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Title - Alcoholic Fuels

FUELS AND COMBUSTION (MEE322) ASSIGNMENTS

Submitted by :

PRADEEP PATEL13BME0047YASH CHHABRA13BME0008SLOT – F2

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Introduction :

The first four aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol) are ofinterest as fuels because they can be synthesized chemically or biologically, and

they have characteristics which allow them to be used in internal combustionengines.

Use of ethanol as fuel, as it is expected to benefit sugarcane farmers as well as theoil industry in the long run. Ethanol (Fuel Ethanol) can also be produced fromwheat, corn, beet, sweet sorghum etc. Ethanol is one of the best tools to fightvehicular pollution, contains 35% oxygen that helps complete combustion of fueland thus reduces harmful tailpipe emissions. It also reduces particulate emissionsthat pose a health hazard.

An assessment of alcoholic fuels production in India :

In the first phase of the project, ethanol- blended petrol is being supplied throughretail outlets in nine States and four Union Territories. These states are AndhraPradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu andUttar Pradesh. The four Union Territories include Chandigarh, Dadra and NagarHaveli, Daman and Diu and Pondicherry. Petrol blended with 5 per cent ethanolwould be supplied by petrol pumps all over the country under the second phasetowards the end of the year. The content of ethanol blending would be increasedto 10 per cent in the third phase of the programme.

Most industrial ethanol is denatured to prevent its use as a beverage. Denaturedethanol contains small amounts, 1 or 2 percent each, of several differentunpleasant or poisonous substances. The removal of all these substances wouldinvolve a series of treatments more expensive than the federal excise tax onalcoholic beverages. These denaturants render ethanol unfit for some industrialuses. In such industries undenatured ethanol is used under close federalsupervision.

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With a view to give boost to agriculture sector and reduce environmentalpollution, Government of India have been examining for quite some time supplyof ethanol-doped-petrol in the country. In order to ascertain financial andoperational aspects of blending 5% ethanol with petrol as allowed in the

specifications of Bureau of Indian Standards for petrol. Government had launchedthree pilot projects; two in Maharashtra and one in Uttar Pradesh during Apriland June 2001 and these pilot projects have been supplying 5% ethanol-doped-petrol only to the retail outlets under their respective supply areas since then.Apart from the aforesaid field through pilot projects, R & D studies also wereundertaken simultaneously. Both pilot projects and R & D studies have beensuccessful and established blending of ethanol up to 5% with petrol and usage ofethanol-doped-petrol in vehicles.

Discussions were held with concerned agencies including the Governments ofmajor sugar producing States. While the Society for Indian AutomobileManufacturers (SIAM) has confirmed the acceptance for use of 5% ethanol-doped-petrol in vehicles. State Governments of major sugar producing States andthe representatives of sugar/distillery industries have confirmed availability /capacity to produce ethanol. Government have set up an Expert Group headed bythe Executive Director of the Centre for High Technology for examining variousoptions of blending ethanol with petrol including use of ETBE in refineries.

Considering the logistical and financial advantages, this Group has recommendedblending of ethanol with petrol at supply locations (terminals / depots) of oilcompanies.

SUPPORT FROM CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

Government decided to amend the Sugar Development Fund Act, 1982 enablingfinancial assistance for production of Ethanol and co-generation of power from

bagasse Government are examining various other options to provide concessions/ exemptions to Sugar and Oil industries.

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SUPPORT FROM STATE GOVERNMENT

State Excise and Sales Tax relief Simplification of procedures Concessions for new

ethanol production units Facilitate easy inter-state movements of ethanol Issues relating to State Governments taken up with Maharashtra and Uttar PradeshGovernments for smooth transportation and delivery

SUPPORT FROM MAHARASHTRA GOVERNMENT

Issue permits to oil companies / Anhydrous Ethanol supplies for bulk quantities onyearly basis Renew such permits at least one month before expiry Allow oilcompanies to receive and unload Anhydrous Ethanol without the presence ofState Excise Officials.

Waiver of turnover tax (1%) on Anhydrous EthanolWaiver of Permit Fee (Rs. 500/- per KL) Waiver of Sales Tax (4%)Waiver of Surcharge on Sales Tax (10%)Waiver of Import Fee (Rs. 1500/- per KL)Waiver of Service Charges (Rs. 300/- per KL)Waiver of Octroi (3%)

Applications of Alcoholic Reagents : Methanol has excellent properties as a polar organic solvent and is widely

used as an industrial solvent. Most methanol is used to make other things - for example, methanal

(formaldehyde), ethanoic acid, and methyl esters of various acids. In mostcases, these are in turn converted into further products.

Ethanol has a high octane rating and a low emission of pollutants —characteristics that make it a valuable fuel for automobile engines.

Solutions of 10 percent ethanol in gasoline can be used in most cars withoutany adjustments.

Ethanol is used in toiletries, pharmaceuticals and it is used to sterilizehospital instruments.

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Ethanol is widely used as a solvent. It is relatively safe, and can be used todissolve many organic compounds which are insoluble in water. It is used,for example, in many perfumes and cosmetics.

Ethylene glycol, a derivative of alcohol, is commonly used as automotive

antifreeze and as an ingredient in hydraulic fluids, printing inks, and paintsolvents.

It is also used as a reagent in making polyesters, explosives, alkyd resins, andsynthetic waxes.

Glycerol contains 3 alcoholic and a hydroxyl group.A large amount ofglycerol is still used for making nitroglycerin, which is the primary explosivein dynamite and blasting gelatin.

Nitroglycerin is also used as a coronary vasodilator (a drug that relaxes and

expands blood vessels) for symptomatic relief of chest pain caused by poorcirculation to the heart.

Glycerol is also used as a solvent, moisturizing agent, plasticizer, antifreeze,and water-soluble lubricant.

Alcohol fuel producers in India:

1. Excel Plants & Equipment Pvt Ltd (Distillery Plant)

Distillery Plants are used to alcohol manufacturing industries for fermentation,distillation and evaporation with unique zero liquid discharge guaranteeProcess:

Superior fuel Ethanol Plant Evaporator and Dryer for distillery effluents Fermentation processes for cane molasses, juice and grain

Distillation processes integrated distillation plant operating at Atmospheric,Vacuum, Multi pressure for fuel alcohol, Potable alcohol, Industrial alcohol

2. Shri Samarth Engineering Private Limited

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With a precise understanding of the relevant industry, they introduce themselvesas the leading manufacturer and supplier of Alcohol Distillation Plant. The offeredplant is manufactured using the latest technology and supreme quality

components in adherence with industry norms. Plant is tested against differentquality measures so as to ensure its quality.

Features:

Less impurity cut Optimum reflux ratio Sturdy construction

Salient features of distillation plant:

Higher efficiencies Energy conservation Column internals like bubble cap System is controlled by PLC/DCS

3. Alco Chem Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

4. M. I. Equipments Pvt. Ltd.

5. Mega Engineering

6. ASPECS

7. Pyramid Consulting Engineers Private Limited

8. SVE Engineers Private Limited

9. Wytewater Technologies Private Limited

10. Praj Industries Limited

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References:

www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13366/alcohol

www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/ethanol www.petroleum.co.uk/alcohol-fuel www.biofuel.org.uk/bioalcohols.html www.alcoholandyou.org.uk/facts/uses.html