CP03

CHAPTER 2THE SS7 NETWORK

CHAPTER 3SS7 4 LEVEL MODEL

CHAPTER 4SS7 NETWORK

ADDRESSING AND ROUTING

CHAPTER 5SS7 SIGNALLING UNITS

CHAPTER 1ROLE OF SIGNALLING

SYSTEM

CHAPTER 7TRANS. CAPS. AP AND

MAP

CHAPTER 8GSM NETWORK OVERVIEW

TO SS7

CHAPTER 6SIGNALLING CONNECTION

CONTROL PART

Principles of C7

Training Manual

Version 1 Revision 0

FOR TRAININGPURPOSES ONLY

CP03

FOR TRAININGPURPOSES ONLY


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Principles of

C7

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Principles of C7

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TrainingManual

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001

CP03: Principles of C7

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY i


CP03Principles of C7

Motorola 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999All Rights ReservedPrinted in the U.K.


MOTOROLA LTD. 2001


FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLYii

Copyrights, notices and trademarks

CopyrightsThe Motorola products described in this document may include copyrighted Motorola computerprograms stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and othercountries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for copyright computer programs, including theexclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyright computer program. Accordingly, anycopyright Motorola computer programs contained in the Motorola products described in this documentmay not be copied or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola.Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or byimplication, estoppel or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications ofMotorola, except for the rights that arise by operation of law in the sale of a product.

RestrictionsThe software described in this document is the property of Motorola. It is furnished under a licenseagreement and may be used and/or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the agreement.Software and documentation are copyright materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited bylaw. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, storedin a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by anymeans, without prior written permission of Motorola.

AccuracyWhile reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorolaassumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from the useof the information obtained herein. Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any productsdescribed herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise thisdocument and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify anyperson of revisions or changes. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the applicationor use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patentrights of others.

Trademarks

and MOTOROLA are trademarks of Motorola Inc.UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively throughX/Open Company Limited.Tandem, Integrity, Integrity S2, and Non-Stop-UX are trademarks of Tandem ComputersIncorporated.X Window System, X and X11 are trademarks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Looking Glass is a registered trademark of Visix Software Ltd.OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation.Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.Wingz is a trademark and INFORMIX is a registered trademark of Informix Software Ltd.SUN, SPARC, and SPARCStation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation.IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.HP is a registered trademark of Hewlett Packard Inc.


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General information 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Important notice 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . About this manual 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross references 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text conventions 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

First aid in case of electric shock 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reporting safety issues 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Warnings and cautions 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General warnings 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only) 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beryllium health and safety precautions 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General cautions 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Devices sensitive to static 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Motorola GSM manual set 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generic manuals 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tandem OMC 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scaleable OMC 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related manuals 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service manuals 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Category number 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalogue number 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordering manuals 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1Role of Signalling System No 7 in GSM i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 in GSM 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GSM Network Overview 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Network Switching Subsystem 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Base Station System 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network Management Centre (NMC) 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Mbits PCM 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Interfaces 112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSM Interface Names 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Interface Names 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 2The SS7 Network i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Requirements of SS7 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Elements in a Network 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Point Code 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Format of Signalling Point Code 210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Numbering of International Signalling Points 210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signalling Link and Link Sets 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Signalling Link Types 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signalling Route and Route Set 214. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Routing across a network 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Methods 218. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1 PCM 220. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCP Database 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Service Switching Point (SSP) 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Control Point (SCP) 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The SS7 Network 224. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 3SS7 4 Level Model i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 31. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocols 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocol Layers of the OSI 7 Model 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protocol Comparison of OSI to SS7 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 to OSI Overview 38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTP Layer 1 310. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTP Layer 2 312. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTP Layer 2 Functionality 314. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTP Layer 3 316. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MTP Layer 3 Functionality 318. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Traffic Handling 318. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Network Management 318. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MTP Functionality 320. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message discrimination 320. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Message Transfer Part 322. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 layer 4 324. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 to OSI layers 326. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Connection Control Part 328. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transaction Capabilities Application Part 330. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile Application Part (MAP) 332. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAP services 334. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAP Services and Primitives 336. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 4SS7 Network Addressing and Routing i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network Addressing 42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Point Codes 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Point Codes 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global Title 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subsystem Numbering 410. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 5SS7 Signalling Units i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Units Overview 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Circuit Switch 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Switch 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packet Switch 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SS7 Packet Switching 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signal Unit Packets (Generic) 56. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flag 58. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Error Correction and Flow Control 510. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Error Correction and Flow Control 512. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FIB p BIB 514. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retransmission of Signalling Units 516. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Length Indicator (LI) 518. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field Check Sum 520. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Units Overview 522. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fill in Signal Unit 524. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Link Status Signal Unit 526. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LSSU Status Indication 528. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Link Alignment 530. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Link Alignment Test Duration 532. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Signal Unit 534. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Information Octet 536. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Indicator (SI) 538. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sub-Service Field 540. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Information Field 542. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Routing Label 544. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Management and Test Messages 546. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Header Fields 548. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages 550. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages 552. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 6Signalling Connection Control Part i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Connection Control Part 62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Signalling Services 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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SCCP Services 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Primitives 68. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Protocol Classes 610. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Embedded in MSU 612. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Message 614. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Routing Label 614. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message type code. 614. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parameters 614. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SCCP Message Structure 616. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Type Code 616. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SCCP Routing 618. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Routing Calling Party and Called Party 620. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Addressing for Routing 622. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Called Party Address 624. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Address information 626. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCCP Functional Structure 628. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 7Transaction Capabilities Application Part and Mobile Application Part i. . Objectives 71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) 72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose of TCAP 74. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mobile Application Part 76. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAP Application Entities 78. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP and MAP Interworking 710. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP and MAP in the OSI Model 712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AE Functionality 714. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP Structure 716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Component Sub Layer (CSL) 716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Transaction Sub layer (TSL) 716. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TCAP Message Interfaces 718. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP Embedded Message Structure 720. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP Information Elements 722. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primitives and Constructor IE 724. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP Message Structure 726. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP Transaction Procedures 728. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MAP user Communication 730. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCAP/MAP Transactions 732. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 8GSM Network Overview to SS7 i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 81. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSM Network Components 82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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GSM Interface Names 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interface Names 84. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A Interface Protocols 86. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Interface between MSC and BSS 88. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BSSAP Message Structure 810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BSSMAP Message 810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DTAP Message 810. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Interfaces Between BSC, BTS and MS 812. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAPD frame Structure 814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Address Field 814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control field 814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LAPDm Frames 816. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAPDm Frame Structure 818. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A and B format Frame Structure 820. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Address Field 820. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Field 820. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SS7 Connection to GPRS 822. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Version 1 Revision 0 General information

