longer to less than eight hours. Mindful of this enormousincrease in leisure time over the past century! many people assume that the same trend hasobtained throughout history! and that! therefore! prehistoric humans must have laboredincessantly for their very survival."e cannot! of course! directly test this assumption. 5o#ever! a study of primitive peoples oftoday suggests a different conclusion. he Mbuti of central %frica! for instance! spend only afe# hours each day in hunting! gathering! and tending to other economic necessities. he restof their time is spent as they choose. he implication is that the short #orkday is not peculiarto industrialiEed societies. Rather! both the etended #orkday of 1//: and the shorter#orkday of today are products of different stages of the continuing process of industrialiEation.

"hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most greatly strengthen the argument made in thepassage above$(%) In recent decades! the economy of the Mbuti has been markedly affected by theencroachment of modern civiliEation.(&) he life7style of the Mbuti is similar to that of prehistoric humans.(') he Mbuti have no #ords in their language to epress the distinction bet#een #orkactivities and leisure activities.() he #orkday of a *uropean peasant in medieval times averaged bet#een eleven andfifteen hours.(*) he members of the +haklik tribe in central %sia have an average #orkday of ten to t#elvehours.

;3 % ne#ly discovered disease is thought to be caused by a certain bacterium. 5o#ever! recently

released data notes that the bacterium thrives in the presence of a certain virus! implying thatit is actually the virus that causes the ne# disease."hich of the follo#ing pieces of evidence #ould most support the datas implication$(%) In the absence of the virus! the disease has been observed to follo# infection by thebacterium.(&) he virus has been sho#n to aid the gro#th of bacterium! a process #hich often leads tothe onset of the disease.(') he virus alone has been observed in many cases of the disease.() In cases #here the disease does not develop! infection by the bacterium is usuallypreceded by infection by the virus.(*) -nset of the disease usually follo#s infection by both the virus and the bacterium.

%$


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;/ In 1/9< about /: percent of the to#ns in =e# @ork +tate banned the sale of alcoholicbeverages. % recent article about the bans concludes that mid7nineteenth7century supportersof the temperance movement #ere not residents of remote rural areas! as has often beenasserted rather! they #ere concentrated in centers of economic opportunity."hich of the follo#ing! if true! best supports the conclusion reached in the article$(%) %fter 1/9< the temperance movement gre# rapidly and it flourished until the turn of thecentury.(&) +upport for the ban on alcohol #as strongest in =e# @ork to#ns #here the economy #asbased on ne#! gro#ing industries.(') Many young =e# @ork +tate farmers supported the ban on alcohol.() he most adamant opponents of the ban included several affluent factory and mill o#ners.(*) In =e# @ork 'ity! #hich #as a commercial center in 1/9

;4 Record companies defend their substitution of laser7read compact discs ('s) for the muchless epensive traditional long7playing vinyl records in their catalogs by claiming that the audiomarket is ruled by consumer demand for ever7improved sound reproduction rather than byrecord manufacturers profit7motivated marketing decisions. &ut this claim cannot be true!because if it #ere true! then digital audiotape! #hich produces even better sound than 's!

#ould be commercially available from these same record companies! but it is not."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the argument against the recordcompanies claim$(%) "hen 's #ere first introduced in the audio7reproduction market! prices #ere high andselection #as poor.(&) Record companies are reluctant to attempt commercial production of digital audiotape untilprofits from the sales of 's have enabled them to recover their investments in compact7discmanufacturing technology.(') +ome 's have been so much in demand that consumers have eperienced long delaysin obtaining copies.() &ecause 's #ork according to principles very different from those that governconventional recordings! commercial production of 's re8uires ne# kinds of manufacturingtechnology.(*) %ny valid comparison of ' audio reproductions to digital audiotape reproductions mustbe based on identical performances played back on the highest 8uality disc or tape player.


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31 4. -fficials of the @outh 5ockey 6eague and parents of players in the league have becomeconcerned #ith the number of flagrant fouls occurring during league games. his past season!the number of flagrant fouls #as double the number from the season before. 6eague officialsplan to reduce the number of such fouls during the coming season by implementingmandatory suspensions for players #ho commit flagrant fouls. "hich of the follo#ingstatements! if true! provides the best evidence that the officials plan #ill be effective$

%) Most serious inuries occurring during league games are a direct result of flagrant fouls.&) 6eague referees have been trained to recogniEe flagrant fouls and to report incidentsinvolving such fouls.') Barents of players in the league are in support of mandatory suspensions for flagrant fouls.) % similar league suspends players for committing flagrant fouls this league has a relativelylo# incidence of flagrant fouls #hen compared #ith the @outh 5ockey 6eague.*) Most players in the league strive to be selected for the %ll7+tar team! and league rules statethat no player #ith a record of suspension shall be selected for the %ll7+tar team.

