AGENDA AGENDA Announcement: The IUP Student Chapter of the Announcement: The IUP Student Chapter of the

Pennsylvania Prison Society is pleased to announce another Pennsylvania Prison Society is pleased to announce another event in their event in their Understanding Crime and Justice SeriesUnderstanding Crime and Justice Series. On . On Wednesday April 7, 2010 from 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm in Eberly Wednesday April 7, 2010 from 6:30 pm to 8:30 pm in Eberly Auditorium, local and regional members who work with the Auditorium, local and regional members who work with the Innocence Project in Pennsylvania and New York (Innocence Project in Pennsylvania and New York (http://www.PrisonSociety.org). ).

Covering by kenji yoshinoCovering by kenji yoshino Times of Harvey Milk—An Oscar-winning documentaryTimes of Harvey Milk—An Oscar-winning documentary Data analysis Data analysis

coveringcovering

The hidden assault on our civil The hidden assault on our civil rightsrights

Kenji YoshinoKenji Yoshino

What is covering?What is covering?

““Covering” is sociologist Erving Covering” is sociologist Erving Goffman’s term for how we try to Goffman’s term for how we try to “tone down” stigmatized identities, “tone down” stigmatized identities, even when those identities are even when those identities are known to the world.known to the world.

Examples of covering: Examples of covering:

Religious covering, gay covering, sex-Religious covering, gay covering, sex-based covering, racial covering, based covering, racial covering, disability-based covering disability-based covering

The story of uncovered selves…The story of uncovered selves…

All of us struggle for self expression; we All of us struggle for self expression; we all have covered selves… (p.25)all have covered selves… (p.25)

Everyone covers. To cover is to Everyone covers. To cover is to downplay a disfavored trait so as to downplay a disfavored trait so as to blend into the mainstream. Because blend into the mainstream. Because all of us possess stigmatized all of us possess stigmatized attributes, we all encounter pressure attributes, we all encounter pressure to cover in our daily lives.to cover in our daily lives.

Kenji YoshinoKenji Yoshino

How do we all cover?How do we all cover?

Racial minorities are pressed to “act Racial minorities are pressed to “act white” by changing their names, white” by changing their names, languages, or cultural practices. languages, or cultural practices. Women are told to “play like men” at Women are told to “play like men” at work. Gays are asked not to engage in work. Gays are asked not to engage in public displays of same-sex affection. public displays of same-sex affection. The devout are instructed to minimize The devout are instructed to minimize expressions of faith, and individuals expressions of faith, and individuals with disabilities are urged to conceal with disabilities are urged to conceal the paraphernalia that permit them to the paraphernalia that permit them to function. function.

Who is Kenji Yoshino?Who is Kenji Yoshino? Professor of Constitutional Professor of Constitutional

Law at the NYU School of Law at the NYU School of Law. Law.

received his received his undergraduate degree undergraduate degree from Harvard College, took from Harvard College, took a Rhodes Scholarship to a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University Oxford University

earned his law degree at earned his law degree at Yale Law School. Yale Law School.

A specialist in A specialist in constitutional law, constitutional law, antidiscrimination law, and antidiscrimination law, and law and literature law and literature

http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/

What genre is Yoshino using in What genre is Yoshino using in his writing?his writing?

Personal narrative, or as he calls, literary Personal narrative, or as he calls, literary narrativenarrative

Legal argumentsLegal arguments AutobiographyAutobiography Personal Story: a story against demands of Personal Story: a story against demands of

assimilationassimilation Examples drawn from his personal experiencesExamples drawn from his personal experiences Cites important works on civil rights to Cites important works on civil rights to

strengthen his claimsstrengthen his claims His main argument: SEE PAGE 27!His main argument: SEE PAGE 27!

What genre is Gladwell using in What genre is Gladwell using in writing?writing?

Journalistic writingJournalistic writing Argumentative, descriptive, expressiveArgumentative, descriptive, expressive Case studiesCase studies Observation notesObservation notes Quantitative and Qualitative Research findingsQuantitative and Qualitative Research findings Not a direct personal narrative, but includes Not a direct personal narrative, but includes

features of it.features of it. Cites scientific informationCites scientific information Includes photos, examples of tipping points, Includes photos, examples of tipping points,

Includes statistical information.Includes statistical information.