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FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1

General information

Important noticeIf this manual was obtained when you attended a Motorola training course, it will not beupdated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If itwas supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major softwarerelease, then corrections will be supplied automatically by Motorola in the form ofGeneral Manual Revisions (GMRs).

PurposeMotorola Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Technical Education manualsare intended to support the delivery of Technical Education only and are not intended toreplace the use of Customer Product Documentation.

Failure to comply with Motorolas operation, installation and maintenanceinstructions may, in exceptional circumstances, lead to serious injury or death.

WARNING

These manuals are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered byMotorola, although they can be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gainedthrough such training.

About thismanual

Version 1 Revision 0General information

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FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY2

Cross referencesThroughout this manual, cross references are made to the chapter numbers and sectionnames. The section name cross references are printed bold in text.

This manual is divided into uniquely identified and numbered chapters that, in turn, aredivided into sections. Sections are not numbered, but are individually named at the topof each page, and are listed in the table of contents.

Text conventionsThe following conventions are used in the Motorola GSM manuals to represent keyboardinput text, screen output text and special key sequences.

InputCharacters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.

OutputMessages, prompts, file listings, directories, utilities, and environmentalvariables that appear on the screen are shown like this.

Special key sequencesSpecial key sequences are represented as follows:

CTRL-c Press the Control and c keys at the same time.ALT-f Press the Alt and f keys at the same time.| Press the pipe symbol key.CR or RETURN Press the Return (Enter) key. The Return key is

identified with the symbol on both the X terminal andthe SPARCstation keyboards. The SPARCstationkeyboard Return key is also identified with the wordReturn.

Version 1 Revision 0 First aid in case of electric shock

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First aid in case of electric shock

Warning

Do not touch the victim with your bare hands until the electric circuit isbroken.Switch off. If this is not possible, protect yourself with dry insulatingmaterial and pull or push the victim clear of the conductor.

WARNING

Artificialrespiration

In the event of an electric shock it may be necessary to carry out artificial respiration.Send for medical assistance immediately.

Burns treatmentA warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life,physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, forexample, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.

1. Do not attempt to remove clothing adhering to the burn.2. If help is available, or as soon as artificial respiration is no longer required, cover

the wound with a dry dressing.

3. Do not apply oil or grease in any form.

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Reporting safety issues

IntroductionA caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.

ProcedureWhenever a safety issue arises:

1. Make the equipment concerned safe, for example, by removing power.2. Make no further attempt to tamper with the equipment.

3. Report the problem directly to GSM Customer Network Resolution Centre+44 (0)1793 430040 (telephone) and follow up with a written report by fax+44 (0)1793 430987 (fax).

4. Collect evidence from the equipment under the guidance of the Customer NetworkResolution Centre.

Version 1 Revision 0 Warnings and cautions

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Warnings and cautions

IntroductionThe following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this manual and in allmanuals of the Motorola GSM manual set.

Warnings

DefinitionA warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life,physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, forexample, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.

Example and format

Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors.Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors orunterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.

WARNING

Cautions

DefinitionA caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.

Example and format

Do not use test equipment that is beyond its calibration due date when testingMotorola base stations.

CAUTION

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General warnings

IntroductionObserve the following warnings during all phases of operation, installation andmaintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure tocomply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola GSMmanuals, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of theequipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure to comply with theserequirements.

Warning labelsPersonnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any warninglabels fitted to the equipment. Warning labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.

Specificwarnings

Warnings particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned on the equipment andwithin the text of this manual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times whenworking with the equipment, as must any other warnings given in text, on the illustrationsand on the equipment.

High voltageCertain Motorola equipment operates from a dangerous high voltage of 230 V ac singlephase or 415 V ac three phase mains which is potentially lethal. Therefore, the areaswhere the ac mains power is present must not be approached until the warnings andcautions in the text and on the equipment have been complied with.To achieve isolation of the equipment from the ac supply, the mains input isolator mustbe set to off and locked.Within the United Kingdom (UK) regard must be paid to the requirements of theElectricity at Work Regulations 1989. There may also be specific country legislationwhich need to be complied with, depending on where the equipment is used.

RF radiationHigh RF potentials and electromagnetic fields are present in the base station equipmentwhen in operation. Ensure that all transmitters are switched off when any antennaconnections have to be changed. Do not key transmitters connected to unterminatedcavities or feeders.Refer to the following standards: ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human

Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz. CENELEC 95 ENV 50166-2, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields High

Frequency (10kHz to 300GHz).

Laser radiationDo not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors. Laserradiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre opticcables connected to data in/out connectors.

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Liftingequipment

When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, the competentresponsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Whereprovided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When equipments have to bemanhandled, reference must be made to the Manual Handling of Loads Regulations1992 (UK) or to the relevant manual handling of loads legislation for the country in whichthe equipment is used.

Do not ...... substitute parts or modify equipment.

Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substitute parts orperform any unauthorized modification of equipment. Contact Motorola if in doubt toensure that safety features are maintained.

Battery suppliesDo not wear earth straps when working with standby battery supplies.

Toxic materialCertain Motorola equipment incorporates components containing the highly toxic materialBeryllium or its oxide Beryllia or both. These materials are especially hazardous if: Beryllium materials are absorbed into the body tissues through the skin, mouth, or

a wound.

The dust created by breakage of Beryllia is inhaled. Toxic fumes are inhaled from Beryllium or Beryllia involved in a fire.

See the Beryllium health and safety precautions section for further information.

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Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)Introduction

This equipment is designed to generate and radiate radio frequency (RF) energy. Itshould be installed and maintained only by trained technicians. Licensees of the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) using this equipment are responsible for insuringthat its installation and operation comply with FCC regulations designed to limit humanexposure to RF radiation in accordance with the American National Standards InstituteIEEE Standard C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.

DefinitionsThis standard establishes two sets of maximum permitted exposure limits, one forcontrolled environments and another, that allows less exposure, for uncontrolledenvironments. These terms are defined by the standard, as follows:

Uncontrolled environmentUncontrolled environments are locations where there is the exposure of individuals whohave no knowledge or control of their exposure. The exposures may occur in livingquarters or workplaces where there are no expectations that the exposure levels mayexceed those shown for uncontrolled environments in the table of maximum permittedexposure ceilings.

Controlled environmentControlled environments are locations where there is exposure that may be incurred bypersons who are aware of the potential for exposure as a concomitant of employment, byother cognizant persons, or as the incidental result of transient passage through areaswhere analysis shows the exposure levels may be above those shown for uncontrolledenvironments but do not exceed the values shown for controlled environments in thetable of maximum permitted exposure ceilings.

Maximumpermittedexposures

The maximum permitted exposures prescribed by the standard are set in terms ofdifferent parameters of effects, depending on the frequency generated by the equipmentin question. At the frequency range of this Personal Communication System equipment,1930-1970MHz, the maximum permitted exposure levels are set in terms of powerdensity, whose definition and relationship to electric field and magnetic field strengths aredescribed by the standard as follows:

Power density (S)Power per unit area normal to the direction of propagation, usually expressed in units ofwatts per square metre (W/m2) or, for convenience, units such as milliwatts per squarecentimetre (mW/cm2). For plane waves, power density, electric field strength (E) andmagnetic field strength (H) are related by the impedance of free space, 377 ohms. Inparticular,

where E and H are expressed in units of V/m and A/m, respectively, and S in units ofW/m2. Although many survey instruments indicate power density units, the actualquantities measured are E or E2 or H or H2.

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Maximumpermittedexposureceilings

Within the frequency range, the maximum permitted exposure ceiling for uncontrolledenvironments is a power density (mW/cm2) that equals f/1500, where f is the frequencyexpressed in MHz, and measurements are averaged over a period of 30 minutes. Themaximum permitted exposure ceiling for controlled environments, also expressed inmW/cm2, is f/300 where measurements are averaged over 6 minutes. Applying theseprinciples to the minimum and maximum frequencies for which this equipment is intendedto be used yields the following maximum permitted exposure levels:

Uncontrolled Environment Controlled Environment1930MHz 1970MHz 1930MHz 1970MHz

Ceiling 1.287mW/cm2 1.313mW/cm2 6.433mW/cm2 6.567mW/cm2

If you plan to operate the equipment at more than one frequency, compliance should beassured at the frequency which produces the lowest exposure ceiling (among thefrequencies at which operation will occur).Licensees must be able to certify to the FCC that their facilities meet the above ceilings.Some lower power PCS devices, 100 milliwatts or less, are excluded from demonstratingcompliance, but this equipment operates at power levels orders of magnitude higher, andthe exclusion is not applicable.

Whether a given installation meets the maximum permitted exposure ceilings depends, inpart, upon antenna type, antenna placement and the output power to which thisequipment is adjusted. The following example sets forth the distances from the antennato which access should be prevented in order to comply with the uncontrolled andcontrolled environment exposure limits as set forth in the ANSI IEEE standards andcomputed above.

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Examplecalculation

For a base station with the following characteristics, what is the minimum distance fromthe antenna necessary to meet the requirements of an uncontrolled environment?Transmit frequency 1930MHzBase station cabinet output power, P +39.0dBm (8 watts)Antenna feeder cable loss, CL 2.0dBAntenna input power Pin PCL = +39.02.0 = +37.0dB (5watts)Antenna gain, G 16.4dBi (43.65)Using the following relationship:

Where W is the maximum permissible power density in W/m2 and r is the safe distancefrom the antenna in metres, the desired distance can be calculated as follows:

where W = 12.87 W/m2 was obtained from table listed above and converting frommW/cm2 to W/m2.

The above result applies only in the direction of maximum radiation of theantenna. Actual installations may employ antennas that have defined radiationpatterns and gains that differ from the example set forth above. The distancescalculated can vary depending on the actual antenna pattern and gain.

NOTE

Power densitymeasurements

While installation calculations such as the above are useful and essential in planning anddesign, validation that the operating facility using this equipment actually complies willrequire making power density measurements. For information on measuring RF fields fordetermining compliance with ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, see IEEE Recommended Practicefor the Measure of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields - RF and Microwave,IEEE Std C95.3-1991. Copies of IEEE C95.1-1991 and IEEE C95.3-1991 may bepurchased from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Attn:Publication Sales, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscattaway, NJ 08855-1331,(800) 678-IEEE or from ANSI, (212) 642-4900. Persons responsible for installation of thisequipment are urged to consult these standards in determining whether a giveninstallation complies with the applicable limits.