3, he value of a product is determined by the ratio of its 8uality to its price. he higher the valueof a product! the better #ill be its competitive position. herefore! either increasing the 8ualityor lo#ering the price of a given product #ill increase the likelihood that consumer #ill selectthat product rather than a competing one.

"hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the conclusion dra#n above$(%) It is possible to increase both the 8uality and the price of a product #ithout changing itscompetitive position.(&) Dor certain segments of the population of consumers! higher7priced brands of someproduct lines are preferred to the lo#er7priced brands.(') 'ompeting products often try to appeal to different segments of the population ofconsumers.() he competitive position of a product can be affected by such factors as advertising andbrand loyalty.(*) 'onsumers perceptions of the 8uality of a product are based on the actual 8uality of theproduct.

30 he fact that several of the largest senior citiEens organiEations are constituted almost

eclusively of middle7class elderly people has led critics to 8uestion the seriousness of thoseorganiEations commitment to speaking out on behalf of the needs of economicallydisadvantaged elderly people."hich of the follo#ing generaliEations! if true! #ould help to substantiate the criticism implicitin the statement above$(%) he ideology of an organiEation tends reflect the traditional political climate of its locale.(&) he needs of disadvantaged elderly people differ in some #ays from those of otherdisadvantaged groups #ithin contemporary society.(') -rganiEed groups are better able to publiciEe their problems and seek redress thanindividuals acting alone.() Middle7class elderly people are more likely to oin organiEations than are economicallydisadvantaged elderly people.(*) Beople usually oin organiEations #hose purpose is to further the economic! political! or

social interests of their members.

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39 here is only one maor road! Dree#ay N! that links 'ounty A and 'ounty @. he border of thet#o counties is primarily defined by a mountain range! over #hich the construction of ne#roads is severely restricted by environmental la#s. % cost7effective solution to the problem oftraffic congestion on Dree#ay N is to build a commuter train tunnel through the mountainrange. he successful implementation of this plan #ould cost far less than epanding theeisting free#ay and #ould also reduce the number of cars clogging the roads in bothcounties. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! could proponents of the plan above mostappropriately cite as a piece of evidence for the soundness of their plan$

%) %n effective commuter train tunnel bet#een the counties #ould re8uire maor investment inmass transit #ithin both counties.&) he maority of all vehicles on the nations free#ays are traveling from one state to another.')


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33 1,. "ide dissemination of #ireless net#orks in cities is a practical #ay to meet the needs ofcity households! schools and businesses. Rural communities have found that #irelessnet#orks are both more reliable and cheaper than land7based net#orks. "hich of thefollo#ing #ould most likely be cited by a supporter of the argument$

%) 2rban areas do not pose additional problems for the effective operation of #irelessnet#orks.&) "ireless net#orks #ork far better #here population density is lo#.') Iceland! a very rural country! successfully uses #ireless net#orks.) he epenses of #ireless transmission in areas #ith large buildings is much higher.*) Boor neighborhoods have less access to cable internet than do educators or businesses.

3/ he "est Indian manatee! a distant relative of the elephant! returned to the sea some ;:million years ago. hese thousand7pound herbivores inhabit the #arm coastal #aters #here

%mericans like to play. espite conservation efforts! criminal penalties for harming thesecreatures! and an overabundance of +%J* 5* M%=%**O bumper stickers! none of theseanimals can be considered safe. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports theargument above$

%) 6ast year! several manatees #ere mysteriously killed by an unidentified toin.&) %ll manatees s#im at depths than make them vulnerable to the blades of motorboatengines.

') Most tourists are una#are of the ongoing efforts to save the manatee.) he population of manatees in the #ild has d#indled to fe#er than ,!;:: animals.*) %lthough doEens of manatee deaths are documented each year! many more deaths gounreported.

