3/31/2020

COVID-19 HRH Strategy & Training

Manual Strategy for Scaling Up

Human Resources for Health

at Grass-roots Level:

Ethiopia

YGT TEAM

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Sosena Kebede, MD, MPH Quality Improvement and Population Health Consultant HealthCare Engagement, LLC Baltimore, Maryland https://healthcareengagements.com/ Meron Hirpa, MD Resident Physician Osler Internal Medicine Residency – Urban Health Track Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Maryland Eiman Abdulrahman, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Children's National Medical Center Washington, DC Taffere Negat Mihretu, MD Adjunct Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Touro University California Internist/Hospital Medicine San Joaquin General Hospital, Graduate Medical Education Sutter Eden Medical Center Vallejo, California Tinsay A. Woreta, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Muluken Melese, MD, MPH Senior Technical Advisor for TB and HIV/AIDS, Management Sciences for Health (MSH) Currently working on COVID-19 Taskforce for MSH Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed, MD MPH Candidate 2020 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, Maryland Hilena Addis, BA Candidate for Master of Health Care Innovation Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

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Foreword

This document was prepared to help with the urgent need to scale up Human Resources for

Health in the fight against COVID-19 in the Ethiopian context. All who contributed to the

creation of this document are individual healthcare professionals with clinical and public health

expertise who volunteered their time to help meet the urgent need of training in resource

constrained settings. At the time when this document was compiled, several new researches

and recommendations were coming out regarding the Coronavirus that causes the illness

COVID-19. As such, some of the information here may change as we learn more. Learners are

recommended to always check www.cdc.gov and www.who.int for the most updated and

complete information.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our translators Dr. Agazie Gebreselassie, Dr.

Chala Feyera, Dr. Muluken Melese, Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed, Mr. Bukhari Shikh Aden, Mr.

Mohammed Ibrahim and Mrs. Zuleka Ismail who have devoted their time to this exacting work.

The document can be downloaded freely from https://healthcareengagements.com/global-

services/.

Sosena Kebede, MD, MPH

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Summary • Why train lay health workforce (HWF)?: there is a shortage of professionally trained

HRH, and epidemics are best contained by using community-based health workforce.

The goal is to keep people out of the hospitals!

• How will the HWF be used?:

o To engage/empower the community so they can participate in containing the

epidemic

o To help with epidemic surveillance and triaging

• How will the training be conducted?: training can be conducted at the local level as well

as remotely in collaboration with a team of volunteer health care workers in the

diaspora. The training material is prepared and is available in Amharic, Afan Oromo and

Tigriygna, can take up to 6 hours to complete including the multiple-choice assessment.

The local/regional health office will identify and get consent from 20 households to

receive education and training by 40 trained lay HWF or existing Health Extension

Workers (HEW) (two HWF per household) telephonically. Need for home visits by HWF

with appropriate precautions will be determined by the local health center. The local

health office will provide support and oversight of these HWF, in collaboration with

volunteer trainers as needed. This can be quickly scaled up to add more households.

• What will these trained HWF do?:

o The goal is to empower communities to be part of the solution in protecting

themselves and their neighbors and not just to deliver information.

o Screen for most common symptoms for COVID-19 and advise as per algorithm

provided.

o Provide dialogue based education on COVID-19 to assigned household

telephonically. First visit will be about 20-30 minutes and follow up at least twice

a week for continued surveillance and support of households.

o In the event of government policies that affect the livelihood of the community

such as a city lock down, the HWF will facilitate communication between policy

makers and the community, assure basic needs of the community are met

including food deliveries, emergencies etc.

o In the event of rapid spread of the virus, HWF will set up tents near communities

and help in triaging community members to avoid chaos and flooding of

hospitals. (Please see Tent Set up Logistics included in the Booklet)

• Who oversees this effort?: the local/regional health team will need to be prepared to

keep data on the surveillance information recorded by the HWF, advise on appropriate

triaging to high levels of care, advise Ministry of Health to pay close attention to

potential hotspots for resource allocation, mobilize other community resources that

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may needed to meet the needs of the community such as transport, food, home visits

for the elderly etc.

• When does this need to be done?: NOW

Please contact us if we can help facilitate this training or download the material from

https://healthcareengagements.com/global-services/ modify as needed and start using it!

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Table of Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

Scaling up Human Resources for Health at Grass-roots Level: COVID-19, Ethiopia ..................................... 6

Candidates for Training ............................................................................................................................... 11

Candidate Assessment Questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 12

Pre-Education Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................... 13

Pre-Education Questionnaire with Answers ............................................................................................... 15

COVID-19 Symptom Algorithm ................................................................................................................... 18

Tent Setup Logistics .................................................................................................................................... 19

Patient Flow ................................................................................................................................................ 20

Appendix

Biography of Team Members ..................................................................................................................... 21

Summary (Amharic) ለኮቪድ-19 የአስቸኳይ ጊዜ የጤና ሰው ሀብት ልማት ግንባታ ስትራቴጂ ........................................... 24

Pre-education Questionnaire (Amharic) የቅድመ ስልጠና ፈተና ........................................................................ 25

Pre-education Questionnaire w/Answers (Amharic) የቅድመ ስልጠና ፈተና መልስ ............................................. 27

Candidate Assessment Qestionna9re (Amharic) የሰልጣኞች ድህረ ስልጠና ግምገማ ፈተና ..................................... 29

Pre-education Questionnaire (Afan Oromo) Gaaffilee leenjii dura deebii wajjin ...................................... 30

Pre-education Questionnaire w/Answers (Afan Oromo) Gaaffilee leenjii dura deebii wajjin ................... 32

Pre-education Questionnaire (Tigrigna) ቅድመ አስተምህሮ መሕትት (ክዌሽነር) .................................................... 35

Pre-education Questionnaire w/Answers (Tigrigna) ናይ ቅድመ አስተምህሮ መሕትት (ክዌሽነር) መልስታት .............. 37

Candidate Assessment Questionnaire (Tigrigna) ናይ ተሳተፍቲ መምዘኒ መሕትት ............................................... 40

Pre-education Questionnaire (Afsomali) Foomka su'aalaha waxbarashada hore ...................................... 42

Pre-education Questionnaire w/Answers (Afsomali) Suaalaha iyo jawaabaha tababarka hortii ............... 45

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Scaling up Human Resources for Health at Grass-roots Level: COVID-19,

Ethiopia

The current HRH capacity in Ethiopia, including doctors and other skilled healthcare

professionals is not adequate to meet the demands of the population at baseline. If the COVID-

19 pandemic rises in Ethiopia at a rate we have seen in other countries, the shortfall in this

critical resource will be one of the rate limiting steps in the final outcome of the in-country

epidemic.

There are efforts underway to specifically train medical doctors for this gruesome potential and

their role undoubtedly will be irreplaceable. In this curriculum, we offer a grass-roots level HRH

training proposal. This may be an opportunity to re-train and use the pre-existing Health

Extension Workers (HEWs) instead of training new lay persons. This workforce will be a critical

addition to the professionally trained healthcare workers who will be needed for treatment

interventions and technical skills.

This workforce can be used in two major categories as needed.

1. Train for community engagement/empowerment: these are the foot soldiers who will

engage the community in dialogue about COVID-19 to dispel myths about the illness and fill in

gaps in knowledge. By engaging community members in small groups or one on one they can

empower them to protect themselves and assist them to be part of the creative problem-

solving process. In times of crisis, the government may have to resort to enforcing its policy for

the greater good but when resources are constrained inviting the local wisdom to be part of the

problem-solving process will help in community adherence to recommendations and will save

lives and cost. We recognize that simply informing people of sound wisdom alone is not a

proven method to assure adherence to recommendations and in order to increase adherence

to risk mitigation policies, such as social (physical) distancing the cooperation of the people will

be needed. While in the midst of a pandemic where there is a low level of health literacy and

severe socio-economic deprivation, the value of creating trust is paramount. Richards and his

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colleagues have documented the need for restoring trust in healthcare in their paper entitled

Trust and Distrust of Ebola Treatment Centers, a case study from Sierra Leone1.

2. Train for front line work: Even well-resourced countries are using front line staff such as

medical assistants to screen people with symptoms using an algorithm before sending them to

physicians or for testing as appropriate. If the number of cases continues to rise in Ethiopia,

there will be many people who will need/want to go to the clinic or to the hospital. Given the

shortage in resources, human and otherwise, including testing kits for the virus, the hospitals

and health centers could present an additional safety risk for patients and health care workers

if large numbers of people who may or may not have the virus begin to crowd these facilities.

In the US, there is data that suggests healthcare associated harm is the third leading cause of

death after coronary artery disease and cancer.2

The Work of Training

What: Please see below for “Instruction for Accelerated Training of Lay HRH”.

Where: Due to the need for social (physical) distancing, our original recommendation to deploy

lay HRH to engage the community in Idir and other organized settings may not work. This

means there may be a need to rely on the telephone, using media outlets, megaphones,

“tirunba” to herald for attention to listeners while in their own homes. Home visits (maintaining

physical distancing) are still feasible methods as well for select individuals and households.