Other equipmentWhether a given installation meets ANSI standards for human exposure to radiofrequency radiation may depend not only on this equipment but also on whether theenvironments being assessed are being affected by radio frequency fields from otherequipment, the effects of which may add to the level of exposure. Accordingly, the overallexposure may be affected by radio frequency generating facilities that exist at the timethe licensees equipment is being installed or even by equipment installed later.Therefore, the effects of any such facilities must be considered in site selection and indetermining whether a particular installation meets the FCC requirements.

Version 1 Revision 0 Beryllium health and safety precautions

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Beryllium health and safety precautions

IntroductionBeryllium (Be), is a hard silver/white metal. It is stable in air, but burns brilliantly inOxygen.With the exception of the naturally occurring Beryl ore (Beryllium Silicate), all Berylliumcompounds and Beryllium metal are potentially highly toxic.

Health issuesBeryllium Oxide is used within some components as an electrical insulator. Captive withinthe component it presents no health risk whatsoever. However, if the component shouldbe broken open and the Beryllium Oxide, which is in the form of dust, released, thereexists the potential for harm.

InhalationInhalation of Beryllium Oxide can lead to a condition known as Berylliosis, the symptomsof Berylliosis are similar to Pneumonia and may be identified by all or any of thefollowing:Mild poisoning causes fever, shortness of breath, and a cough that producesyellow/green sputum, or occasionally bloodstained sputum. Inflammation of the mucousmembranes of the nose, throat, and chest with discomfort, possibly pain, and difficultywith swallowing and breathing.Severe poisoning causes chest pain and wheezing which may progress to severeshortness of breath due to congestion of the lungs. Incubation period for lung symptomsis 2-20 days.

Exposure to moderately high concentrations of Beryllium in air may produce a veryserious condition of the lungs. The injured person may become blue, feverish with rapidbreathing and raised pulse rate. Recovery is usual but may take several months. Therehave been deaths in the acute stage.Chronic response. This condition is more truly a general one although the lungs aremainly affected. There may be lesions in the kidneys and the skin. Certain featuressupport the view that the condition is allergic. There is no relationship between thedegree of exposure and the severity of response and there is usually a time lag of up to10 years between exposure and the onset of the illness. Both sexes are equallysusceptible. The onset of the illness is insidious but only a small number of exposedpersons develop this reaction.

First aidSeek immediate medical assistance. The casualty should be removed immediately fromthe exposure area and placed in a fresh air environment with breathing supported withOxygen where required. Any contaminated clothing should be removed. The casualtyshould be kept warm and at rest until medical aid arrives.

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Skin contactPossible irritation and redness at the contact area. Persistent itching and blisterformations can occur which usually resolve on removal from exposure.

First aidWash area thoroughly with soap and water. If skin is broken seek immediate medicalassistance.

Eye contactMay cause severe irritation, redness and swelling of eyelid(s) and inflammation of themucous membranes of the eyes.

First aidFlush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical assistance as soonas possible.

Handlingprocedures

Removal of components from printed circuit boards (PCBs) is to take place only atMotorola approved repair centres.The removal station will be equipped with extraction equipment and all other protectiveequipment necessary for the safe removal of components containing Beryllium Oxide.If during removal a component is accidently opened, the Beryllium Oxide dust is to bewetted into a paste and put into a container with a spatula or similar tool. The spatula/toolused to collect the paste is also to be placed in the container. The container is then to besealed and labelled. A suitable respirator is to be worn at all times during this operation.Components which are successfully removed are to be placed in a separate bag, sealedand labelled.

Disposalmethods

Beryllium Oxide or components containing Beryllium Oxide are to be treated ashazardous waste. All components must be removed where possible from boards and putinto sealed bags labelled Beryllium Oxide components. These bags must be given to thesafety and environmental adviser for disposal.Under no circumstances are boards or components containing Beryllium Oxide to be putinto the general waste skips or incinerated.

Product life cycleimplications

Motorola GSM and analogue equipment includes components containing Beryllium Oxide(identified in text as appropriate and indicated by warning labels on the equipment).These components require specific disposal measures as indicated in the preceding(Disposal methods) paragraph. Motorola will arrange for the disposal of all suchhazardous waste as part of its Total Customer Satisfaction philosophy and will arrangefor the most environmentally friendly disposal available at that time.

Version 1 Revision 0 General cautions

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General cautions

IntroductionObserve the following cautions during operation, installation and maintenance of theequipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure to comply with thesecautions or with specific cautions elsewhere in the Motorola GSM manuals may result indamage to the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure tocomply with these requirements.

Caution labelsPersonnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any cautionlabels fitted to the equipment. Caution labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.

Specific cautionsCautions particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned within the text of thismanual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with theequipment, as must any other cautions given in text, on the illustrations and on theequipment.

Fibre opticsThe bending radius of all fibre optic cables must not be less than 30 mm.

Static dischargeMotorola equipment contains CMOS devices that are vulnerable to static discharge.Although the damage caused by static discharge may not be immediately apparent,CMOS devices may be damaged in the long term due to static discharge caused bymishandling. Wear an approved earth strap when adjusting or handling digital boards.See Devices sensitive to static for further information.

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Devices sensitive to static

IntroductionCertain metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices embody in their design a thin layer ofinsulation that is susceptible to damage from electrostatic charge. Such a charge appliedto the leads of the device could cause irreparable damage.These charges can be built up on nylon overalls, by friction, by pushing the hands intohigh insulation packing material or by use of unearthed soldering irons.MOS devices are normally despatched from the manufacturers with the leads shortedtogether, for example, by metal foil eyelets, wire strapping, or by inserting the leads intoconductive plastic foam. Provided the leads are shorted it is safe to handle the device.