34 -ne feature of the global food economy is the simultaneous import and eport of the sameitems! a phenomenon kno#n as >redundant trade.? In 'alifornia! for eample! domesticcherries are eported to 'anada and apan! #hile a nearly e8uivalent number of cherries areimported from 'hile! Italy! and Germany. 'alifornia also eports and imports nearly identicalamounts of lettuce and almonds. %lthough shipping fresh fruits and vegetables is anepensive undertaking! there is a ustifiable economic rationale for redundant trade. "hich ofthe follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports the conclusion above$

%) *stablishing international ties through trade facilitates access to other desired goods that

are more efficiently produced abroad.&) 2ndertaking free trade #ith ones political allies helps to maintain international good#ill.') In recent years! consumers in 'alifornia boycotted domestic cherries! demanding better#orking conditions for agricultural laborers in the state.) 6ocal gro#ers could sell their products at a premium in domestic markets.*) he economic globaliEation of redundant trade allo#s for the sharing of cultural norms andvalues.

/: *ven if a crime that has been committed by computer is discovered and reported! the odds ofbeing both arrested and convicted greatly favor the criminal.*ach of the follo#ing! if true! supports the claim above *A'*BC(%) he preparation of computer7fraud cases takes much more time than is re8uired foraverage fraud cases! and the productivity of prosecutors is evaluated by the number of goodcases made.

(&) In most police departments! officers are rotated through different assignments every t#o orthree years! a shorter time than it takes to become proficient as a computer7crime investigator.(') he priorities of local police departments! under #hose urisdiction most computer crimefalls! are #eighted to#ard visible street crime that communities perceive as threatening.() 'omputer criminals have rarely been sentenced to serve time in prison! because prisonsare overcro#ded #ith violent criminals and drug offenders.(*) he many police officers #ho are untrained in computers often inadvertently destroy thephysical evidence of computer crime.

%


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/1 %nalystC he pace of technological development brings a constant stream of ne# devices tothe market! and many of them enoy commercial success. &ut announcing ne# technology toosoon after the introduction of a successful device can backfire. -nce consumers hear aboutthe ne# device! they may stop buying the one currently on sale. +o! if a company #ishes toannounce the upcoming sale of a ne# device! it should #ait until purchases of the old devicehave begun to decline. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould best support the analysts mainassertion$

%) =e# technology often becomes less epensive after an initial surge in sales.&) Media outlets! such as television programs and magaEines! often report on the plannedintroduction of ne# devices #hile the sales of old devices are still strong.') Many consumers are unable to determine #hether ne# technology is superior to currenttechnology.) +urveys have sho#n that some consumers make only one or t#o technology purchasesper year! #hereas others make more fre8uent purchases.*) 'onsumers tend to be loyal to technology companies #hose products they enoy using.

/, In the 1/th and 14th centuries! it #as believed in many coastal %merican cities that the#aterfront #as an undesirable location for residential buildings. %s a result! much of the#aterfront in these cities #as never developed aesthetically and instead #as left to industry

and commerce. oday! ho#ever! #aterfront properties are generally seen as prestigious! asevidenced by the large sums paid for homes along the beach front. % developer #ho #ishes tomake a large profit #ould be #ise to buy urban #aterfront lots and erect residential buildingson them. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports the claim made about urban#aterfront properties$

%) Beople today have more money! relatively speaking! to spend on real estate than they didin previous centuries.&) 5omeo#ners #ill be #illing to spend large sums on residential properties in traditionallyindustrial or commercial districts.') Many urban #aterfront lots are available for purchase.*) Many coastal %merican cities are encouraging developers to rehabilitate the #aterfrontthrough ta incentives.*) Broperties in interior residential districts in coastal %merican cities are significantly more

epensive than those along the #aterfront./0 Medical education in the 2nited +tates has focused almost eclusively on curative medicine!

#hile preventive care has been given scant attention. his is misguided. Medical schoolsshould invest as much time in teaching their students ho# to prevent illness as in teachingthem ho# to cure it. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! most strengthens the argument above$

%) Many contagious diseases can be prevented #ith vaccines.&) In 14//! for every three cents the 2nited +tates spent on prevention! it spent 43 cents oncurative treatment.') he number of students enrolled in medical school is the highest it has ever been.) More people die each year from disease than from accidental causes.*) %s the population gro#s! the number of doctors in certain specialties has not been keepingpace.

