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Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.
Submission of Manuscripts
All manuscript written in English should be submitted as MS-Word file attachments via e-mail to [email protected]. Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website http://www.uni-sz.bg/ascitech/index.html and the instructions on the last page of the journal. For each manuscript the signatures of all authors are needed confirming their consent to publish it and to nominate on author for correspondence.They have to be presented by a submission letter signed by all authors. The form of the submission letter is available upon from request from the Technical Assistance or could be downloaded from the website of the journal. All manuscripts are subject to editorial review and the editors reserve the right to improve style and return the paper for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. The editorial board reserves rights to reject manuscripts based on priorities and space availability in the journal.
Internet AccessThis journal is included in the Trakia University Journals online Service which can be found at www.uni-sz.bg.
Address of Editorial office:Agricultural Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora BulgariaTelephone.: +359 42 699330 +359 42 699446http://www.uni-sz.bg/ascitech/index.html
Technical Assistance:Nely TsvetanovaTelephone.: +359 42 699446E-mail: [email protected]
Editor-in-Chief
Tsanko YablanskiFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria
Co-Editor-in-Chief
Radoslav SlavovFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria
Editors and Sections
Genetics and Breading
Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Max Rothschild (USA)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)
Nutrition and Physiology
Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)
Production Systems
Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)
Agriculture and Environment
Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)
Product Quality and Safety
Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)
English Editor
Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)
Environmental studies of the macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal zone along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast
E. Petrova*, S. Stoykov
Institute of Fishing Resources, 4 Primorski, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
Abstract. The interest in studies of the nearby coastal zone of the Black Sea is great because it is the most productive section of the basin. The variety of habitats, water aeration, good temperature and density of nutrients coming from the nearest land and littoral contribute to the development of intensive life in it. In this area there are representatives of almost all groups of benthic organisms with the exception of some deep species. At the same time proximity to the coast makes it the most polluted part of the sea. Following the EU requirements pollutants are greatly reduced, which affects favourably biodiversity in the Black Sea ecosystem. 77 taxa of macrozoobenthos species were established, divided into four main groups: Polychaeta, Mollusca, Crustacea and "Diversa". The ecological status is calculated on the Index of species diversity (H'), marine biotic index (AMBI) and multivariate Marine Biotic Index (M-AMBI). The results of the studies of macrozoobenthos from north to south in the nearby coastal area tend to improve the ecological situation in comparison with previous periods.
Keywords: marine environment, Black Sea, nearby coastal zone, macrozoobenthos, biodiversity, ecological status
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 1, pp 111 - 114, 2013
Statistical analyses to assess the ecological status:Introduction�Shannon community diversity index (H') (Shannon and
Weaver, 1963) for determining the ecological status of water bodies The nearby coastal zone is the most polluted part of the sea. with muddy sediments and water bodies with sandy and mixed The main reason is the proximity of land from which rain water sediments.entering through rivers and pollutants from the industrial character of
�Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) to assess the ecological status of agriculture and everyday activities of people. Due to the coastal the benthos using the border definitions developed by Borja et al. current directed from north to south at distance 1 mile from the sea (2000, 2003) and Muxica et al. (2005).shore these pollutants are distributed along the Bulgarian coast. The
�Multivariate AMBI (M-AMBI) was applied with the default two major ports and vessel traffic increased pollution of coastal EQR boundaries according to Borja et al. (2006).waters with oil. This zone creates conditions for phytoplankton
For classifying the ecological status of the stations in the nearby blooms leading to reduction of oxygen content in water, which coastal zone the principle "one out - all out" is used, i.e. the worst negatively impact benthic organisms, especially attached forms.value of each station is considered final.Following the EU requirements pollutants into the waters of the
Danube and other rivers flowing into the Black Sea are greatly reduced. There is a reduction of pollution from local sources. Many factories have stopped their activities, due to their low economic Results and discussion indicators. This led to the improvement of the status of biodiversity in the Black Sea ecosystem (Tokarev and Shulman, 2007).