Who: Please see below for “Candidates for Training”.

How:

1. Education/community engagement/risk mitigation

There is a project called covidnearyou.org started by Johns Brownstein of Boston

Children’s Hospital that is helping to keep track of the epidemic in the US. We

recommend starting a self-reporting mechanism similar to that in association with Ethio-

tele.

• Solicit Ethiopian telecommunication to send a daily text to all registered phone users in

the country with the screening questions similar to the ones used by covidnearyou.org

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o How are you feeling, thumbs up or thumbs down?

o If thumbs up then collect basic demographic info (age, gender and kebele). If

thumbs down then ask them to choose between common symptoms (can use

infographics for people who may not read), then collect the same basic

demographic data.

o The collection of demographic data should be kept to a minimum to keep the

anonymity of individuals and households. Age, gender, kebele and existing co-

morbidities would be valuable information for surveillance and triaging

purposes, but prior consent will have to be obtained by participants.

o That information could be sent to MoH/EPHI to track potential hotspots for

resource allocation purposes as well as to make decisions on which households

may be appropriate for home visits by the lay HRH.

o If Ethio-tele is unable to perform this task for some reason- a large number of

HRH will be needed to make calls to individual households with the same

screening questions and transfer the information to the MoH.

• A local authority (such as a Woreda) randomly selects 20 households in a pilot

neighborhood, area, kebele or community for the intensive educational follow-up using

trained lay HRH.

• The local authority will meet these trained lay HRH for debriefing before their

deployment into the community.

• The local authority will get consent from these households and explain the goal for this

community engagement outreach, who will be coming, how long the interaction should

last, what demographic information may be requested, if any (see above) and any other

logistics.

• The trained HRH will either make home visits while maintaining adequate physical

distancing with proper personal protection as needed or do the education telephonically

based on an earlier screening done by telecom questionnaire.

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• The educator will determine whether the household visit will need additional home visit

or not, but each household will have brief telephonic follow-up, bi-weekly, as long as the

epidemic is of a concern in the country.

• The educators will have access to updated information and support both from the

Woreda authorities as well as the diaspora training centers, as needed.

• In addition to the informational material that is being disseminated throughout the

country using multimedia, consider inviting professional HRH to hold a question and

answer dialogue forum with the community on TV and radio on a scheduled daily

basis. The HRH in the diaspora can take turns in covering this schedule if a sign-up sheet

is prepared and disseminated ahead of time. Multiple languages will need to be used to

reach all Ethiopians across the country and airwaves will need to be dedicated for this

dialogue during this period before the spread of COVID-19 gets out of hand. Advertise

and encourage people to attend these sessions.

2. In the event of a worsening rise in the number of cases

The FMoH and the EPHI have a command center and likely have a plan for handling such an

event. The first line of work is keeping people who should stay home at home. This work

can be done telephonically via a self-reporting mechanism and home visits as needed, as

described above. In the event the incidence of the disease continues to go up, there will be

a need to minimize the number of people who would go to the hospitals. This may require

triaging community members in their own community to contain the epidemic so that only

those who need to go to higher levels of care will go. We propose the following as an

additional version to consider, if needed.

• Extreme caution is needed to make sure that this setup does not become an area

of chaos or a place where the virus could be disseminated widely. So early

planning and attention to details is critical.

• Set up tents near select community areas based on prevalence data (?tele data).

Please see below for “Tent Setup Logistics”.

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• If decisions are made to send people to higher levels of care- the triage table, Table

3, will instruct patient to proceed to facilities that are recommended by the Woreda

authority.

• Place the trained lay health personnel to triage people using an algorithm, a

thermometer and a pulse oximetry. Please see below for “COVID-19 Symptom

Algorithm”.

References

1. Richards P, Mokuwa E, Welmers P, Maat H, Beisel U (2019) Trust, and distrust, of Ebola Treatment Centers: A case-study from Sierra Leone. PLoS ONE 14(12): e0224511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224511

2. Makary MA, Daniel M. Medical error-the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 2016;353:i2139. doi:10.1136/bmj.i213

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Candidates for Training

• We will work with local offices in Ethiopia to recruit 40 candidates for training.

• Qualification:

o At minimum must be able to read and write, strong interest in public health

work, good communication skills, strong community affiliation, have a reliable

phone.

o Extension Health Workers, current or previous

• We will conduct the training online/remotely. The venue is TBD and will be decided by

the partnering offices in Ethiopia. In order to make physical distancing relevant, we may

need to do the training in two batches with 20 trainees per session. Or can prepare a

webinar style teaching where different people can log in at different places.

• The session will be a 6-hour long training on a Saturday and/or Sunday with a 10-

question assessment at the end of the session. Please see below for “Candidate

Assessment Questionnaire”.

• We (the trainers) will be available for follow-up support via phone (WhatsApp)

• Participating candidates will be required to be symptom free at the time of training and

the provision of facemasks will be at the discretion of the organizers in Ethiopia, but we

do suggest making hand wipes available in the classroom.

• Provide “cheat sheet” to trainees at the end of training that will be updated as

necessary.

• The provision of certificate of completion and incentives to trainees are TBD.

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Candidate Assessment Questionnaire

1. What is the difference between COVID-19 and Coronavirus?

2. Why is this virus “new” if there are hundreds of other viruses that infect humans?

3. How is this virus transmitted from person to person?

4. List all the things we can do to prevent the transmission of this virus.

5. What are the typical signs and symptoms of COVID-19?

6. What should you do if you develop signs and symptoms of COVID-19?

7. How can we treat COVID-19?

8. Do we have a vaccine against the COVID-19 virus?

9. Who can stop the spread of this illness?

10. Please tell us any concerns, questions or recommendations you may have about this training or the work you are about to do.

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Pre-Education Questionnaire

Instruct participants to pick the best choice or give their own answer that best describes their

knowledge.

1. What is COVID-19 caused by? a. It is an illness caused by a virus called Coronavirus b. It is a toxin that is in the air c. It is an insect that gets into your blood stream d. Other

2. How is COVID-19 passed from one person to another? a. It is passed if we touch our faces after touching a surface that has the virus b. It is passed when the virus is inhaled from an infected person during sneezing or

coughing c. Both a and b d. Other

3. How many people have been affected by COVID-19? a. Only foreigners are affected by this illness b. The virus has spread throughout the whole world and hundreds of thousands of

people have died from it. c. Only people who eat certain types of food are likely to get it d. Other

4. What are the most common symptoms & signs of COVID-19? a. Fever b. Cough c. Shortness of breath d. All of the above

5. Which of the following is true? a. Everyone who gets this disease dies b. Young people & Children will not get this disease c. There is no treatment for this disease d. There is vaccination for this disease

6. What do you think about “physical distancing”? a. I think it is important to prevent the spread of the virus (ask how they practice it) b. I don’t see how it is going to work for us (ask why) c. I am concerned it will change our culture for good d. Other

7. Who do you think is able to stop the spread of COVID-19? a. Everyone including myself b. Health care workers c. Government

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d. No one 8. If you or someone you know has a cold-like symptoms such as cough, fever or breathing

difficulty what should be the next step? a. Self-isolation b. Going to health center or hospital c. Go out to check with neighbors and friends to see if anyone else has similar

illness d. I don’t know

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Pre-Education Questionnaire with Answers

Instruct participants to pick the best choice or give their own answer that best describes their

knowledge.

1. What is COVID-19 caused by?

a. It is an illness caused by a virus called Coronavirus b. It is a toxin that is in the air c. It is an insect that gets into your blood stream d. Other

Answer: A. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus

called coronavirus.

2. How is COVID-19 passed from one person to another?

a. It is passed if we touch our faces after touching a surface that has the virus b. It is passed when the virus is inhaled from an infected person during sneezing or

coughing c. Both a and b d. Other

Answer: C. The virus is mainly spread through close contact and respiratory droplets when

people sneeze or cough. People may also get infected by touching a contaminated surface and

then touching their face.

3. How many people have been affected by COVID-19?

a. Only foreigners are affected by this illness b. The virus has spread throughout the whole world and tens of thousands of

people have died from it. c. Only people who eat certain types of food are likely to get it d. Other

Answer: B. The virus has spread throughout every region in the world, and currently there are

over half a million confirmed cases and thousands of people have died due to COVID-19. This is

estimated to exponentially increase in some parts of the world.

4. What are the most common symptoms & signs of COVID-19?

a. Fever

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b. Cough c. Shortness of breath d. All of the above

Answer: D. The most common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 infection are fever, cough,

and/or shortness of breath. Other less common symptoms are sneezing, runny nose, sore

throat, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. It is also possible to be infected but have no symptoms.

5. Which of the following is true?

a. Everyone who gets this disease dies b. Young people & Children will not get this disease c. There is no treatment for this disease d. There is vaccination for this disease

Answer: C. There are currently no approved medications to treat COVID-19 and there is no

vaccine available. However, the virus spread can be stopped by practicing the

recommendations discussed (ask the household member to repeat or repeat for them).There

are several anti-viral medications that are being studied in clinical trials, and vaccine trials are

also underway but we have no definitive treatment yet.