%)


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/9 +ome animals! such as dolphins! dogs! and %frican grey parrots! seem to ehibit cognitivefunctions typically associated #ith higher7order primates such as chimpanEees! gorillas! andhumans. +ome parrots! for eample! have vocabularies of hundreds of #ords that they canstring together in a comprehensible synta. his clearly sho#s that humans and primates arenot the only animals capable of using language to communicate. -ne parrot! named %le! hasbeen kno#n to ask to be petted or kissed and #ill ehibit aggression if the gesture offered isnot the specific one re8uested. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen theconclusion above$

%) olphins can be trained to assist divers in ocean rescues.&) Gorillas in captivity often learn hand signals for food and #ater.') ogs are capable of sensing their o#ners moods and often ehibit concern if they sensesadness.) 'himpanEees can memoriEe long se8uences of key punches on machines that dispensefood.*) %le does not ehibit aggression #hen offered a gesture that he specifically re8uested.

/; he 2nited +tates government uses only a households cash income before taes todetermine #hether that household falls belo# the poverty line in a given year capital gains!non7cash government benefits! and ta credits are not included. 5o#ever! yearly cash income

is not a fool7proof measure of a given households disposable income. Dor eample! retirees#ho live off of capital gains from an etensive portfolio could earn hundreds of thousands ofdollars! yet be classified by the government as living in >poverty? because this income is notincluded in the calculation. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! validates the contention that thegovernments calculation methods must be altered in order to provide statistics that measuretrue poverty$

%) Dor more than 44L of those classified as living in poverty! yearly cash income comprisesthe vast maority of each households disposable income.&) "hile the governments calculation method indicated a 1,.;L poverty rate in ,::0! thesame calculation method indicated any#here from a 4L to a 1


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/3 o prevent overcro#ding! last month the to#n Eoning board limited the number of ne#buildings that can be constructed in the to#n in any given year. he board claims that doingso #ill preserve open spaces and lessen the strain on municipal resources such as schoolsand garbage disposal. 'ritics of the changes argue that the plan #ill harm the community or!at the very least! #ill fail in its purpose. "hich of the follo#ing most supports the claims of thecritics of the plan$

%) -ther to#ns have had mied success #ith similar Eoning plans.&) =o ne# schools have been built in the to#n in ten years.') Broperty taes in the to#n are higher than in neighboring to#ns.) 2nder the ne# plan! developers may still erect apartment buildings.*) he nearest garbage dump is several miles a#ay from the to#n

// %t any given time! approimately fifteen percent of all homes in Dlorida are on the market. Ineas! ho#ever! only seven percent of all homes are on the market at any given time.herefore! one #ill have a #ider selection of homes to choose from if one looks for a home inDlorida rather than in eas. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most seriously strengthenthe argument above$

%) 5omes in Dlorida tend to be less epensive than those in eas.&) Mortgages are easier to obtain for homes in Dlorida than for homes in eas.') he construction industry in eas has reported significant gro#th over the past year.) he cost of constructing ne# homes in eas is higher than in Dlorida.*) he total number of homes in Dlorida is three times greater than the total number in eas.

/4 +tate A recently decided to cut state funding for the public library system in 'ounty A. o helpcounteract this cut in funding! the county library system has increased library late fees from.1: per day to .1, per day. +ince the fee increase! library administrators have seen nodecline in the number of overdue books. he director of the county library system concludesthat the fee hike has helped to counteract the cut in state funding. "hich of the follo#ingstatements! if true! most strengthens the directors claim$

%) +ince the fee increase! library administrators have noted a significant decrease in thenumber of books borro#ed each day.&) he library system incurred minor costs to make its visitors a#are of the late fee increase.') +ince the fee increase! there has been no significant change in the average number of

days that books are overdue before they are returned.) he library system in 'ounty A tracks its books through a very advanced database system!allo#ing library administrators to have access to very accurate statistics on the number ofoverdue books at any given time.*) +ince the reduction in state funding! the library system in 'ounty A has eliminated 1:L ofits staff! creating a ,L reduction in costs.

4: *thanol is a derivative of corn and other grains. "hen burned as fuel! it emits significantlylo#er levels of carbon monoide! a maor atmospheric pollutant! than does gasoline. Dor thatreason! environmentalists claim that ethanol is a better source of energy than gasoline. "hichof the follo#ing! if true! most strongly supports the environmentalists claim$

%) "hen burned as fuel! ethanol does not release any pollutants at higher levels than doesgasoline.