Species compositionDuring the survey 77 species were identified distributed in four
main groups: Polychaeta, Mollusca, Crustacea and mixed “Diversa” Material and methods (Table 1). Graphical representation of the percentage of different
groups is presented in Figure 1. The type of sediment at the different Studies of macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal zone were stations confirms that one part of the samples are collected at the
carried out with R/V "Prof. Al. Valkanov" on 21 stations from north to border between littoral and sublittoral zone and the second part south at a distance 1 mile from the sea shore. The sampling was within sublittoral. From the established 77 species – 13 have
2made by “Van-Veen” grab with opening mouth 1/10 m . The coefficient of occurrence higher than 50%, 13 species between 50 materials were sieved on the shipboard through a couple of sieves and 25%, while the remaining 51 species are with less than 25%. and preserved in 4 % formaldehyde. A total of 63 macrozoobenthos samples were taken (21 samples x 3 replicates). In laboratory taxonomic identification of the species composition was performed (Morduhay-Boltovskoy 1968, 1969, 1972; Marinov, 1977), determining the quantitative characteristics (abundance and biomass), quantitative parameters are treated as an area of 1 square metre.
111
* e-mail: [email protected]
Table 1. Macrozoobenthos groups and number of species
Macrozoobentos groups
Polychaeta
Mollusca
Crustacea
“Divеrsa”
28
19
21
9
Number/species
The highest percent of occurrence from polychaets is for species from genus Nepthys and Capitella minima. These species lives in sandy and sandy-mud type of sediment. From group of Mollusca with highest percent are Chamelea gallina and Spisula subtruncata.
2In the species composition were established some invasive value was observed at Station Varna Bay-South – 216 ind/m . In the molluscs for Black Sea like Mya arenaria, Anadara inaequivalvis and region of cape Maslen is registered good food base, which allows Rapana venosa. The rapana is single in the Bulgaria export list like successful cultivation of black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in marine non-fish resources. this area (Nikolov et al., 2010).
Abundance. Biomass. The overall average density of macrozoobenthos equals 741
2 The total average biomass of macrozoobenthos in the research ind/m , which is distributed in groups as follows: Polychaeta – 405 2
2 2 2 area amounts to 259, 43 g/m . It is made up of four groups discussed ind/m , Mollusca – 204 ind/m , Crustacea – 71 ind/m and “Diversa” – 2 2
2 above: Polychaeta – 7,76 g/m , Mollusca – 225, 034 g/m , Crustacea 61 ind/m (Figure 2). The figure shows that dominant in the number 2– 21,752 g/m (Figure 4). From the figure it is clear that the biomass are the groups of Polychaeta and Mollusca. High density show
of macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal area is built mainly of Melinna palmatа, Nephtys cirrosa, Nepthys hombergii, Chamelea 2molluscs. High biomass show Chamelea gallina – 29,65 g/m and gallina and Anadara inaequivalvis. The density of macrozoobenthos
2Anadara inaequvalvis – 15,58 g/m . Even with a less dense species groups by stations is shown in Figure 3. The highest density was 2 Mytilus galloprovincialis occurs at few stations with very high registered on Station Albena – 2223 ind/m due to the high number of
2 2biomass – 1006,3 gr/m (Krapec ІІ replicate), 1748, 96 gr/m (Krapec polychaetes species Melinna palmata, followed by Station Maslen 2 22 2 ІІІ replicate), 1463,47 gr/m (Varvara ІІІ replicate) and 1544,8 gr/m nos – 1367 ind/m and Station Shabla – 1163 ind/m and the lowest
112
Figure 1. Percentage of the macrozoobenthos groupsconstituting the species composition, September, 2011
PolyvhaetaMolluscaCrustacea“Diversa”
12%
36%
25%
27%
Figure 2. Average density of macrozoobenthos by groups ina nearby coastal area, September 2011
abundance
“Diversa”
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0Polychaeta Mollusca Crustacea
2Figure 3. Density (ind/m ) of macrozoobenthos in stations and groups, in September 2011
PolyvhaetaMolluscaCrustacea“Diversa”2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Krape
ts
Krape
ts*
Shabla
Rusalk
a
Kaliak
ra
Balchik
Albena
Vbnor
th
Vbsou
th
Galata
Kamch
ia
Dvoini
ca
Neseb
ur
Koketr
ais
Burga
s 2
Sarafo
vo
Rosen
ets
Soozo
pol
c. Mas
len
Varva
ra
Veleka
Figure 5. Biomass (ind/ ) of macrozoobenthos in stations and groups, in September 20112m
PolyvhaetaMolluscaCrustacea“Diversa”1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Krape
ts
Krape
ts*
Shabla
Rusalk
a
Kaliak
ra
Balchik
Albena
Vbnor
th
Vbsou
th
Galata
Kamch
ia
Dvoini
ca
Neseb
ur
Koketr
ais
Burga
s 2
Sarafo
vo
Rosen
ets
Soozo
pol
c. Mas
len
Varva
ra
Veleka
Figure 6. H'and AMBI in the nearby coastal area, September 2011
Krape
ts
Krape
ts*
Shabla
Rusalk
a
Kaliak
ra
Balchik
Albena
Vbnor
th
Vbsou
th
Galata
Kamch
ia
Dvoini
ca
Neseb
ur
Koketr
ais
Burga
s 2
Sarafo
vo
Rosen
ets
Soozo
pol
c. Mas
len
Varva
ra
Veleka
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
H'
AMBI
113
(Veleka ІІ replicate). Viewed by stations the biomass is shown in Figure 5. The figure shows that at all stations the biomass is built mainly by Mollusca species. The indices of Shannon-Weaver, AMBI and M-AMBI were calculated. Index values and ecological status of stations in the nearby coastal zone are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. M-AMBI index is an accurate tool for assessing the ecological status, as it integrates environmental sensitivity and diversity.