6. What do you think about “physical distancing”?

a. I think it is important to prevent the spread of the virus (ask how they practice it) b. I don’t see how it is going to work for us (ask why) c. I am concerned it will change our culture for good d. Other

Answer: A. Acknowledge the concerns that may be raised, as well as how they may try to

practice it, write those answers down. Physical distancing (maintaining physical distance from

others at least 2 meters apart) is very important to prevent disease transmission. Other

important measures are frequent hand washing and not touching your face.

7. Who do you think is able to stop the spread of COVID-19?

a. Everyone including myself b. Health care workers c. Government d. No one

Answer: A. Everyone has a role and responsibility to stop the spread of COVID-19 by

maintaining physical distancing and taking preventative measures such as frequent hand

washing and not touching your face. This is key to prevent the spread of the disease in the

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community, as efforts by health care workers and the government will not succeed without

everyone’s participation. Emphasize that the particular individual you are talking to has the

power to stop the spread of the virus.

8. If you or someone you know has cold like illness such as cough, fever or breathing

difficulty what should be the next step?

a. Self-isolation b. Going to health center or hospital c. Go out to check with neighbors and friends to see if anyone else has similar

illness d. I don’t know

Answer: A. Individuals with symptoms such as fever and cough should self-isolate for 14 days

and maintain physical distance to prevent disease transmission. If you are unsure, you should

call health officials near you to get clarification on what you should do. If someone has severe

symptoms such as breathing difficulty, they should go to a health center or hospital

immediately as symptoms can rapidly progress to respiratory failure.

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COVID-19 Symptom Algorithm

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Tent Setup Logistics

• Extreme care is needed to make sure that this site does not become a chaotic and/or a

site of infection spread. So early planning and attention to detail is critical.

• Area of tent placement to be determined by EPHI officials based on epidemiologic and

other data as needed.

• Assign specific people to specific tasks and do not allow unregistered people to

volunteer ad hoc. Limit the number to the absolute minimum and make sure they are

symptom free and are well trained on public health precautions.

• Keep the physical distancing and wiping down “high touch” surfaces idea in mind

throughout the process and keep about 2 meters in between people where possible.

• Needed personnel (use the absolute minimum):

o Setup the tent/take down tent

o Crowd control, at check-in and check-out gates

o Register people (age, gender, kebele)

o Screen using given algorithm (trained HRH)

o Check temperature and pulse oximetry and check-out instruction (trained HRH)

• Needed items in tent:

o 3 tables: for registration, for triaging (including temperature check), and for

check-out instruction (handouts to be given)

o Soap and water at the tent entrance and exit

o Hand sanitizers at each table and at the tent entrance

o Facemasks for all inside the tent and the crowd control

o Thermometers

o Pulse oximetry (?)

o Registration clipboard, paper, pens

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Patient Flow

• Announce to community the plan, and the purpose of tent setup well in advance. Inform

the community who should come and who should not. Give the community time to ask

questions so there is clarity.

• Emphasize why high orderliness will be important and how it will need to be strictly

enforced.

• Using only assigned crowd control personnel, allow people to lineup, single file, 2

meters apart.

• At the tent entrance, ensure people wash their hands using available soap and water,

for 20 seconds.

• Then:

o Table 1: Register (age, gender, kebele)

o Table 2: Answer triage questions by trained HRH

o Table 3: get temperature check and pulse oximetry (as needed) and receive

discharge instructions and teaching pamphlets.

• Proceed to exit site where they will be observed to wash hands for 20 seconds and exit

to recommended place (home to care for self or to a higher level of care).

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Biography of Team Members

Sosena Kebede is an internal medicine physician who worked for the Johns Hopkins Health

System (JHHS) for several years on various capacities including as an Assistant Professor of

Medicine at the School of Medicine, as Health Policy Instructor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg

School of Public Health, as Patient Safety and Quality Consultant at the Johns Hopkins

Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality and as a Primary Care Physician at one of

Johns Hopkins community physician sites. She has recently founded and is the Executive

Consultant of HealthCare Engagement, LLC that provides quality improvement services to

health systems and patient engagement trainings to community members. Her research

interest is in Health Service Delivery (HSD) improvement and she is widely published on a

number of related topics in the field. Prior to joining JHHS Dr. Kebede was a Project Director for

the Yale University School of Public Health in Ethiopia where she oversaw the country’s first

hospital CEOs training program. She received her Bachelor of Science from Duke University, her

medical degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, her Internal Medicine

residency training at the New Hanover Regional Medical Center and her Master of Public Health

from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in the department of International

Health in Comparative Health Systems and Health Policy. She is passionate about public health

and social justice and enjoys traveling and nature.

Tinsay Woreta is an Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and

Hepatology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine where she has been working since

2016. She completed her Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry from the University of

Maryland College Park in 2002. She completed her medical degree at the Johns Hopkins

University School of Medicine and Masters in Public Health degree with a concentration in

Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in

2007. She completed her Internal Medicine residency in 2010 followed by a fellowship in

Gastroenterology and Transplant Hepatology in 2013 at the Johns Hopkins University School of

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Medicine. She currently serves as the program director of the Advanced Hepatology and

Transplant Hepatology fellowship program at Johns Hopkins and takes an active role in the

education of fellows, in addition to caring for patients with a variety of liver diseases. She is

passionate about public health and disease prevention.

Ahmed Ibrahim is a Master of Public Health (MPH) candidate and Sommers Scholar at the

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Prior to this, he received his medical degree

from St. Paul’s Hospital and has been practicing medicine for over 3 years in Ethiopia. He has

worked in a wide spectrum of settings, from rural primary hospital to university referral

hospitals where he served as a clinician, lecturer, researcher

and hospital administrator. Ahmed is passionate about public health, and the role of digital

health in a developing country setting.

Meron Hirpa is a resident physician at Johns Hopkins Hospital where she practices internal

medicine with a focus on urban primary care. She earned a bachelor’s degree in Neuroscience

from Amherst College and her medical degree from the University of Florida College of

Medicine. She is passionate about addressing health disparities through primary care, global

health and systems reform.

Hilena Addis is a public health professional currently working in clinical research at the

University of Pennsylvania. She received her degree in Public Health from Johns Hopkins

University and went on to teach in Ethiopia, focusing on reproductive health and health

education. She is a candidate for the Masters of Health Care Innovation at the University of

Pennsylvania’s School of Medical Ethics and Health Policy. Hilena is interested in the

multidisciplinary approach to improve health outcomes and decrease health disparities for

underserved populations.

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Eiman Abdulrahman is a Pediatric Emergency Medicine physician and Assistant Professor of

Pediatric and Emergency Medicine at George Washington University. She has been working at

Children’s National Medical Center since 2011. She completed her medical education and

Masters of Public Health at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, pediatric residency at

Cohen’s Children Hospital and Pediatric Emergency Medicine fellowship at Emory University.

She is passionate about working with immigrant populations, underserved populations and

global health.

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ለኮቪድ-19 የአስቸኳይ ጊዜ የጤና ሰው ሀብት ልማት ግንባታ ስትራቴጂ 1. የጤና ባለሞያ ያልሆኑ ሰዎችን ማሰልጠን ለምን አስፈለገ?

o ሃገራችን ባለችበት ሁኔታ የሰለጠኑ የጤና ባለሞያዎች እጥረት ስላለ ሊከሰት የሚችለውን የኮቪድ 19

ወረርሺኝ ለመቆጣጠር ማህበረሰብ ተኮር የጤና ሰራዊት አስፈላጊ ነው።

o አላማው ሰዎች በህመም ምክኒያት ሆስፒታል እንዲይመጡ ለማድረግ ነው።

2. የጤና ባለሞያ ያልሆኑ ሰዎች እንዴት እንጠቀማቸዋለን?

o በሽታውን በመቆጣጠር ሂደት የማህበረሰቡን ተሳትፎ መጨመር።

o የበሽታውን ስርጭት እና የታመሙ ሰዎች ልየታ ለማገዝ

3. ስልጠናው እንዴት ይካሄዳል?