&) *thanol is comparable in price to gasoline.') %vailable supplies of corn are sufficient to supply several years #orth of ethanol.) Most gasoline companies already possess the technology to produce ethanol.*) *thanol can be used as heating fuel.

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41 In tests for pironoma! a serious disease! a false positive result indicates that people havepironoma #hen! in fact! they do not a false negative result indicates that people do not havepironoma #hen! in fact! they do. o detect pironoma most accurately! physicians should usethe laboratory test that has the lo#est proportion of false positive results."hich of the follo#ing! if true! gives the most support to the recommendation above$(%) he accepted treatment for pironoma does not have damaging side effects.(&) he laboratory test that has the lo#est proportion of false positive results causes the sameminor side effects as do the other laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.(') In treating pironoma patients! it is essential to begin treatment as early as possible! sinceeven a #eek of delay can result in loss of life.() he proportion of inconclusive test results is e8ual for all laboratory tests used to detectpironoma.(*) %ll laboratory tests to detect pironoma have the same proportion of false negative results.

4, %lmost every modern kitchen today is e8uipped #ith a micro#ave oven! mainly becausemicro#ave ovens offer a fast and convenient #ay of cooking and reheating food. Indeed! ithas become a standard appliance in most households. +tudies have sho#n! ho#ever! thatmicro#ave ovens are not completely safe and their use has occasionally resulted in seriousinury. &ecause of this! some consumer advocates argue that micro#ave ovens should not be

so readily accepted as a standard appliance until they can be certified to be completely safe."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the argument of the consumeradvocates$

%) Micro#ave ovens have taken much of the oy out of cooking.&) here have been many reported incidences of people #ho have been scalded by li8uidssuperheated in micro#ave ovens.') %bsolute safety is the only criterion by #hich an appliance should be udged to beacceptable as >standard.?) here is no such thing as a completely safe appliance.*) +toves and ovens that use natural gas consume energy much more efficiently thanmicro#ave ovens.

40 5istorically! the drug industry promoted its products to physicians by educating them in theiroffices or at industry conferences. In the last 1: years! it has become much more

commonplace for drug companies to advertise prescription drugs directly to consumers! viatelevision advertising and other media. +ome public health advocates have becomeconcerned that patients! encouraged by advertising! may pursue the use of prescription drugsthat may be inappropriate for the individual patient or situation. 5o#ever! since physiciansmust prescribe these medications! there is no reason for such concern. "hich of the follo#ingpieces of information #ould be most helpful in addressing the concern articulated by thepublic health advocates$

%) 'ertain over7the7counter medications are as effective for many common medical conditionsas more po#erful nonprescription medications.&) Brescription medication television advertisements directed at the general public onlyappear on certain programs and are not seen by many potential consumers.') Bhysicians are also subect to prescription drug advertisements that are directed to#ardconsumers.

) Bhysicians are not susceptible to pressure from patients in determining appropriatecourses of treatment! including drug prescriptions.*) Brescription medicines have been proven to be safe and effective treatments for manypatient conditions.

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49 'harter schools are independent public schools that are given greater autonomy in echangefor increased accountability. 'harter school operators are freed from many of the regulationsof the traditional public school bureaucracy! thereby allo#ing them to pursue more innovativeeducational ideas than non7charter public schools can pursue. %t the same time! charterschools are held accountable for achieving specific educational outcomes and are closeddo#n if those outcomes are not met. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! best supports theassertion that students attending charter schools #ill! on average! perform better onassessments of #riting ability than students attending traditional public schools$

%) +tudents #ho attend schools that emphasiEe order and discipline perform #orse onassessments of #riting ability than students #ho attend schools that do not emphasiEe orderand discipline.&) he maority of students #ho score in the 44th percentile on assessments of #riting abilityattend charter schools.') Bublic schools that operate outside of the traditional public school bureaucracy spend moretime teaching students #riting than do traditional public schools.) +tudents #ho attend schools that are allo#ed to eperiment #ith their #riting curriculaperform better on assessments of #riting ability than students #ho attend schools that haveless fleible curricula.*) here are far more students attending non7charter public schools than students attendingcharter schools.