Special handlingtechniques

In the event of one of these devices having to be replaced observe the followingprecautions when handling the replacement: Always wear an earth strap which must be connected to the electrostatic point

(ESP) on the equipment. Leave the short circuit on the leads until the last moment. It may be necessary to

replace the conductive foam by a piece of wire to enable the device to be fitted. Do not wear outer clothing made of nylon or similar man made material. A cotton

overall is preferable. If possible work on an earthed metal surface. Wipe insulated plastic work surfaces

with an anti-static cloth before starting the operation. All metal tools should be used and when not in use they should be placed on an

earthed surface.

Take care when removing components connected to electrostatic sensitivedevices. These components may be providing protection to the device.

When mounted onto printed circuit boards (PCBs), MOS devices are normally lesssusceptible to electrostatic damage. However PCBs should be handled with care,preferably by their edges and not by their tracks and pins, they should be transferreddirectly from their packing to the equipment (or the other way around) and never leftexposed on the workbench.

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Motorola GSM manual set

IntroductionThe following manuals provide the information needed to operate, install and maintain theMotorola GSM equipment.

Generic manualsThe following are the generic manuals in the GSM manual set, these manuals arerelease dependent:

Categorynumber

Name Cataloguenumber

GSM-100-101 System Information: General 68P02901W01GSM-100-201 Operating Information: GSM System Operation 68P02901W14GSM-100-311 Technical Description: OMC in a GSM System 68P02901W31GSM-100-313 Technical Description: OMC Database Schema 68P02901W34GSM-100-320 Technical Description: BSS Implementation 68P02901W36GSM-100-321 Technical Description: BSS Command

Reference68P02901W23

GSM-100-403 Installation & Configuration: GSM SystemConfiguration

68P02901W17

GSM-100-423 Installation & Configuration: BSS Optimization 68P02901W43GSM-100-501 Maintenance Information: Alarm Handling at

the OMC68P02901W26

GSM-100-521 Maintenance Information: Device StateTransitions

68P02901W57

GSM-100-523 Maintenance Information: BSS FieldTroubleshooting

68P02901W51

GSM-100-503 Maintenance Information: GSM StatisticsApplication

68P02901W56

GSM-100-721 Software Release Notes: BSS/RXCDR 68P02901W72

Tandem OMCThe following Tandem OMC manuals are part of the GSM manual set for systemsdeploying Tandem S300 and 1475:

Categorynumber


GSM-100-202 Operating Information: OMC SystemAdministration

68P02901W13

GSM-100-712 Software Release Notes: OMC System 68P02901W71

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Scaleable OMCThe following Scaleable OMC manuals replace the equivalent Tandem OMC manuals inthe GSM manual set:

Categorynumber


GSM-100-202 Operating Information: Scaleable OMC SystemAdministration

68P02901W19

GSM-100-413 Installation & Configuration: Scaleable OMCClean Install

68P02901W47

GSM-100-712 Software Release Notes: Scaleable OMCSystem

68P02901W74

Related manuals

The following are related Motorola GSM manuals:

Categorynumber


GSM-001-103 System Information: BSS Equipment Planning 68P02900W21GSM-002-103 System Information: DataGen 68P02900W22GSM-005-103 System Information: Advance Operational

Impact68P02900W25

GSM-008-403 Installation & Configuration: Expert Adviser 68P02900W36

Service manualsThe following are the service manuals in the GSM manual set, these manuals are notrelease dependent. The internal organization and makeup of service manual sets mayvary, they may consist of from one to four separate manuals, but they can all be orderedusing the overall catalogue number shown below:

Categorynumber


GSM-100-020 Service Manual: BTS 68P02901W37GSM-100-030 Service Manual: BSC/RXCDR 68P02901W38GSM-105-020 Service Manual: M-Cell2 68P02901W75GSM-106-020 Service Manual: M-Cell6 68P02901W85GSM-201-020 Service Manual: M-Cellcity 68P02901W95GSM-202-020 Service Manual: M-Cellaccess 68P02901W65GSM-101-SERIES ExCell4 Documentation Set 68P02900W50GSM-103-SERIES ExCell6 Documentation Set 68P02900W70GSM-102-SERIES TopCell Documentation Set 68P02901W80GSM-200-SERIES M-Cellmicro Documentation Set 68P02901W90

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Category numberThe category number is used to identify the type and level of a manual. For example,manuals with the category number GSM-100-2xx contain operating information.

Cataloguenumber

The Motorola 68P catalogue number is used to order manuals.

Orderingmanuals

All orders for Motorola manuals must be placed with your Motorola Local Office orRepresentative. Manuals are ordered using the catalogue number. Remember, specifythe manual issue required by quoting the correct suffix letter.

Version 1 Revision 0Motorola GSM manual set

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MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Chapter 1

Role of Signalling System

No 7 in GSM


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MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Chapter 1Role of Signalling System No 7 in GSM i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 in GSM 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GSM Network Overview 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Network Switching Subsystem 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Base Station System 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Network Management Centre (NMC) 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Mbits PCM 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Interfaces 112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSM Interface Names 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Interface Names 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Version 1 Revision 0 Objectives

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Objectives

At the end of this chapter the student will be able to:

Identify the two Subsystems and their components in GSM. Identify the components and interfaces of the GSM network and describe their

function.

Version 1 Revision 0SS7 in GSM

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SS7 in GSMGSM network components

GSM NetworkOverview

The diagram opposite shows a simplified GSM network. Each network component isillustrated only once. However, many of the components will occur several timesthroughout a network.Each network component is designed to communicate over an interface specified by theGSM standards. This provides flexibility and enables a network provider to utilizesystem components from different manufacturers. For example Motorola Base StationSystem (BSS) equipment may be coupled with an Ericsson Network Switching System.The principle component groups of a GSM network are:

The Mobile Station (MS)This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc. This is the part of the networkthat the subscriber will see.

The Base Station System (BSS)This BSS is the part of the network that provides the radio interconnection from the MSto the land-based switching equipment.