o ስልጠናው በተለመደው መልኩ (በግንባር) እንዲሁም በርቀት መርሃግብር ሊሰጥ ይችላል። የስልጠና

ግብአቶች በአማርኛ፤ ኦሮሚኛ እና ትግርኛ ተዘጋጅተዋል። እንዲሁም በርቀት መርሀግብር ስልጠናውን

ለመስጠት በጎ ፍቃደኛ የዲያስፖራ ጤና ባለሞያዎች ዝግጁ ናቸው።

o ስልጠናው ባጠቃላይ 6 ሰአት የሚፈጅ ሲሆን የቅድመ ስልጠና ፈተና ያጠቃልላል

o የአካባቢው ባልስልጣን (የወረዳ ወይንም የጤና ቢሮ ሃላፊ) በወረዳው የሚገኙ 20 ቤቶችን ይመርጣል

o ከእነዚህ ቤቶች በስልጠናው ለመሳተፍ ፍቃደኝነታቸውን ይጠይቃል።

o ለስልጠናው 40 የጤና ባለሞያ ያልሆኑ የማህበረሰብ አካላት ወይንም 20 የጤና ኤክስቴንሽን

ባለሞያውችን ይለያል፤

o እነዚህ ሰልጣኞች ለተለዩት ቤቶች በስልክ ስልጠናውን ይሰጣሉ። እንደአስፈላጊነቱ ተገቢ ጥንቃቄዎች

ተደርገው በግንባር እስከቤቶቹ ድረስ ተኪዶ ሊደረግ እችላል። ይህ ውሳኔ በወረዳው የጤና ቢሮ

ይሆናል።

4. እነዚህ ሰልጣኞች ሚና ምን ይሆናል?

o አላማው ስለበሽታው መልክት ለማስተላለፍ ብቻ ሳይሆን ማህበረሰቡን የመፍትሄ አካል ለማድረግ ነው።

o በማህበረሰቡ ውስጥ የበሽታው ምልክቶች የሚያሳዩ ሰውችን ለመለየት እና አስፈላጊውን ህክምና

የሚያገኙበትን መንገድ ለመጠቆም

o ንግግርን መሰረት ያደረገ የጤና ትምህርት በስልክ ለመስጠት። የመጀመሪያው ግንኙነት ከ20 30 ደቂቃ

የሚወስድ ሲሆን የሚቀጥሉት ግንኙነቶች በሳምንት 2 ጊዜ ሊደረጉ ይችላሉ።

o እንደ አስቸኳይ ጊዜ አዋጅ የመሳሰሉ በመንግስት የሚታወጁ ውሳኔዎችን ለማህበረሰቡ ለማስተላለፍ።

በተጨማሪም በንደዚህ ጊዜያት ሊጓደሉ የሚችሉ የማህበረሰቡን ፍላጎቶች (እንደ ምግብ አቅርቦት)

ለውሳኔ ሰጪ አካላት ለማቅረብ።

o በሽታው ባልታሰበ ፍጥነት በወረርሽኝ መልክ ቢዛመት የታካሚዎች ልየታ ለማካሄድ። ይህ በጤና

ተቋማት ላይ ሊከሰት የሚችለውን መቀነሻ መንገድ ይሆናል። (ለበለጠ መረጃ ከዚህ ጋር የተያያዘውን

የድንኳን አጠቃቀም ይመልከቱ)

5. ክትትል የሚያደርገው ማን ይሆናል?

o የአካባቢው ባለስልጣን (የወረዳ የጤና ቢሮ) ለሚሰበሰበው የልየታ እና ክትትል መረጃ ቋት በማዘጋጀት፤

ተታካሚዎች ልየታ ላይ ድጋፍ ለማድረግ፤ በሽታው በብዛት በሚገኝባቸው ቦታዎች የበላይ አካላት (እንደ

ፌደራል ወይንም የክልል ጤና ቢሮዎች) ትኩረት እንዲሰጡ በማድረግ፤ እንዲሁም እንደ ምግብ፤ መጓጓዟ

አቅርቦት እና የአረጋውያን/የደካሞች ድጋፍ የመሳሰሉት ላይ የመንግስት እና ማህበረሰቡን ጥረት

የማቀናጀት ሚና ይኖረዋል።

6. ይህ መቼ መደረግ ይኖርበታል?

o ከበሽታው ስርጭት እና አስከፊነት አንጻር እነዚህ እርምጃዎች ባስቸኳይ መተግበር ይኖርባቸዋል።

የስልጠና ግብአቶችን ከ h https://healthcareengagements.com/global-services/ በመውሰድ እንዳስፈላጊነቱ

አስተካክሎ መጠቀም ይቻላል። ለበለጠ መረጃ https://healthcareengagements.com ይጎብኙ።

25

የቅድመ ስልጠና ፈተና ለሚከተሉት ጥያቄዎች አግባቡን መልስ አክብቡ።

1. ኮቪድ-19 የሚያስከስተው ምንድነው? ሀ. በቫይረስ

ለ. በአየር በሚሰራጭ መርዛማ ንጥረነገር

ሐ. ወደ ደም በሚገቡ ነፍሳት

መ. መልስ የለም

2. ኮቪድ-19 ከሰው ወደሰው እንዴት ነው የሚተላለፈው? ሀ. ቫይረሱ ያለበት ግዑዝ ነገር ከነካን ቦኋላ ፊታችንን ስንነካ

ለ. በሽታው ያለበት ሰው ስያስነጥስ/ስያስል ወደውጭ የሚወጣውን ቫይረስ ስንተነፍስ

ሐ. ሀ እና ለ መልስ ይሆናሉ

መ. መልስ የለም

3. ኮቪድ-19 በሽታ የሚያዘው ምን አይነት ሰው ነው? ሀ. የውጭ ሃገር ዜጎች ብቻ

ለ. በአስር ሺውች የሚገመቱ ሰውች ተይዘዋል፣ ማንኛውም ሰው ሊያዝ ይችላል

ሐ. የተለየ የአመጋገብ ባህሪ ያላቸውን ሰዎች ብቻ

መ. መልስ የለም

4. የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ ምልክት መንድን ናቸው? ሀ. ትኩሳት

ለ. ሳል

ሐ. ትንፋሽ ማጠር

መ. ሁሉም መልስ ይሆናሉ

5. ከሚከልተሉት ውስጥ የትኛው እውነት ነው? ሀ. በኮቪድ-19 የሚያዝ ሁሉም በሽተኛ ይሞታል

ለ. በእድሜ የገፉ እና ህጻናት በበሽታው አይያዙም

ሐ. ለበሽታው ምንም መድሃኒት የለም

መ. ለበሽታው ክትባት አለ

6. አካላዊ መራራቅ ላይ ያሎት እሳቤ እንዴት ነው?

26

ሀ. በሽታው መዛመትን ለመግታት ወሳኝ እርምጃ ነው

ለ. በኛ ሃገር ልምድና የአኗኗር ዘይቤ መተግበር በፍጹም አይቻልም።

ሐ. ባህላችንን በመጥፎ መልክ የሚቀይር ነው

መ. መልስ የለም

7. የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ ስርጭት መቀነስ ትልቁን አስተዋጽዖ ማድረግ የሚችለው ማን

ነው? ሀ. ሁሉም ሰው (ከእኔ ጨምሮ)

ለ. የህክምና ባለሞያዎች

ሐ. የመንግስት አካላት

መ. ማንም አስተዋጽዖ ማድረግ አይችልም

8. አንድ ሰው ጉንፋን መሳይ ምልክቶችን (ሳል፣ ትኩሳት ወይም የመተንፈስ ችግር)

ቢታይበት መን ማድረግ ይኖርበታል? ሀ. እራሱን ከሌሎች ማራቅ

ለ. ወደ ጤና ተቋም መሄድ

ሐ. ከሌሎች ሰዎች ጋር በመሆን ተመሳሳይ ምልክት የሚያሳዩ ሰዎችን መፈለግ

መ. መልስ የለም

27

የቅድመ ስልጠና ፈተና መልስ 1. ኮቪድ-19 የሚያስከስተው ምንድነው?

ሀ. በቫይረስ

ለ. በአየር በሚሰራጭ መርዛማ ንጥረነገር

ሐ. ወደ ደም በሚገቡ ነፍሳት

መ. መልስ የለም

መልስ: ሀ ኮቪድ-19 ተላላፊ በሽታ ሲሆን ቫይረሰ በሚባሉ በአይን በማይታዩ ጥቃቅን ተህዋሲያን ይተላለፋል።

2. ኮቪድ-19 ከሰው ወደሰው እንዴት ነው የሚተላለፈው?