4; +tudies in restaurants sho# that the tips left by customers #ho pay their bill tend to be larger#hen the bill is presented #ith the servers name hand#ritten on the bill. BsychologistshypothesiEe that simply seeing a hand#ritten name makes many consumers feel more of apersonal identification #ith the server! encouraging larger tips. "hich of the follo#ing! if true!most strongly supports the psychologists interpretation of the studies$

%) he effect noted in the studies applies to patrons paying #ith either credit cards or cash.&) =ametags for servers have not been sho#n to have any effect on the siEe of the bill.') Greeting card companies have found that charities #hich send holiday cards #ithhand#ritten signatures are more likely to receive donations than those #hich send cards #ithprinted signatures.) he studies indicated much larger average tips if the customer ordered alcoholicbeverages #ith his or her meal.

*) Many of the restaurants in #hich the studies #ere conducted are located in tourist areas!#here people are traveling for leisure activities.

4< In anuary of last year! Dastfood Fing started using a ne# lo#fat oil to cook its Dast Dries!instead of the less healthful corn oil that it had been using. =o# Dastfood Fing is planning tos#itch back! saying that the change has hurt sales of Dast Dries. 5o#ever! this claim isincorrect! since according to Dastfood Fings o#n sales figures! Dastfood Fing sold 1: percentmore Dast Dries last year than in the previous year. "hich of the follo#ing! if true! moststrongly supports the argument against Dastfood Fings claim$

%) otal sales of all foods at Dastfood Fings locations increased by less than 1: percent lastyear.&) Dastfood Fing enoys higher profit margins on its +oft rinks than it does on Dast Dries.') Dastfood Fings customers prefer the taste of Dast Dries cooked in corn oil to Dast Dries

cooked in lo#fat oil.) he number of customers that visited Dastfood Fing locations #as more than ,: percenthigher last year than the year before.*) he year before last! Dastfood Fing eperienced a ,: percent increase in Dast Dries salesover the previous year.

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43 %s an eperienced labor organiEer and the former head of one of the nations most po#erfullabor unions! Grayson is an ecellent choice to chair the ne# council on business7laborrelations."hich of the follo#ing! if true! #ould most strengthen the conclusion above$(%) he ne# council must have the support of the nations labor leaders if it is to succeed.(&) uring his years as a labor leader! Grayson established a record of good relations #ithbusiness leaders.(') he chair of the ne# council must be a person #ho can communicate directly #ith theleaders of the nations largest labor unions.() Most of the other members of the ne# council #ill be representatives of businessmanagement interests.(*) %n understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only 8ualification necessaryfor the ob of chairing the ne# council.

4/ "hen people predict that certain result #ill not take place unless a certain action is taken! theybelieve that they have learned that the prediction is correct #hen the action is taken and theresult occurs. -n reflection! ho#ever! it often becomes clear that the result admits of morethan one interpretation."hich of the follo#ing! if true! best supports the claims above$

(%) udging the success of an action re8uires specifying the goal of the action.(&) udging #hich action to take after a prediction is made re8uires kno#ing about otheractions that have been successful in similar past situations.(') 6earning #hether a certain predictive strategy is good re8uires kno#ing the result usingthat strategy through several trials.() istinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction andineffective action is often impossible.(*) Making a successful prediction re8uires kno#ing the facts about the contet of thatprediction.

44 Dederal agricultural programs aimed at benefiting one group #hose livelihood depends onfarming often end up harming another such group."hich of the follo#ing statements provides support for the claim above$

I. %n effort to help feed7grain producers resulted in higher prices for their crops! but the higherprices decreased the profits of livestock producers.II. In order to reduce crop surpluses and increase prices! gro#ers of certain crops #ere paidto leave a portion of their land idle! but the reduction #as not achieved because improvementsin efficiency resulted in higher production on the land in use.III. Many farm #orkers #ere put out of #ork #hen a program meant to raise the price of grainprovided grain gro#ers #ith an incentive to reduce production by giving them surplus grainfrom government reserves.(%) I! but not II and not III(&) II! but not I and not III(') I and III! but not II() II and III! but not I(*) I! II and III

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&lack %mericans are! on the #hole! about t#ice as likely as "hite %mericans to develop highblood pressure. his likelihood also holds for #esterniEed &lack %fricans #hen compared to"hite %fricans.Researchers have hypothesiEed that this predisposition in #esterniEed &lacks may reflect aninteraction bet#een #estern high7salt diets and genes that adapted to an environmentalscarcity of salt."hich of the follo#ing statements about present7day! #esterniEed &lack %fricans! if true!#ould most tend to confirm the researchers hypothesis$(%) he blood pressures of those descended from peoples situated throughout their history in+enegal and Gambia! #here salt #as al#ays available! are lo#.(&) he unusually high salt consumption in certain areas of %frica represents a serious healthproblem.(') &ecause of their blood pressure levels! most "hite %fricans have markedly decreasedtheir salt consumption.() &lood pressures are lo# among the @oruba! #ho! throughout their history! have beensituated far inland from sources of sea salt and far south of +aharan salt mines.(*) =o significant differences in salt metabolism have been found bet#een those people #hohave had salt available throughout their history and those #ho have not.

