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CPTEDinLatinAmerica
Measurement&EvaluationApilotedmodel
Ma.MacarenaRauDr.TimPascoe
Partnership
• InternationalCPTEDAssociation• CPTEDCorporaciónRegionLAC• UKInstituteofCommunitySafety• UKDesignOutCrimeAssociation• CommunitySafetyEurope• CaribbeanCrimePrevention
International• PBKConsulting• GriffinResearch&Consultancy• CatalystInCommunities• CommunityCoachingAcademy
OurCredentials:
ContextisEverything
•LatinAmericancontextisdifferenttotraditionalCPTEDenvironmentstypifiedbyNorthAmerica,EuropeandAustralasia.
•LAisoneofthemostdangerousareasintheworld.
•UNsuggest it istheonlyregion intheworldwheremurderratesareincreasing. Robberies have nearly trebled over the past 25 years;extortionisgrowingfast.FearofcrimeistwicethatofNorthAmerica.
HistoricApproaches
• Traditionallymost LatinAmericancountrieshave focusedondealing with crime with a reactive and enforcement ledapproachknownasthe“manodura”,orthemilitarisediron-fistpolicy.
• However,sincearoundtheyear2000communityapproaches
have become more common. For example in 2010 theColombian police implemented a “Quadrant Plan” dividingurban areas into territorial beats in order to adopt amorelocalisedapproach.TheChileanpoliceimplementedalsothesameplansince2000inChile.
LatinAmericaCPTEDApproach
•LedbyMacarenaRauandCPTEDChileanTeam.
•Regional and National ICA’s (Corporación CPTED Chile,2004;CorporaciónCPTEDRegion,2011)
•CPTED methodologies were introduced into fourcountriesintheearly2000’s:Chile,Brazil,ElSalvadorandHonduras.NowCPTEDisveryspreadinMexicoalso.
•Morerecentwork–partofthisproject
CPTEDApproachIssues
CPTED in Latín America is seen as a realatively newconceptandthereisnoscientificallyvalidatedmodelyet to measure and evaluate the impact of thesestrategieson:
• urbansettings• theprocessesofcitizenparticipation• localmunicipalmanagement
Thismakesslowlytojustifyitsapplication!
ResearchQuestion
1. Does the implementation of Crime PreventionThrough Environmental Design strategies have apositive impact on communities by reducingcrime (murderand robbery)and fearof crime?;andifitistrue.
2. Howcanyoumeasuretheimpact?
Expectations
• Lowimpactonmurder• Mediumimpactonrobbery• Highimpactonfearofcrime
Researchmethodology
•BeforeandaftercomparisonsofCPTEDcasesinChile,Honduras&Patagonia.
•Compareactionsitestocontrolsitesinsamelocations.
•Designbothquantitativeandqualitativecollectiontools.
•Recognisethatthisisanactionbasedresearch–pragmatic.
•Analysethedatatakingaproblemsolvingapproach.
ReducingCrime
•Thereisnevera“SilverBullet”solutiontocrime&disorderproblems.
•Nosingleagencythatholdsallthesolutions.
•Permanentpolicepresenceisnotsustainable.
•Communityengagementisessential.
•Asimplemodelexistsforframingthisapproachtoproblems–the“S.A.R.A.”model.
EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel
Scanning
EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel
Scanning
Analysis
EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel
Scanning
Analysis
Response
EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel
Assessment
Scanning
Analysis
Response
EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel
Basic“action”evaluationmodelEstablishthestartpointformeasurement(baseline) Agreeperformancemeasures Settargets Decideresponsibilities
Collectprogressdata Comparewithtargets Providefeedback Interveneifnecessary
Collectachievementdata Comparewithtargets Seekexplanations Disseminateresults
DataCollection
• Officialdatae.g.crimedata• Questionnairescompletedbyresidents&professionalstakeholders
• Interviewsresidents,offenders&professionalstakeholders
• Workshops• Communitygroupsupport
Datacollection
Data is being collected using the methodsindicated in the test siteandamatchedcontrolsiteinChile,HondurasandPatagonia.Thevariablesofthisdatawillbeunderthethreeheadings::UrbanSetting,CommunityInvolvement,LocalGovernance.
UrbanSettingsWe link CPTED methodology to define variables according to 5fundamentalprinciples.