ሀ. ቫይረሱ ያለበት ግዑዝ ነገር ከነካን ቦኋላ ፊታችንን ስንነካ

ለ. በሽታው ያለበት ሰው ስያስነጥስ/ስያስል ወደውጭ የሚወጣውን ቫይረስ ስንተነፍስ

ሐ. ሀ እና ለ መልስ ይሆናሉ

መ. መልስ የለም

መልስ: ሐ ኮቪድ-19 ዋና መተላለፍያ መንገድ በሽታው ያለበት ሰው ስያስል/ስያስነጥስ የሚወጣውን በቫይረስ የተበከለ አየረ

ስንተነፍስ ነው። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ በቫይረሱ የተበከሉ ግዑዝ ነገሮችን ነክተን ፊታችንን ስንነካ ሊተላለፍ ይችላል።

3. ኮቪድ-19 በሽታ የሚያዘው ምን አይነት ሰው ነው? ሀ. የውጭ ሃገር ዜጎች ብቻ

ለ. በአስር ሺውች የሚገመቱ ሰውች ተይዘዋል፣ ማንኛውም ሰው ሊያዝ ይችላል

ሐ. የተለየ የአመጋገብ ባህሪ ያላቸውን ሰዎች ብቻ

መ. መልስ የለም

መልሰ: ለ ባሁኑ ጊዜ የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ በሁሉም የአለማችን ሃገሮች የተከሰተ ሲሆን፤ ከ 1፤000፤000 በላይ ታማሚ እና ከ 70፤

000 በላይ ሞት አስከሰቷል።

4. የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ ምልክት መንድን ናቸው? ሀ. ትኩሳት

ለ. ሳል

ሐ. ትንፋሽ ማጠር

መ. ሁሉም መልስ ይሆናሉ

መልስ: መ ኮቪድ-19 በሽታ የተያዘ ሰው በአብዛኛው ጊዜ የሚያሳያቸው ምልክቶች ትኩሳት፣ ሳል እና የትንፋሽ ማጠር ናቸው።

ያልተለመዱ ግን በአንዳንድ ሰዎች የሚከሰቱ ምልክቶች እንደ ማስነጠስ፤ አፍንጫ መታፈን፤ የጉሮሮ ህመም፤ ማቅለሽለሽ፣

ማስታወክ እና ተቅማጥ ናቸው። ከዚህም በተጨማሪ በበሽታው ተጠቅተው ምንም ምልክት የማይታይባቸው ሰዎች ሊኖሩ

ይችላሉ።

28

5. ከሚከልተሉት ውስጥ የትኛው እውነት ነው? ሀ. በኮቪድ-19 የሚያዝ ሁሉም በሽተኛ ይሞታል

ለ. በእድሜ የገፉ እና ህጻናት በበሽታው አይያዙም

ሐ. ለበሽታው ምንም መድሃኒት የለም

መ. ለበሽታው ክትባት አለ

መልስ: ሐ ባሁኑ ጊዜ ኮቪድ-19 በሽታ የተረጋገጠ ምንም መድሃኒትም ይሁን ክትባት የለም። ይሁንና በሙከራ ደረጃ ያሉ

መድሃኒቶች እና ክትባቶች አሉ።

6. አካላዊ መራራቅ ላይ ያሎት እሳቤ እንዴት ነው?

ሀ. በሽታው መዛመትን ለመግታት ወሳኝ እርምጃ ነው

ለ. በኛ ሃገር ልምድና የአኗኗር ዘይቤ መተግበር በፍጹም አይቻልም።

ሐ. ባህላችንን በመጥፎ መልክ የሚቀይር ነው

መ. መልስ የለም

መልስ: ሀ አካላዎ መራራቅ የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ ስርጭት ለመከላከል ዋናው እርምጃ ነው። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ እጃችንን

በተደጋጋሚ መታጠብ እና ፊታችንን አላግባብ አለመነካካት ሌላ መደረግ የሚችሉ እርምጃዎች ናቸው።

7. የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ ስርጭት መቀነስ ትልቁን አስተዋጽዖ ማድረግ የሚችለው ማን ነው? ሀ. ሁሉም ሰው (ከእኔ ጨምሮ)

ለ. የህክምና ባለሞያዎች

ሐ. የመንግስት አካላት

መ. ማንም አስተዋጽዖ ማድረግ አይችልም

መልስ: ሀ የኮቪድ-19 በሽታ ለመከላከል ሁላችንም ሃላፊነት አለብን። በጤና ባለሞያዎች እና በመንግስት አካላት የሚወሰዱ

እርምጃዎች ብቻ መፍትሄ አያመጡም። አካላዎ መራራቅን በመተግበር፤ ፊታችንን ያላግባብ ባለመነካካት እንዲሁም እጃችንን

በተደጋጋሚ በመታጠብ በሽታውን ስርጭት መግታት እንችላለን።

8. አንድ ሰው ጉንፋን መሳይ ምልክቶችን (ሳል፣ ትኩሳት ወይም የመተንፈስ ችግር) ቢታይበት መን

ማድረግ ይኖርበታል? ሀ. እራሱን ከሌሎች ማራቅ

ለ. ወደ ጤና ተቋም መሄድ

ሐ. ከሌሎች ሰዎች ጋር በመሆን ተመሳሳይ ምልክት የሚያሳዩ ሰዎችን መፈለግ

መ. መልስ የለም

መልስ: ሀ ከላይ የተጠቀሱትን ምልክቶች የታየበት ማንኛውም ሰው እራሱን ከሌሎች ቢያንስ ለ14 ቀን ማራቅ የኖርበታል።

ምልክቶቹ እየበረቱ ከመጡ ግን ወደ አስጊ ደረጃ ከመድረሱ በፊት ወደ ጤና ተቋም መሄድ የኖርበታል።

29

የሰልጣኞች ድህረ ስልጠና ግምገማ ፈተና

1. በኮቪድ 19 እና በ ኮሮና ማህከል ያለው ልዩነት ምንድነው?

2. በመቶዎች የሚቆጠሩ ቫይረሶች በሚገኙበት ሁኔታ ይህ ቫይረስ ለምን አዲስ ሆነ?

3. ይህ ቫይረስ ከስው ወደ ሰው በምን መልኩ ነው የሚተላለፈው?

4. የዚህን በሽታ ስርጭት በግታት የሚቻልበት መንገዶችን ይዘርዝሩ

5. የኮቪድ 19 በሽታ የተያዘ ሰው የሚያሳያቸው ምልክቶች ምንድን ናቸው?

6. የኮቪድ 19 በሽታ ምልክቶች ከታዩብን ምን ማድረግ ይኖርብናል?

7. የኮቪድ 19 በሽታ መምን መልኩ ማከም ይቻላል?

8. ለኮቪድ 19 በሽታ ክትባት አልው?

9. በሽታው እንዳይዛመት ትልቁን ሚና የሚጫወቱት እነማን ናቸው?

10. በዚህ ስልጠና ዙሪያ ወይንም ከዚህ ቦኋላ ለሚያደርጉት ስራ ያልዏትን አስተያየት ወይንም ጥያቄ ይስጡን

30

Gaaffilee leenjii dura deebii wajjin Deebii sirrii akka filatan ykn deebii isaa amma beekan akka ibsan hirmaattota gorsi

1. Koronnaan (COVID -19) kan fidu maali

A. vaayirasii koronnaatiin

B. summii qilleensarra jiru

C. ilbiisa gara dhiiga keetti seenu dha

D. waan hin beekamneen

2. Koronnnaan nama tokkorraa gar nama birootti akkamiin daddarba?

A. Yeroo harka wanta vaayirasiin faalame xuqneen fuula keenya xuqne

B. Yeroo namni vaayirasichaan faalame qufa’u ykn axxifatu

C. A fi B

D. Kan biraa

3. Hanga ammaatti namoota meeqatu dhibee kanaan faalamee jira?

A. Namoota biyya ala (Faranjoota) qofatu dhibee kanaan qabama

B. Vaayirasiin kun guutuu addunyaatti kan tamsa’ee fi namoota kumaatama kan ajjeese

dha

C. Namoota nyaata gosa murtaa’e nyaatantu ittiin qabama

D. Kin biraa

4. Mallattoon beekamoon dhibee koronnaa kam fa’i?

A. Ol ka’insa ho’ina qaamaa

B. Qufaa

C. Argansuu afuura kutaa

D. Hunduu deebii dha

5. Kan armaan gadii kana keessaa kamtu dhugaa dha

A. Namni dhibee kanaan qabame hunduu ni du’a

B. Dargaggoo/shamarran fi daa’imni dhibee kanaan hin qabaman

C. Dhibeen kun qoricha hin qabu

D. Dhibeen kun talaallii qaba

6. Waa’ee qaamaan walirraa fagaachuu maal yaadda?

A. Tamsa’insa vaayirasii kanaa ittisuun akka nurra jiraatu

B. Akkaataa itti nufayyadu natti mul’achaa hin jiru

C. Ittin dhimmama aadaa amma jiru ni jijjiira

31

D. Kan biraa

7. Dhibee koronaa (COVID 19) eenyutu dhaaba jettee yaadda?

A. Nama hunda ana dabalatee

B. Hojjattoota fayyaa

C. Mootummaa

D. Omtuu

8. Otoo ati ykn namni ati beektu dhukkuba qufaa fakkaatu mallattoo qufa’uu, olka’insa

ho’ina qaamaa, dadhabina argansuu agarsiisu argitee waanti itti aanu maali jetta?