The Network Switching System (NSS)The NSS consists of the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) and its associatedsystem-control databases and processors together with the required interfaces. This isthe part that provides for interconnection between the GSM network and the PublicSwitched Telephone Network (PSTN).

The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC)This enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network from a centrallocation.

Version 1 Revision 0 SS7 in GSM

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GSM Network Components

CP03_Ch1_01

NMC

OMC

Operations andMaintenance System

Network Switching System

Base Station System

Interface/Connection

Mobile Station

PSTN

VLR HLR

AUC

EIRMSC

IWFEC

BTS

BSC

ME

SIM

XCDR

Version 1 Revision 0The Network Switching Subsystem

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The Network Switching SubsystemNetwork Switching SystemThe Network Switching System includes the main switching functions of the GSMnetwork. It also contains the databases required for subscriber data and mobilitymanagement. Its main function is to manage communications between the GSMnetwork and other telecommunications networks.

The components of the Network Switching System are listed below:

Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR) Visitor Location Register (VLR) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Authentication Centre (AUC) InterWorking Function (IWF) Echo Canceller (EC)In addition to the more traditional elements of a cellular telephone system, GSM hasLocation Register network entities. These entities are the Home Location Register(HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), and the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). Thelocation registers are database-oriented processing nodes, which address the problemsof managing subscriber data and keeping track of a MSs location as it roams around thenetwork.

Functionally, the Interworking Function and the Echo Cancellers may be considered asparts of the MSC, since their activities are inextricably linked with those of the switch as itconnects speech and data calls to and from the MSs.

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Networking Switching System

CP03_Ch1_02

VLR

EC IWF

MSC

HLR

AUC

EIR


VLR

EC IWF

MSC

HLR

AUC

EIR


PSTNPSTNPSTN

Operationsand

Maintenance System

Operationsand

Maintenance System

Operationsand

Maintenance System

BSSBSSBSS

Version 1 Revision 0The Base Station System

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The Base Station SystemThe GSM Base Station System is the equipment located at a cell site. It comprises acombination of digital and RF equipment. The BSS provides the link between the MobileStation (MS) and the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC).The BSS communicates with the MS over the digital air interface and with the MSC via 2Mbit/s links.

The BSS consists of three major hardware components:

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a particular cell.This is the part of the GSM network that communicates with the MS. The antenna isincluded as part of the BTS.

The Base Station Controller (BSC)The BSC as its name implies provides the control for the BSS. The BSC communicatesdirectly with the MSC. The BSC may control single or multiple BTSs.

The Transcoder (XCDR)The transcoder is used to compact the signals from the MS so that they are moreefficiently sent over the terrestrial interfaces. Although the transcoder is considered to bea part of the BSS, it is very often located closer to the MSC.The transcoder is used to reduce the rate at which the traffic (voice/data) is transmittedover the air interface. Although the transcoder is part of the BSS, it is often foundphysically closer to the NSS to allow more efficient use of the terrestrial links.

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Base Station System

CP03_Ch1_03

BSC

BSS

BTS

XCDR

BTS

BTSBTS

Version 1 Revision 0Network Management Centre (NMC)

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Network Management Centre (NMC)The NMC offers the ability to provide hierarchical regionalized network management of acomplete GSM system.It is responsible for operations and maintenance at the network level, supported by theOMCs which are responsible for regional network management.The NMC is therefore a single logical facility at the top of the network managementhierarchy.

The NMC has a high level view of the network, as a series of network nodes andinterconnecting communications facilities.The OMC, on the other hand, is used to filter information from the network equipment forforwarding to the NMC, thus allowing it to focus on issues requiring nationalco-ordination. The NMC can also co-ordinate issues regarding interconnection to othernetworks, for example the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).The NMC can take regional responsibility when an OMC is not manned, with the OMCacting as a transit point between the NMC and the network equipment. The NMCprovides operators with functions equivalent to those available at the OMC.

Functionality of the NMC Monitors node on the network.

Monitors GSM Network Element Statistics.

Monitors OMC regions and provides information to OMC staff. Passes on statistical information from one OMC region to another to improve

problem strategies.

Version 1 Revision 0 Network Management Centre (NMC)

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Network Management Centre

CP03_Ch1_04

NMC

OMC

OMC

OMC

NETWORK

REGION 1

REGION 2 REGION 3

Q3 PROTOCOL(GSM 12 SERIES)

Version 1 Revision 02Mbits PCM

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2Mbits PCM2 Mbit/s Trunk 32-channel PCMThis diagram opposite shows the logical GSM system with the 2 Mbit/s interfaceshighlighted.The interfaces carry traffic from the PSTN to the MSC, between MSCs, from an MSC toa BSC and from a BSC to remotely sited BTSs.These links are also used between the MSC and IWF.

Each 2.048 Mbit/s link provides thirty-two 64 kbit/s channels available to carry speech,data, or control information. The control information may contain C7, LAPD or X.25formatted information.

These 2 Mbit/s links commonly act as the physical bearer for the interfaces usedbetween the GSM system entities.

Version 1 Revision 0 2Mbits PCM

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2Mbit trunks

CP03_Ch1_05

NMC

OMC

VLR

MSC

ECIWFXC

XC

VLR

EC IWF XC

MSC

HLR

AUCEIR

PSTN

BTS BSC

COLOCATED ENTITIES

BSS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BTS BTS BTS

MS

MS

MS

VLR

Version 1 Revision 0SS7 Interfaces

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SS7 InterfacesThe term C7 and SS7 are describing the same function, they both describe the signallingfunction of the network, either term may be used

ITU-TS Signalling System #7The diagram opposite illustrates the use of C7 in the GSM system; carrying signallingand control information between most major entities, and to and from the PSTN.The following message protocols, which are part of C7, are used to communicatebetween the different GSM network entities:Interfacing the PSTN, the MSC performs call-signalling functions using the TelephoneUser Part (TUP), or interfacing ISDN, the ISDN User Part (ISUP).Between the MSC and the BSC, the Base Station System Management Application Part(BSSMAP) is used.The Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP) is used to send messages between theMSC and the mobile (MS).MAP is used between the MSC and the VLR, EIR, and HLR.