1:

9

% recent spate of launching and operating mishaps #ith television satellites led to a

corresponding surge in claims against companies under#riting satellite insurance. %s a result!insurance premiums shot up! making satellites more epensive to launch and operate. his! inturn! has added to the pressure to s8ueeEe more performance out of currently operatingsatellites."hich of the follo#ing! if true! taken together #ith the information above! best supports theconclusion that the cost of television satellites #ill continue to increase$(%) +ince the risk to insurers of satellites is spread over relatively fe# units! insurancepremiums are necessarily very high.(&) "hen satellites reach orbit and then fail! the causes of failure are generally impossible topinpoint #ith confidence.(') he greater the performance demands placed on satellites! the more fre8uently thosesatellites break do#n.() Most satellites are produced in such small numbers that no economies of scale can be

realiEed.(*) +ince many satellites are built by un#ieldy international consortia! inefficiencies areinevitable.

1:;

echnological improvements and reduced e8uipment costs have made converting solarenergy directly into electricity far more cost7efficient in the last decade. 5o#ever! the thresholdof economic viability for solar po#er (that is! the price per barrel to #hich oil #ould have to risein order for ne# solar po#er plants to be more economical than ne# oil7fired po#er plants) isunchanged at thirty7five dollars."hich of the follo#ing! if true! does most to help eplain #hy the increased cost7efficiency ofsolar po#er has not decreased its threshold of economic viability$(%) he cost of oil has fallen dramatically.(&) he reduction in the cost of solar7po#er e8uipment has occurred despite increased ra#material costs for that e8uipment.(') echnological changes have increased the efficiency of oil7fired po#er plants.() Most electricity is generated by coal7fired or nuclear! rather than oil7fired! po#er plants.(*) "hen the price of oil increases! reserves of oil not previously #orth eploiting becomeeconomically viable.

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1:high schoolseniors?. he conclusion talks about decline in the use of illegal drugs by >peoplebelo# the age of ,:?. +o! #e have to Ubridge this gap bet#een >high school seniors?and >people belo# the age of ,:?. 'hoice ' neatly bridges this gap by stating that

high school seniors are representative of the behavior of all people belo# ,:.

0< 'hoice ' states the reason #hy less energy in neurons #as epended by people#ho performed better.

03 'hoice clearly is an eample that illustrates that the hypothesis #orked.

0/ 'hoice * clearly states that the odor of the pup inhibits maternal interest fromdeveloping.

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;, +timulus says that #ealthy special7interest groups are able to influence votersvie#s by means of television advertisements. 5o#ever! for this to be effective! itmust also be true that people #ho take a an opposite stand cannot afford to run thetelevision advertisements.

;0 "rite#ell hot line receives four times as many calls as the *press hot line despitethe fact that *press has three times the number of #ord7processing soft#are

customers that "rite#ell has (as per choice &). his clearly strengthens theconclusion that "rite#ells #ord7processing soft#are must be more difficult to usethan *presss.

;9 he stimulus talks about Phigh technologyP #hile froEen foods! as mentioned inchoice e! are not in scope of this discussion.

;; "hile the issue at hand is #ith QearthPsQ resources! the stimulus argues that 2+should eercise frugality in its resource consumption. Dor frugality of 2+consumption to make any difference to earthPs resources! it must be that 2+ shouldbe consuming a significant proportion of #orldPs resources.

;< =ote that the agument first mentions that prehistoric humans must have laboredincessantly for their very survival and then depicts the life7style of the Mbuti toconclude that perhaps this is not the case. he assumption (#hich strengthens the

conclusion as #ell) is that life7style of the Mbuti is similar to that of prehistorichumans.

;3 his is a tricky 8uestion. =ote that the stimulus

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