A. Adda of baasu

B. Gara buufata yaalaa ykn hospitaala deemuu

C. Ollaa ykn nama beektu biraa faana gad bahuun nama mallatto akkasii agarsiisaa jiru

barbaaduu

D. Ani hin beeku

32

Gaaffilee leenjii dura deebii wajjin Deebii sirrii akka filatan ykn deebii isaa amma beekan akka ibsan hirmaattota gorsi

9. Koronnaan (COVID -19) kan fidu maali

E. vaayirasii koronnaatiin

F. summii qilleensarra jiru

G. ilbiisa gara dhiiga keetti seenu dha

H. waan hin beekamneen

Deebiin A: Dhibeen Koronnaa (COVID 19) dhibee jarmii vaayirasii koronnaatiin dhufu dha

10. Koronnnaan nama tokkorraa gar nama birootti akkamiin daddarba?

E. Yeroo harka wanta vaayirasiin faalame xuqneen fuula keenya xuqne

F. Yeroo namni vaayirasichaan faalame qufa’u ykn axxifatu

G. A fi B

H. Kan biraa

Deebii C: Vaayirasich walitti dhiyeenyaan yeroo namni dhibee kanaan qabame axifatu ykn

qufa’u namatti darba. Namni harka waanta faalame xuqeen fuula isaa xuqes ni faalama

11. Hanga ammaatti namoota meeqatu dhibee kanaan faalamee jira?

A. Namoota biyya ala (Faranjoota) qofatu dhibee kanaan qabama

B. Vaayirasiin kun guutuu addunyaatti kan tamsa’ee fi namoota kumaatama kan ajjeese

dha

C. Namoota nyaata gosa murtaa’e nyaatantu ittiin qabama

D. Kin biraa

Deebiin: B. Vaayirasiin kun guutuu addunyaatti kan faca’ee fi yeroo ammaa namootni

miliyoona tokkoo ol kan qabaman fi kumaatamatti tilmaamamu ittiin du’an dha.

12. Mallattoon beekamoon dhibee koronnaa kam fa’i?

E. Ol ka’insa ho’ina qaamaa

F. Qufaa

G. Argansuu afuura kutaa

H. Hunduu deebii dha

Deebiin: D. mallattoon dhibee kanaa beekamoon Ol ka’insa ho’ina qaamaa, qufaa, argansuu

afuura kutaa. Mallattooleen yeroo tokko tokko mul’atan ammo axxiffoo, furrii qal’aa dafee

dafee bu’u, gogiinsa qoonqoo, balaqamsuu, hoqqisa. Akkasumas nama qabee mallattoo

agarsiisuu dhiisuu danda’a.

13. Kan armaan gadii kana keessaa kamtu dhugaa dha

E. Namni dhibee kanaan qabame hunduu ni du’a

33

F. Dargaggoo/shamarran fi daa’imni dhibee kanaan hin qabaman

G. Dhibeen kun qoricha hin qabu

H. Dhibeen kun talaallii qaba

Deebii: C. hanga ammaatti qorich dhibee kana fayyisu jedhamee mirkanaaye hin jiru.

Akkasumas talaalliin isaa hin jiru. Garuu akkaataa ittiin ofirraa ittisuun danda’amu Gamtaan

Fayyaa Addunyaa baase raawachuun ittisuun ni danda’ama. Qorichi vaayirasii kan biroo

dhorkan ni jiru akkasumas talaalli qaban ni jiru garuu kan dhibee kana kan beekamu hin

talaalliin isaa yaalii irraa jiraachuun oduun tokko tokko ni dhagaayama.

14. Waa’ee qaamaan walirraa fagaachuu maal yaadda?

E. Tamsa’insa vaayirasii kanaa ittisuun akka nurra jiraatu

F. Akkaataa itti nufayyadu natti mul’achaa hin jiru

G. Ittin dhimmama aadaa amma jiru ni jijjiira

H. Kan biraa

Deebiin: A. dhima isaan kaasaniif galateeffadhu, akkaataa isaan itti yaalaaa jiranis hubadhu

barreessi. Qaamaan walirraa fagaachuun (yoo xiqqaate meetira 2) dhibee kana ofirraa ittisuuf

baayyee barbaachissa. Tarkaanfiin biraa harkaa ofii yeroo hunda dhiqachuu fi fuula ofii xuquu

dhii suu dha.

15. Dhibee koronaa (COVID 19) eenyutu dhaaba jettee yaadda?

E. Nama hunda ana dabalatee

F. Hojjattoota fayyaa

G. Mootummaa

H. Omtuu

Deebiin: A. Namni kamuu qaamaan walirraa fagaachuun fi yeroo hunda harkasaa dhiqachuun

fuula xuquu dhiisuun dhibee kana ittisuun dhirqama fi itti gaafatamummaa qaba. Kun hojii

filannoo hin qabnee fi dhibee kana hawaasarraa ittisuuf murteessaa yoo ta’u hojii mootummaa

fi hojjatootini fayyaa hojjatan qofaan ittisuun hin danda’amu. Knaaf nama itti dubbachaa jirtu

kana dhibee kana dhorkuuf dandeetti akka qabu hubachiisi.

16. Otoo ati ykn namni ati beektu dhukkuba qufaa fakkaatu mallattoo qufa’uu, olka’insa

ho’ina qaamaa, dadhabina argansuu agarsiisu argitee waanti itti aanu maali jetta?

E. Adda of baasu

F. Gara buufata yaalaa ykn hospitaala deemuu

G. Ollaa ykn nama beektu biraa faana gad bahuun nama mallatto akkasii agarsiisaa jiru

barbaaduu

H. Ani hin beeku

Deebiin: A. Namootni mallattoo ho’ina qaamaa olka’ee fi qufaa qaban guyyaa 14f adda of

baasuufi fageenya qaamaa eeguun dhibee kana ittisuuf gargaara. yoo waansaa beekuu baatte

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waan gochuu qabdu ogeessaa yaalaa sitti dhiyoo jiruun mar’adhu. Namni argansuu dadhabe

tokko yoo argame sirni argansuu waan dhaabutuuf atattamaan gara mana yaalaa deemuu

qaba.

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ቅድመ አስተምህሮ መሕትት (ክዌሽነር)

እቶም ተሳተፍቲ እቲ ዝበለፀ መልሲ ዝብልዎ ክህቡ ሐብሮም።

1) ኮቪድ 19 ብምንታይ ይመፅእ? a. ኮሮና ብዝባሃል ቫይረስ b. ብዝተመረዘ አየር c. ናብ ደም ብዝአትው ሐሰኻ d. ብኻሊእ መንገዲ

2) ኮቪድ 19 ካብ ሰብ ናብ ሰብ ብኸመይ ይመሐላለፍ? a. እቲ ቫይረስ ዝነበረሉ ነገር ሒዝና ገፅና እንድሕር ሒዝና b. በቲ ቫይረስ ዝተታሕዘ ሰብ ክስዕል ከሎ ካሊእ ሰብ ነቲ ቫይረስ እንድሕር ንውሽጢ አስተንፊሱዎ

c. a ን b ን መልሲ እዮም d. ብኻሊእ

3) አየኖት ሰባት እዮም ብ ኮቪድ 19 ዝተሐዙ? a. ወፃእተኛታት ጥራይ b. እቲ ቫይረስ አብ መላእ ዐለም ተሰራጩ እዩ፤ ብሽሐት ዝቑፀሩ ሰባት በቲ ቫይረስ ሞይቶም እዮም

c. ተፈለየ ዓይነት ምግቢ ዝበልዑ ሰባት d. ኻልኦት

4) ናይ ኮቪድ 19 ቀንዲ ምልክታት እንታይ እዮም? a. ረስኒ b. ስዓል c. ናይ እስትንፋስ ምቁርራፅ d. ኩሎም ዝተጠቕሱ

5) ካብ እዞም አብ ታሕቲ ዝተጠቕሱ ሐቂ ዝኾነ አየናይ እዩ? a. ኹሉ በዚ ሕማም ዝተጠቕዐ ይመውት እዩ b. መናእሰይን ሕፃናትን በዚ ሕማም አይተሐዙን c. ነዚ ሕማም መድሐኒት የብሉን

d. ነዚ ሕማም ክትባት አለዎ 6) ብዛዕባ ካብ ሰባት ምርሐቅ/ምፍንታት እንታይ ሐሳብ አለካ?

a. ነቲ ቫይረስ ንምክልኻል አድላዩ ይመስለኒ (ከመይ ከምዝትግብርዎ ሕተት) b. አብ ማሕበረሰብና ዝትግበር አይመስለንን (ንምታይ ኢልካ ሕተት) c. ባህልና ንሐዋሩ ክቕይሮ እዩ ኢለ ይሰግእ d. ኻሊእ

7) ነዚ ለበዳ ሕማም ኮቪድ መን ደው የብሎ ኢልካ ትሓስብ? a. ኹሉ ሰብ ንባዕለይ ሐዊሱ

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b. ሰብ ሙያ ጥዕና c. መንግስቲ d. ማንም ሰብ

8) ንስኻ ወይ ከአ ኻሊእ እትፈልጦ ሰብ ናይ ጉንፋዕ ዓይነት ስምዒታት ከም ስዐል፥ ረስኒን ናይ እስትንፋስ ምቁርራፅ እንተአጋጢምኩም እንታይ ትገብር?

a. ንባዕለይ ካብ ካልኦት ይፈልይ b. ናብ ጣብያ ጥዕና ወይ ከአ ሆስፒታል ይኸይድ c. ናብ ጎረባብተይ ከይደ ኸምናተይ ዓይነት ስምዒት እንተለዎም ይሐቶም d. እንታይ ከምዝገብር አይፈልጥን