Acronyms:BSSAP Base Station System Application PartBSSMAP Base Station System Management Application PartDTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

ISUP ISDN User PartMAP Mobile Application Part

SCCP Signalling connection Control PartTUP Telephone User Part

TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part

Version 1 Revision 0 SS7 Interfaces

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C7 Interfaces

CP03_Ch1_06

MAP

NMC

OMC

VLR

MSC

ECIWFXC

XC

VLR

EC IWF XC

MSC

HLR

AUC

EIR

PSTN

BTS BSC

BSS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BTS BTS BTS

MS

MS

MS

VLR

BSSMAP TUP

BSSAP

Version 1 Revision 0GSM Interface Names

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GSM Interface Names

Interface NamesEach interface specified within the GSM system has a name associated with it. Thediagram opposite illustrates the names of all the interfaces specified by GSM.Air-interface MSBTSA-bis(Mo-bis) BTSBSCA-interface BSSMSCB-Interface MSCVLRC-interface MSCHLRD-interface HLRVLR

E-interface interMSC

F-interface MSCEIRG-interface VLRVLRR-interface MSDTE (Data Terminating Equipment)

Version 1 Revision 0 GSM Interface Names

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GSM interface names

CP03_Ch1_07

NMC

OMC

VLR

MSC

ECIWFXC

XC

VLR

EC IWF XC

MSC

HLRAUC

EIR

PSTN

BTS BSC

COLOCATED ENTITIES

BSS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BTS BTS BTS

MS

MS

MS

VLR

A

E

Abis

Um

G

B

D

B C

H

F

Version 1 Revision 0GSM Interface Names

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MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Chapter 2

The SS7 Network


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MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Chapter 2The SS7 Network i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Objectives 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Requirements of SS7 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Elements in a Network 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point 26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Point Code 28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Format of Signalling Point Code 210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Numbering of International Signalling Points 210. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Link and Link Sets 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SS7 Signalling Link Types 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Route and Route Set 214. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Routing across a network 216. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Methods 218. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1 PCM 220. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SCP Database 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Service Switching Point (SSP) 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Control Point (SCP) 222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The SS7 Network 224. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Version 1 Revision 0 Objectives

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Objectives

At the end of this chapter you will be able to:

Identify the different functions that make up a signalling network. Understand the functionality within an SS7 network.

Version 1 Revision 0Main Requirements of SS7

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Main Requirements of SS7There are two main requirements of the signalling system. All calls must be set-up, monitored and broken down in a correct manner.

The signalling system must be able to support all non-circuit applications such asdatabase enquires and supplementary services.

The SS7 network and protocol are used for:

Basic call set-up, management, and tear down. Wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless

roaming, and mobile subscriber authentication. Local number portability (LNP). Toll-free (800/888) and toll (900) wire line services. Enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display,

and three-way calling. Efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications.

Network management information must also be carried across the network. This enablesthe network to maintain itself during failures and then recover from them.The network also needs to deal with load sharing and re-routing this is also achievedthrough the use of SS7

When looking at any signalling requirements within a telephone network it is important tounderstand that all voice calls breakdown into two separate components, the voicecomponent and the signalling component. All other calls are just seen by the network asdata that is signalling

Version 1 Revision 0 Main Requirements of SS7

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Main Requirements of SS7

CP03_Ch2_01

Circuit related applications concerned with the connection anddisconnection of telephone calls

Non circuit related applications which support the circuit relatedapplications

To achieve call processing the different components in the network mustbe able to interact with each other.

A call is made up of two components: The voice/data component. The signalling component.

Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Elements in a Network

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Signalling Elements in a NetworkSP/STP The basic blocks in the networkSPC An address of a single unit in the networkSignalling link The physical connectionLink set More than one physical connection between the same two points

Route The logical connection between two points in a network

Route set More than one logical connection between the same two points

Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Elements in a Network

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Signalling Elements

CP03_Ch2_02

SP/STP

SPC ( opcdpc)

Signalling Link

Link set

Route

Route set

Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer PointSignalling Point (SP)A Signalling Point is any node in the network that is able to handle signalling messages.These signalling messages can either be generated or received

Signalling transfer Point (STP)A Signalling Transfer Point is able to receive a message on one signalling link and thentransfer that message to another link, without processing the contents of the message.STP is able to transfer in three dimensions, national, regional and international

Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point

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Signalling Point/STP

CP03_Ch2_03

SP is a processing node in a signalling network, which hasSS7 implemented

STP is a processing node where a message is received inone link and transferred to another.

SPSPSTPSTP

Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Point Code

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling Point CodeSignalling Point Code (SPC)In the SS7 network all signalling points (SP) need to be identified in order to allow forcommunication between each other. All Signalling Points are identified by a unique codeknown as the Signalling Point Code (SPC)The Signalling Point at which the signalling message is generated, or is the source userpart is known as the Originating Point Code (OPC)The Signalling Point to which the signalling message is destined, or is the receiving userpart is known as the Destination Point Code (DPC)In order to allow for multiplayer signalling there must be a method that allows forcommunication between different networks. It is the Network Indicator (NI) that must bedefined for this.