Results for the ecological status in the 1 mile zone along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, shows that 11 of the stations come in good ecological status. Status of moderately polluted possess Albena, Varna Bay–North, Varna Bay–South, Kamchya, Dvoynitsa, Nessebar, Rosenets, Sarafovo. The most likely reason is the influx of pollutants from rivers or polluted water from Varna lake system. The exception is station Burgas Bay, which is classified as having poor status.
Figure 4. Average biomass of macrozoobenthos by groupsin a nearby coastal area, September 2011
250
200
150
100
50
0Polychaeta Mollusca Crustacea “Diversa”
biomass
114
marine ecological quality assessment: the usefulness of Conclusionsmacrobenthic communities in an area affected by a submarine outfall. ICES CM 2003/Session J-02, Tallinn, Estonia, 24-28 As a result of studies of macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal September. area in September 2011 a total of 77 taxa were drawn. The highest Borja A, Franco J and Pérez V, 2000. A marine biotic index to percentage – 36% is for Polychaeta group, followed by Crustacea – establish the ecological quality of soft bottom benthos within 27%, Molluscs – 25% and finally the group Diversa – 12%. From the European estuarine and coastal environments. Marine Pollution established 77 species – 13 have coefficient of occurrence higher Bulletin, 40, 12, 1100-1114. than 50%, 13 species between 50% and 25%, while the remaining Marinov Т, 1977. Fauna of Bulgaria, 6, Polychaeta, Sofia, BАS, 257 51 species are with less than 25%. The overall average density of
2 pp.macrozoobenthos comprises 741 ind/m and the average biomass 2 Morduhay-Boltovskoy MD, (Ed.), 1968. A key to Black Sea and in the research area amounts to 259,43 g/m .
Azov Sea fauna, I, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 437 pp. Based on the results the ecological status of the nearby coastal Morduhay-Boltovskoy MD, (Ed.), 1969. A key to Black Sea and area indicates that the majority of stations (11 in total) fall into a good Azov Sea fauna, III, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 340 pp. status. Moderately polluted are eight stations and one classified as Morduhay-Boltovskoy MD, (Ed.), 1972. A key to Black Sea and poor status. The most likely reason is the influx of pollutants from Azov Sea fauna, l. II, Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 536 pp. rivers or polluted water from Varna lake system. Muxika I, Borja Á and Bonne W, 2005. The suitability of the marine The investigations of macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal biotic index (AMBI) to new impact sources along European coasts. area from north to south show a trend of improving the ecological Ecological Indicators, 5, 19-31. situation in comparison with research in the previous periods.Nikolov G, Atanasov A, Georgiev D and Raichev E, 2010. Analysis of the Plankton in the Area around the Cape Maslen Nos, Bulgaria: Possibilities for Cultivation of Mediterranean Mussels References(Mytilus galloprovincialis), Ecologia Balkanica. International Scientific Research Journal of Ecology, 2, pp.15-18.Borja A, Josefson AB, Miles A, Muxika I, Olsgard F, Phillips G, Shannon CE and Weaver W, 1963. The mathematical theory of Rodríguez JG and Rygg B, 2006. An approach to the communication, University Illinois Press, Urbana, 117 pp.intercalibration of benthic ecological status assessment in the North Tokarev Y and Shulman G, 2007. Biodiversity in the Black Sea: Atlantic ecoregion, according to the European Water Framework effects of climate and anthropogenic factors. Hydrobiologia, 580, 1, Directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin (in press). 23-33.Borja A, Franco J and Muxika I, 2003. Classification tools for
Figure 7. M-AMBI in the nearby coastal area, September 2011
M-AMBI
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
01 2 3 4 5
High
Bad
Good
Moderate
Poor
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Stations
Review
Status of remote hybrids in the Poaceae: problems and prospectsH. Stoyanov*
Genetics and Breeding
Genetic divergence among accesions of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)N. Dyulgerov, B. Dyulgerova
Yield stability of contemporary Bulgarian winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in DobrudzhaP. Chamurliyski, N. Tsenov
