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CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
CPSC 433 : Artificial Intelligence Tutorials T01 & T02
Andrew “M” [email protected]
note: please include [cpsc 433] in the subject line of any emails regarding this course
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems
• Designed to function similar to a human expert operating within a specific problem domain
• Used to:– Provide an answer to a certain problem, or– Clarify uncertainties where normally a human expert would be
consulted
• Often created to operate in conjunction with humans working within the given problem domain, rather than as a replacement for them
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Components of an Expert Systems
• Knowledge Base– Stores knowledge used by the system, usually
represented in a formal logical manner
• Inference System– Defines how existing knowledge may be used to
derive new knowledge
• Search Control– Determines which inference to apply at a given stage
of the deduction
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Knowledge Representation
• For now, we’ll use a simple If … Then … consequence relation using English semantics
• ie: If [it is raining] Then [I should wear a coat]– [it is raining] is the antecedent of the relation– [I should wear a coat] is the consequent of the relation
• Facts can be understood as consequence relations with an empty antecedent– ie: “If [] Then [it is raining]” is equivalent to the fact that [it is
raining]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Inferring New Knowledge
• New knowledge can be constructed from existing knowledge using inference rules
• For instance, the inference rule modus ponens can be used to derive the consequent of a consequence relation, given that the antecedent is true
• ie: – k1: If [it is raining] Then [I should wear a coat]– k2: [it is raining]– result: [I should wear a coat]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Goal Directed Reasoning
• Inference rules are applied to knowledge base in order to achieve a particular goal
• The goal in an expert system is formed as a question, or query, to which we want the answer
• ie: [I should wear a coat]?– note: this would read easier in English as “should I wear a coat”,
but we want to use the same propositional symbol as is in our knowledge base
• The goal of the search is to determine an answer to the query, which may be boolean as above or more complex
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining
• Forward chaining is a data driven method of deriving a particular goal from a given knowledge base and set of inference rules
• Inference rules are applied by matching facts to the antecedents of consequence relations in the knowledge base
• The application of inference rules results in new knowledge (from the consequents of the relations matched), which is then added to the knowledge base
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining
• Inference rules are successively applied to elements of the knowledge base until the goal is reached
• A search control method is needed to select which element(s) of the knowledge base to apply the inference rule to at any point in the deduction
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
• Knowledge Base:– If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog]– If [X chirps and sings] Then [X is a canary]– If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]– If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]– [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
• Goal:– [Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
?
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[Fritz is colored green]
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[Fritz is colored green]
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
[Fritz is colored green]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[Fritz is colored green]
?
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
[Fritz is colored green]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[Fritz is colored green]
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
[Fritz is colored green]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Forward Chaining Example
If [X croaks and eats flies] Then [X is a frog] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[Fritz is colored green] [Fritz is colored Y] ?
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is a frog]
[Fritz is colored green]
Goal[Fritz is colored Y]?Y = green
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining
• Backward chaining is a goal driven method of deriving a particular goal from a given knowledge base and set of inference rules
• Inference rules are applied by matching the goal of the search to the consequents of the relations stored in the knowledge base
• When such a relation is found, the antecedent of the relation is added to the list of goals (and not into the knowledge base, as is done in forward chaining)
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining
• Search proceeds in this manner until a goal can be matched against a fact in the knowledge base– Remember: facts are simply consequence relations
with empty antecedents, so this is like adding the ‘empty goal’ to the list of goals
• As with forward chaining, a search control method is needed to select which goals will be matched against which consequence relations from the knowledge base
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
If [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
[X croaks and eats flies]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[X croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
If [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
[X croaks and eats flies]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[X croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
If [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
[X croaks and eats flies]
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[X croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
[X is a frog]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a canary]
If [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
[X croaks and eats flies] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
X = Fritz, Y = green
CPSC 433 Artificial Intelligence
Backward Chaining Example
Knowledge BaseIf [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
If [X chirps and sings]Then [X is a canary]
If [X is a frog] Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary] Then [X is colored yellow]
[Fritz croaks and eats flies]
Goals[Fritz is colored Y]?
[X is a frog]
[X is a canary]
[X croaks and eats flies]
[Fritz is colored Y]
If [X is a frog]Then [X is colored green]
If [X is a canary]Then [X is colored yellow]
[X is a frog] [X is a canary]
If [X croaks and eats flies]Then [X is a frog]
[X croaks and eats flies] [Fritz croaks and eats flies]
X = Fritz, Y = green