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ናይ ቅድመ አስተምህሮ መሕትት (ክዌሽነር) መልስታት

እቶም ተሳተፍቲ እቲ ዝበለፀ መልሲ ዝብልዎ ክህቡ ሐብሮም

1) ኮቪድ 19 ብምንታይ ይመፅእ? a. ኮሮና ብዝባሃል ቫይረስ b. ብዝተመረዘ አየር c. ናብ ደም ብዝአትው ሐሰኻ d. ብኻሊእ መንገዲ

መልሲ a. ኮቪድ 19 ኮሮና ብዝባሃል ቫይረስ ይመፅእ

2) ኮቪድ 19 ካብ ሰብ ናብ ሰብ ብኸመይ ይመሐላለፍ? a. እቲ ቫይረስ ዝነበረሉ ነገር ሒዝና ገፅና እንድሕር ሒዝና b. በቲ ቫይረስ ዝተታሕዘ ሰብ ክስዕል ከሎ ካሊእ ሰብ ነቲ ቫይረስ እንድሕር ንውሽጢ አስተንፊሱዎ

c. a ን b ን መልሲ እዮም d. ብኻሊእ

መልሲ c. ብቐንዲ በቲ ቫይረስ ዝተዛሕተ ሰብ ክስዕል ከሎ ካሊእ ሰብ ነቲ ቫይረስ እንድሕር ንውሽጢ አስተንፊሱዎ ይመሐላልፍ። ብተወሳኺ ክእ እቲ ቫይረስ ዝነበረሉ ነገር ሒዝና ገፅና እንድሕር ሒዝና እቲ ቫይረስ ይመሓላለፍ

3) አየኖት ሰባት እዮም ብ ኮቪድ 19 ዝተሐዙ? a. ወፃእተኛታት ጥራይ b. እቲ ቫይረስ አብ መላእ ዐለም ተሰራጩ እዩ፤ ብአሽሐት ዝቑፀሩ ሰባት በቲ ቫይረስ ሞይቶም እዮም

c. ተፈለየ ዓይነት ምግቢ ዝበልዑ ሰባት

d. ኻልኦት

መልሲ b እቲ ቫይረስ አብ ኩሉ ክፋላት ዐለም ተሰራጩ እዩ፤ ልዕሊ ፍርቂ ሚልዮን ሰባት በቲ ቫይረስ ተታሒዞም፤ ብአሽሐት ዝቑፀሩ ሰባት እውን በቲ ቫይረስ ሞይቶም እዮም። ብዝትዐፃፀፈ ቑፅሪ ከምዝጋፋሕ እውን ትፅቢት ይግበር።

4) ናይ ኮቪድ 19 ቀንዲ ምልክታት እንታይ እዮም? a. ረስኒ

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b. ስዓል c. ናይ እስትንፋስ ምቁርራፅ d. ኩሎም አብ ላዕሊ ዝተጠቕሱ

መልሲ d ቀንዲ ምልክታት ኮቪድ 19 ረስኒ፥ ስዐልን ናይ እስትንፋስ ምቁርራፅ እዮም። ሐሐሊፉ ኸአ ንፋጥ፥ ናይ ጎሮሮ ሕማም፥ ዕግርግር ምባል፥ ተምላስን ተቅማጥን እዮም። በቲ ቫይረስ ዝተታሕዘ ሰብ ምንም ዓይነት ምልክት ከየርኢ ይኽእል እዩ።

5) ካብ እዞም አብ ታሕቲ ዝተጠቕሱ ሐቂ ዝኾነ አየናይ እዩ?

a. ኹሉ በዚ ሕማም ዝተጠቕዐ ይመውት እዩ b. መናእሰይን ሕፃናትን በዚ ሕማም አይተሐዙን c. ነዚ ሕማም መድሐኒት የብሉን d. ነዚ ሕማም ክትባት አለዎ

መልሲ c አብዚ እዋን እዚ ንኮቪድ 19 ዝኸውን ዝተረጋገፀ መድሐኒት ኮነ ክትባት የለን። ኾይኑ ግን ነቲ ቫይረስ ምክልኻል ይክኣል እዩ (ንተሳተፍቲ መከላኸሊ መንገድታት ደጊምካ ሕተቶም)። እብ መፅናዕቲ ዝርከቡ ብርክት ዝበሉ መድሐኒታትን ክትባታትን አላዉ። ዝተረጋገፀ ግን የለን።

6) ብዛዕባ ካብ ሰባት ምርሐቅ/ምፍንታት እንታይ ሐሳብ አለካ? a. ነቲ ቫይረስ ንምክልኻል አድላዩ ይመስለኒ (ከመይ ከምዝትግብርዎ ሕተት) b. አብ ማሕበረሰብና ዝትግበር አይመስለንን (ንምታይ ኢልካ ሕተት) c. ባህልና ንሐዋሩ ክቕይሮ እዩ ኢለ ይሰግእ d. ኻሊእ

መልሲ a ብተሳተፍቲ ዝለዐሉ ስግአታት ተገንዚብካ መዝግቦም። ከመይ ጌሮም ከተግብርዎ ከምዝኽእሉ ሕተት። ካብ ሰባት ምርሐቅ/ምፍንታት (ብውሕዱ 2 ሜትሮ ምርሐቅ ነቲ ቫይረስ ንምክልኻል ቀንዲ መንገዲ እዩ። ካልኦት መንገድታት ኢድካ ምሕፃብን ገፅካ ዘይምትንካፍን እዮም።

7) ነዚ ለበዳ ሕማም ኮቪድ መን ደው የብሎ ኢልካ ትሓስብ? a. ኹሉ ሰብ ንባዕለይ ሐዊሱ b. ሰብ ሙያ ጥዕና c. መንግስቲ d. ማንም ሰብ

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መልሲ a ኩሉ ሰብ ካብ ካልኦት ብምርሐቅን/ምፍንታት፥ ኢዱ ብምሕፃብን ገፁ ብዘይምትንካፍ ነዚ ለበዳ ደው ከብል ሓላፍነት አለዎ። ናይ ሰብ ሙያ ጥዕና ኾይኑ ናይ መንግስቲ ፃዕሪ ብዘይ ተሳትፎ ኩሉ ሰብ አይዕወትን እዩ። እቲ እተዛርቦ ዘለኻ ሰብ ነዚ ለበዳ ደው ንምባል ሓይሊ ከምዘለዎ አፅኒዕኻ ንገሮ/ራ።

8) ንስኻ ወይ ከአ ኻሊእ እትፈልጦ ሰብ ናይ ጉንፋዕ ዓይነት ስምዒታት ከም ስዐል፥ ረስኒን ናይ እስትንፋስ ምቁርራፅ እንተአጋጢምኩም እንታይ ትገብር?

a. ንባዕለይ ካብ ካልኦት ይፈልይ b. ናብ ጣብያ ጥዕና ወይ ከአ ሆስፒታል ይኸይድ

c. ናብ ጎረባብተይ ከይደ ኸምናተይ ዓይነት ስምዒት እንትለዎም ይሐቶም d. እንታይ ከምዝገብር አይፈልጥን

መልሲ a ረስኒን ስዐልን ዘለዎም ሰባት ንባዕሎም ካብ ካልኦት ሰባት ን 14 መዐልቲ ብምግላልን ብምፍንታትን ነቲ ቫይረስ ከይተሐላለፍ የኽእሉ። ርግፀኛ ተዘይኮይንካ አብ ከባቢኻ ንዘለዉ ሐለፍቲ ጥዕና ደዊልካ ምኽሪ ሕተት። እንድሕር ከም እስትንፋስ ምቁርራፅ ዓይነት ክብድ ዝበሉ ምልክታት አለዉ ብቅልጡፍ ናብ ጥዕና ጣብያ ወይ ከአ ሆስፒታል ኪድ።

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ናይ ተሳተፍቲ መምዘኒ መሕትት

1) አብ ሞንጎ ኮቪድ 19 ን ኮሮና ቫይረስን ዘሎ ፍልልይ እንታይ እዩ?

2) ንምታይ እዩ እዚ ቫይረስ ካብ ካልኦት አማኢት ቫይረሳት ተፈልዩ ሐድሽ ተባሂሉ?

3) እዚ ቫይረስ ብኸመይ ይመሐላልፍ?

4) እዚ ቫይረስ ካብ ምምሕልላፍ ንከላኸለሉ ኩሎም መንገድታት ዘርዝር ።

5) ቐንዲ ምልክታት ኮቪድ 19 እንታይ እዮም?

6) ናይ ኮቪድ 19 ምልክታት እንተ ርኢኻ እንታይ ክትገብር አለካ?

7) ኮቪድ 19 ብኸመይ ይሕከም?

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8) ኮቪድ 19 ክትባት አለዎ ዶ?

9) ነዚ ሕማም ካብ ምምሕልላፍ መን ደው የብሎ?