Assessment of initial material for stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) breedingTz. Kikindonov
Grain yield of winter feed barley varietiesB. Dyulgerova, D. Dimova, D. Valcheva, D. Vulchev, T. Popova, M. Gocheva
A study on the biological and economic qualities of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)I. Stankov, S. Tsvetanov, P. Stankova, I. Yanchev, T. Raycheva
Nutrition and Physiology
Drought–induced changes in photosynthesis of young cowpea plantsK. Uzunova, Z. Zlatev
Effect of organic fertilizers on photosynthesis of young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)Z. Zlatev, V. Popov
Production Systems
Productivity of sunflower grown in a periodic water deficit conditionsR. Petrova, A. Matev, H. Kirchev, A. Sevov
Variation of capillary rise of water in the slightly leached chernozem soil of Dobrudzha region under the effect of long-term use of some soil tillage practicesP. Yankov
Influence of the variety and sowing rate on the green mass productivity of Sudan grass and Sorghum x Sudan grass hybridsTz. Kikindonov, S. Enchev, K. Slanev
Effect of the irrigation regime on the productivity of root celery by drip irrigation in the Plovdiv regionB. Harizanova-Petrova, A. Ovcharova
CONTENTS 1 / 3
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Study of a zeolite–water experimental refrigeration module intended for animal raisingR. Georgiev, K. Peichev, A. Pavlov, K.Trendafilov, G. Dineva, I. Binev
Method for rapid determination of the percentage rate of grain losses by the combine harvester according to its parametersN. Delchev, K. Trendafilov
Phase–frequency characteristics of three types of milking clusters with a different volume and shape of the pulsation chamberB. Banev, K. Peychev, V. Vlashev, G. Dineva
Nondestructive (NIRS) determination of some technological traits of Bombyx mori L. cocoonsM. Panayotov, S. Atanassova, S. Petrova
Researching the resistance of bees fattened up with additive of extract of Tribulus terrestris L. during winteringI. Hristakov, I. Zhelyazkova, V. Hvarchilkov
Influence of liming with Ca(OH) on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in foliage of vine 2
varietiesK. Trendafilov, V. Valcheva, S. Todorova
Content and composition of the essential oil of Rosa alba L. during flower developmentA. Dobreva, M. Gerdzhikova
Effectiveness of application of the leaf–fertilizers Hortigrow in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum)V. Ivanov, I. Yanchev, T. Raycheva, K. Stoyanov
Agriculture and Environment
M. Lacheva
Agroclimatic conditions of existence of almond trees in Plovdiv region during the winter periodD. Ivanova, N. Shopova
Phytoplankton growth and chlorophyll – a content in the surface layer of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters in 2011D. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov
Ecological status of Varna Bay through the state of phytoplankton, macrozoobenthos and macrophytes during the autumn of 2011D. Petrova, E. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov, V. Vachkova, R. Bekova
Environmental studies of the macrozoobenthos in the nearby coastal zone along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastE. Petrova, S. Stoykov
A study of macromycetes in Maglenishki Rid, Eastern Rhodopes Mts. II. Recent data of study
CONTENTS 2 / 3
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Product Quality and Safety
Evaluation of pork meat quality and freshness using colorimetric and spectral methodsS. Atanassova, T. Stoyanchev, S. Ribarski
Reducing the hyperspectral feature spaces of ready-to-cook minced meat productsK. Kolev
Effect of cold storage terms on physico-chemical characteristics of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) meatS. Ribarski, A. Genchev, S. Atanasova
The flavonoid content in the white oil–bearing rose (Rosa alba L.)A Dobreva, M Gerdzhikova
CONTENTS 3 / 3
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 1, 2013
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parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian = Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-
thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.
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