SP = NI SPC

The SPC is normally 14 bits long in the binary form. This can be translated to either hexor various national presentations

Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Point Code

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Signalling Point Code

CP03_Ch2_04

All signalling points in a SS7 network are identified by a unique codeknown as a Signalling Point Code SPC

There are two components to a SPC

SP = NI SPC

Version 1 Revision 0Format of Signalling Point Code

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Format of Signalling Point Code

Numbering ofInternationalSignalling Points

A 14-bit binary code is used for the identification of signalling points (ITU-I Q708).An international signalling point code (ISPC) should be assigned to each signalling point,which belongs to the international signalling network. For some network environment,one physical network node may serve as more than one signalling point, and maytherefore be assigned more than one signalling point code. All international signallingpoint codes (ISPC) should consist of three identification sub-fields as indicated. Thesub-field of 3 bits (NML) should identify a world geographical zone. The sub-field of 8 bits(KD) should identify a geographical area or network in a specific zone. The sub-field of3 bits (CBA) should identify a signalling point in a specific geographical area or network.The combination of the first and second sub-fields could be regarded asa signallingarea/network code (SANC).Each country (or geographical area) should be assigned at least one signallingarea/network code (SANC).The system of International Signalling Point Codes (ISPC) will provide for 62568(12288) ISPCs.If a country (or geographical area) should require more than 8 international signallingpoints, one or more additional signalling area/network code(s) (SANC) would be assignedto it.

Version 1 Revision 0 Format of Signalling Point Code

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Format of Signalling Point Code

CP03_Ch2_05

Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Link and Link Sets

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Signalling Link and Link SetsA signalling link is the physical data link that connects two signalling points. It is abi-directional transmission path for signalling, comprising two data channels operatingtogether in opposite directions at the same data rate. It constitutes the lowest functionallevel (level 1) in the Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) functional hierarchy. A link set is a group of one to sixteen links between two nodes.

All of the links must have the same attributes.

Multiple link sets can be deployed between two nodes.

SS7 SignallingLink Types

Signalling links are logically organized by link type (A through F) according to their usein the SS7 signalling network.A Link: An A (access) link connects a signalling end point (e.g., an SCP or SSP) to anSTP.B Link: A B (bridge) link connects an STP to another STP. Typically, a quad of B linksinterconnect peer (or primary) STPs (e.g., the STPs from one network to the STPs ofanother network). The distinction between a B link and a D link is rather arbitrary. Forthis reason, such links may be referred to as B/D links.C Link: A C (cross) link connects STPs performing identical functions into a mated pair.D Link: A D (diagonal) link connects a secondary (e.g., local or regional) STP pair to aprimary (e.g., inter-network gateway) STP pair in a quad-link configuration. Thedistinction between a B link and a D link is rather arbitrary. For this reason, such linksmay be referred to as B/D links.E Link: An E (extended) link connects an SSP to an alternate STP.F Link: An F (fully associated) link connects two signalling end points.

Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Link and Link Sets

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling link & Link Set

CP03_Ch2_06

The physical connection between two nodes (SP/STP) in theSS7 network

One or more links connected between the same two nodes inthe network Can be used for Load distribution

Link 2

SPSP

STPSTP

Link 1 Link Set

Link 2

SPSP

STPSTP

Link 1 Link Set

Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Route and Route Set

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling Route and Route SetA signalling route is the pre-determined path, consisting of a succession of STPs andinterconnecting SLs that take a message through the network between the originatingpoint to the destination point.

Each route carries traffic to only one destination, the route may be direct or over severalSTPs, the SLs in a route may belong to several routes and as such carry traffic toseveral destinations

SLs and data in STPs combine to form a signalling route.All the signalling routes that may be used between an originating point and a destinationpoint are known as a Signalling Route Set.

Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Route and Route Set

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling Route and Route Set

CP03_Ch2_07

A signalling route is a predetermined path that takes themessage through the signalling network

A route set is one or more routes linked together

SPSPSPSP

STPSTP

Link Set

STPSTP

Link Set

STPSTP

Link Set

STPSTP

Link Set

STPSTP

Link Set

Signalling route

Version 1 Revision 0Message Routing across a network

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Message Routing across a networkThere are two signalling points that have a requirement to pass a message, the networkneeds to have various elements in order to pass the message.If the two SPs are connected then the SL between them is the only network element.If the SPs are in two different networks then all of the elements are required:Signalling Route: Needs to be in place in order to pass the messageSTP: Able to transfer message between networksSignalling Link: Connects the SP to STP/SPsSP: Start point and end point of messageLink Set: If more that one SL exists between SP and STP

Version 1 Revision 0 Message Routing across a network

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Message Routing

CP03_Ch2_08

Link SetOPC 2 22

SPSP

STPSTP

STPSTPLink Set

STPSTP

Link Set

signallinglink

Link Set

OPC 1 11

STPSTPSTPSTP

SPSP

Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Methods

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling MethodsThere are two methods of signalling that can be used to achieve call processing, theyare:

Channel Associated Signalling (CAS), where the speech and signalling areassociated to each other and follow the same physical path.

Common Channel Signalling (CCS), is a signalling method in which a singlechannel conveys in data packets signalling information that relates to userspecified connections as a result, speech and voice do not need to be physicallyrelated. Also known as associated mode when voice and signalling take the samepath, if the path is different then the signalling mode is associated.

SS7 has two signalling types: Connection orientated signalling where two nodes establish a link to transfer

information

Connectionless signalling where a node sends information that does not requireacknowledgement of receipt

Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Methods

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



Signalling Methods

CP03_Ch2_09

Voice and Signalling Channel

Signalling Channel

Voice Channels

CAS

CCS

Version 1 Revision 0E1 PCM

MOTOROLA LTD. 2001



E1 PCMAn E1 or 2.048Mbit/s PCM frame is made up of 32 eight-bit timeslots, numbered from 0to 31. Timeslot (T/S) 0 is always used for sync, this enables incoming slots to be read atthe correct time, timeslot 16 is normally used for signalling this is not mandatory but itis widely accepted as the norm.

Sampling of the analogue signal is done at 8000 times per second. Each frame consistsof 8 bits from each timeslot. So, each timeslot is 88

Documents

CP03