1. Naturalsurveillance:lighting,formalsurveillance.2. Territorial reinforcement: mural graffiti, territorial marks in
commerceandequipmentv/smarksterritorialinsquares.3. Natural access control: urban access, residential passages,
alarms.4. Maintenance:vandalismandsignage.5. Communityparticipation:neighboursorresidentstakeupspace.
CommunityInvolvement
• Residentsuseofpublicspace• Participationofneighboursinthedesignofsituationalpreventionproject• Presenceofyoungpeople
LocalGovernance
• Municipalcoordinationmeetings• Mobilesecurityintheneighbourhood• Operationalpolicing• Policestaffingintheneighbourhood
BenchmarkData
• Benchmark data will be collected for all siteswithcommunityinvolvement.
• Then the data will be analyzed to set thebenchmarks for comparison and to identifyInterventions under our 3 variables headingsandtosuperviseactioningthoseinterventions.
On-goingdata
• Periodicallyadditionaldatawillbecollectedandprogressmeasured.
• Resultsfromthisanalysiswillbeusedtoadjustanyinterventionsifneeded.
FinalDataOncetheinterventionshavebeencompletedandhavebeenrunningforaperiodoftimethefinalresultswillbeanalyzed.Thesewillshow:1. Ifwehada±effectontheneighborhoodsand
whatcausedthoseeffects2. Ifourmodelofevaluationworkedandhowit
canbeimproved3. Answertheresearchquestion
PilotSites&ProgresstoDate
• Honduras• Chile• Patagonia
EarlyResults
Chile
PedroAguirreCerda(PAC),PuenteAlto,Chile.
• ThePedroAguirreCerdapopulation is locatedinthewestofthecommuneofPuenteAltoinSantiago de Chile between streets Concha yToro, Covadonga, Abate Molina and RamónBarrosLuco.
• Ithasperipheralfeatures,whichleadstopooraccessibilitytopublictransportandservices.
DrugsandRobberyAreSignificantIssues
PopulationBreakdown
CuadroN°1Fuente:Datosfichadeprotecciónsocial2012.
Robberywithviolenceorintimidation.
Intervention–RecreationalArea
Intervention–StreetImprovements.
Intervention–DrugHotSpots&PoorEnvironmentalAreas
EarlyResults
Honduras
LaLaguna,Honduras.
La Lagunawas founded in 2002 and is adjacent to the Northwith Col. 15 of September, to the South with El Retironeighborhood,ontheEastbyneighborhoodofLasLomas,WestwithRíoHilandCreekandHilandCreekneighborhood
6.2.1.AspectosDemográficos
Datos Censo Poblacional INE 2001, datos cantidad.
HomicideandDrugsCrime
InterventionatDrugHostspots
QuestionaireItisdividedintotwoareaswith42questions:
A) thefirstregardingdependentvariableswhicharetheft,homicide,perceptionofinsecurityandcommunitynetwork.
B) thesecondwithrespect to independentvariablesthatcorrespondtothefield:urbansettings,communityparticipationandlocalgovernance.
The independent variables are constructed from typological CPTED and situationalprevention projects that are carried out in different districts vulnerable in the LACregionandinparticularinthetwowardsthatmakeupthisresearchstudycases.
Isdesignedasaquestionnaireautoaplicadoforover14yearsforbothgenders.
Questionaires
Applied120surveysduringAugustandSeptember2016.
60surveysinChileand60surveysinHonduras.TheseareappliedinPAC 30 and 30 in adjacent populations used as control withoutsituationalinterventiongroup.
ThesamehappensinHonduraswheretheyapply30inthelagoonand 30 in the September 15 colony used as population controlgroup.
8.ResultadosdelaEncuesta
CurrentStateofPlay
• Beginningtoanalysedata• Resultsatnextconference• Howeverusinganevidencebasedapproachtoexplainanyimpact
CPTEDimpactkeycausal/explanatoryconcepts:
1. NEIGHBORHOOD2. IMAGEOFSTREET/HOME3. POINTSNODAL,ACCESSANDREASONSTOACCESS4. VOLUMEOFTRAFFICANDTRANQUILITYOFTRAFFICKINDOF
TERRITORIALITY/SPACE5. DEFENSIBLEPATHONTHESTREETANDHOUSE6. LIGHTINGOFSTREETS7. COMMUNITYCOHESION8. TYPEOFHOUSINGANDNATURALSURVEILLANCEPOSITION.9. TARGETHARDENING
MuchasGracias!