10) ብዛዕባ እዚ ስልጠና እዚ ኾነ ብዛዕባ እቲ ክትሰርሖ ተወጢኑ ዘሎ ነገር ዘለካ ሕቶታት፥ ርኢቶን ለበዋታት ከይተሰከፍካ ንገረና።

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Foomka su'aalaha waxbarashada hore Wax Barasho ka qeybqaatuhu dooranayo jawaabtey ugu wanaagsan and sharaxaad ku

daabsan aqoontiisa

1. Maxaa sababa (caabuqa) COVID-19?

A. Waa xanuun uu sababo/keeno viruses coronavirus

B. Waa sun hawadu faafiso

C. Waa cayayaan dhiigaaga gala

D. Jawaab malaha

2. Sidee ayuu caabuqa coronavirus iskaga gudbaa dadka?

A. Hadii aad taabato walax Vurus kadibna wajigaaga taabato

B. Markii aanu qaadano hawo wasakahysan oo fayarska leh kadib markii uu

hindhiso ama qufaco qof qaba xanuunka

C. Jawaabti a iyo b

D. Jawaab malaha

3. Qofka qaba xanuunka Dad intee leeg ayuu gaadhey caabuqa COVID-19?

A. Dadka ajnebiga ah oo keli ah ayaa qaadaya

B. B. Viruska adoonka oo dhan ayuu wada gaadhey,waxaana u dhintey tobanaan

kun oo qof.

C. Dadka cuntooyin qaad ah cuna ayaa qaadaya.

D. Jawaab malaha

4. Waa maxey calaamadaha lagu garan karo caabuqa COVID-19?

A. Xumad/Qandho

B. Qufaco/riiraxanyo

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C. neefta oo kugu adkaafa

D. dhamaan waa wada jaawaab

5. Midkee ayaa run ah

A. Qof kasta oo qaadaa xanuunka wuu dhimanayaa

B. Dhalinyarada iyo caruurtu ma qaadayaan

C. Wax daawo ah looma hayo xanuunkan

D. Xanuunkan Talaal ayuu leeyahay

6. Maxaad isleedahay inuu yahay kala fogaansha/kala duruga bulshadu

A. Waxaan u maleynayaa in ay muhiim tahay si loo yareeyo faafitaanka viruskan

(waydii sida ay ugu dhaqmaan )

B. Ma garan karo side ay anaga noogu shaqeyn doonto(waydii sababata )

C. Waxaan ka cabsan in ay dhaqan kayaga bedesho gebi ahaanba

D. Jawaab malaha

7. Yaad filaysaa in ay joojin karto faafitaanka COVID-19?

A. Qof kasta, oo aan ku jiro

B. Shaqaalaha caafimaadka

C. Dawlada

D. Midna

8. Hadii adiga ama qof aad garaneysaa uu hayo hargab islamarkaana leh astamaaha

sida qufac, xumad, ama neefsashada oo adkaata, waa maxey talaabada xigtaa.?

A. Inaan meel gaara uga baxo dadka

B. Inaan tago goob caafimaad ama dhakhtar.

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C. In aan jaarka ama saaxibadey u tago,si aan u soo ogaado bal in ay cid kale ila

qabto calaamadahan

D. Ma garanayo

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Suaalaha iyo jawaabaha tababarka hortii Wax Barasho ka qeybqaatuhu dooranayo jawaabtey ugu wanaagsan and sharaxaad ku

daabsan aqoontiisa

1. Maxaa sababa (caabuqa) COVID-19?

A. Waa xanuun uu sababo/keeno viruses coronavirus

B. Waa sun hawadu faafiso

C. Waa cayayaan dhiigaaga gala

D. Jawaab malaha

Jawaab A: caabuqa (COVID-19) waa xanuun la isku tabiyo waxaa keena fayras ili maqabatay ah

oo loo yaqaano Korona

2. Sidee ayuu caabuqa coronavirus iskaga gudbaa dadka?

A. Hadii aad taabato walax Vurus kadibna wajigaaga taabato

B. Markii aanu qaadano hawo wasakahysan oo fayarska leh kadib markii uu

hindhiso ama qufaco qof qaba xanuunka

C. Jawaabti a iyo b

D. Jawaab malaha

Jawaabtu Waa C waana markaa aan qaadano hawo wasakeeyey fayaraska kazoo baxaya qofka

qaba xanuunka markuu hinndhiso ama qufaco sidokale wuxu xanuunku siakaga gudbaya

markaad taabato ooga walax fayrsku taabtay ama fayras leh

3. Qofka qaba xanuunka Dad intee leeg ayuu gaadhey caabuqa COVID-19?

A. Dadka ajnebiga ah oo keli ah ayaa qaadaya

B. B. Viruska adoonka oo dhan ayuu wada gaadhey,waxaana u dhintey tobanaan

kun oo qof.

C. Dadka cuntooyin qaad ah cuna ayaa qaadaya.

D. Jawaab malaha

Jawaab B: viruska aduunka oo dhan ayuu wada gaadhey waxaana u naf waayey tobanaan kun

oo qof.

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4. Waa maxey calaamadaha lagu garan karo caabuqa COVID-19?

A. Xumad/Qandho

B. Qufaco/riiraxanyo

C. neefta oo kugu adkaafa

D. dhamaan waa wada jaawaab

Jawaab D: calaamadaha ugu badan ee la isku arko waxaa kamida Qandho ,Qufac iyo Neefku

dhag halka caalamadaha mararka qaar la isku arko ay ku jiraa hindhiso,Duuf,cuno xanuun,

alalabo , mataqg ama shuban

5. Midkee ayaa run ah

A. Qof kasta oo qaadaa xanuunka wuu dhimanayaa

B. Dhalinyarada iyo caruurtu ma qaadayaan

C. Wax daawo ah looma hayo xanuunkan

D. Xanuunkan Talaal ayuu leeyahay

Jawaabtu waa C: wax daawo iyo talaal laxaqiijeyey majirto lakiin xanuunka waxaa lagu joojin

karaa talooyinka laga wada hadlay( (ka codso xubnaha qoyska inay marlabaad dhahaan

talooyinkaa ama isku sheegaan talooyinka). Inkasto oo ay jiraan dadaalo lagu samaynayo talaal

iyo dawooyinka fayrasyada kale lagu tacaalo tijaabo lagu wado in loo adeegsan karo dawynta

haddan ila hadda daawo ama talaal cad oo lahayaa male.

6. Maxaad isleedahay inuu yahay kala fogaansha/kala duruga bulshadu

A. Waxaan u maleynayaa in ay muhiim tahay si loo yareeyo faafitaanka viruskan(

waydii sida ay ugu dhaqmaan )

B. Ma garan karo side ay anaga noogu shaqeyn doonto(waydii sababata )

C. Waxaan ka cabsan in ay dhaqan kayaga bedesho gebi ahaanba

D. Jawaab malaha

Jawaab A: aqoonso walaaca ay kaqabaan iyo sida ay iskugu dayeen inay ku dhaqmaan

dhamaanba diwaan gasho jawaabtooda. In ugu yaraan laka durko ama lakal fogaado waa

lagama maarman si looga hortago faaftaanka ama gudbinta xanuunka. Talaabooyinka kale

muhiimka lasameeyo waa in markasta lafaraxasho iyo inaadan wajiga taaban

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7. Yaad filaysaa in ay joojin karto faafitaanka COVID-19?

A. Qof kasta, oo aan ku jiro

B. Shaqaalaha caafimaadka

C. Dawlada

D. Midna

Jawaab A: qof kastaa wuxuu ku leeyahay door masuuliyad way kasaarantahay sidii loo joojin

lahaa fiditaanka xanuunkani iyadoo kala fogaananyo lana hiraglainayo talaabooyinka laga

hortagayo sida ,faraxalka,wejiga oo aan la taaban, waxaas oo dhami waxey fure u yihiin in aanu

xanuunku faafin,shaqaalaha caafimaadka iyo dawladu kuma guuleysan karaan hadii aan laga

wada qeyb qaadan sidii loo joojin lahaa in uu sii fudo.

8. Hadii adiga ama qof aad garaneysaa uu hayo hargab islamarkaana leh astamaaha

sida qufac, xumad, ama neefsashada oo adkaata, waa maxey talaabada xigtaa.?

A. Inaan meel gaara uga baxo dadka

B. Inaan tago goob caafimaad ama dhakhtar.

C. In aan jaarka ama saaxibadey u tago,si aan u soo ogaado bal in ay cid kale ila

qabto calaamadahan

D. Ma garanayo

Jawaab A: qofkasta oo isku aragka calaamadahan sida xumad,qufac gooni ha uga baxo dadka

haba joogteeyo kalafogaanshahah si looga hortago gudbinta xanuunka hadii aanad hubin la

hadal xarunta caafimaadka ee kugu dhow, si aad u hubiso waxa aad yeeleyso, hadii uu jiro qof

isku arko calaamadahaas sida neefta oo ku dhegta si dhaqso ah ha u tago xarun caafimaad,waxa

dhici karta in calaamadahani si dhaqso ah isku bedelaan,in markaas mishiinkii hawada lagu

xidho.