Remember…Remember…

Research papers come in all shapes, Research papers come in all shapes, sizes, forms, and disciplines.sizes, forms, and disciplines.

Different genres: argumentative, Different genres: argumentative, descriptive, narrative, analytic descriptive, narrative, analytic

First, you need to know what you are First, you need to know what you are writing about and who you are writing about and who you are writing for.writing for.

Racial CoveringRacial Covering

Racial covering occurs when non-whites Racial covering occurs when non-whites “act white” by modulating their behaviors.“act white” by modulating their behaviors.

Individuals resist pressure to cover their Individuals resist pressure to cover their race, ethnicity, gender or national origin race, ethnicity, gender or national origin by bringing lawsuits alleging by bringing lawsuits alleging discrimination (see the examples on page discrimination (see the examples on page 130-140)130-140)

Covering is unfortunately demanded in Covering is unfortunately demanded in work force today. Covering if also work force today. Covering if also rewarded.rewarded.

Sex-based coveringSex-based covering

Discrimination against women has taken Discrimination against women has taken a different form from discrimination a different form from discrimination against other groups. Men have against other groups. Men have historically cherished women, so long as historically cherished women, so long as they conformed to the domestic role.they conformed to the domestic role.

If women are not “masculine” enough to If women are not “masculine” enough to be respected as workers, they will be be respected as workers, they will be asked to cover. If they are not “feminine” asked to cover. If they are not “feminine” enough to be respected as women, they enough to be respected as women, they will be asked to reverse cover. will be asked to reverse cover.

INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS IN DATA ANALYSIS IN

QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE RESEARCHRESEARCH

What is your data?What is your data?

Interview transcriptsInterview transcripts ArticlesArticles Video recordingsVideo recordings DocumentariesDocumentaries Visuals: Photos, advertisementsVisuals: Photos, advertisements Observation notes, field notesObservation notes, field notes

What is Data Analysis?What is Data Analysis?Steps of Data Analysis Steps of Data Analysis

Get to know your dataGet to know your data

Good analysis starts with getting to know your Good analysis starts with getting to know your data very well.data very well.

Write down your impressions about your data. Write down your impressions about your data. What can you find so far?What can you find so far?

Identify your main questions again AND look for Identify your main questions again AND look for answers in your data answers in your data

Identify themes and patterns (look at the Identify themes and patterns (look at the language being used, phrases, words, photos language being used, phrases, words, photos etc…)etc…)

Organize them into coherent cathegories Organize them into coherent cathegories

Findings emerging themes and Findings emerging themes and categories categories

Analysis is a breaking up, separating, or Analysis is a breaking up, separating, or disassembling of research materials into disassembling of research materials into pieces, parts, elements, or units.pieces, parts, elements, or units.

Reread your data and search for types, Reread your data and search for types, classes, sequences, processes, patterns, or classes, sequences, processes, patterns, or wholes. Look at your data what emerging wholes. Look at your data what emerging themes do you see?themes do you see?

The aim of this process is to assemble or The aim of this process is to assemble or reconstruct the data in meaningful or reconstruct the data in meaningful or comprehensible fashion (Jorgenson, comprehensible fashion (Jorgenson, 1989: 107).1989: 107).

Emerging categories Emerging categories Rather than bringing your own assumptions or Rather than bringing your own assumptions or

preconceived categories and themes, you need to preconceived categories and themes, you need to reread your data and find themes that recur in your reread your data and find themes that recur in your data.data.

So, categories are defined AFTER you worked on your So, categories are defined AFTER you worked on your data. data.

Example # 1: What is the benefit of youth mentoring Example # 1: What is the benefit of youth mentoring program?program?

Responses to this question were sorted out: Responses to this question were sorted out: Benefits to Benefits to youth, benefits to family, benefits to community. youth, benefits to family, benefits to community.

Example # 2: What makes a quality education program? Example # 2: What makes a quality education program? Responses to this question were sorted out: Responses to this question were sorted out: Staff, Staff,

relevance, participation, time , contentrelevance, participation, time , content

Some key language you can Some key language you can use…use…

The interview results…the survey results…The interview results…the survey results…my analysis of media…my analysis on my analysis of media…my analysis on women’s photos….women’s photos….

suggest that….reveals…shows…suggest that….reveals…shows…demonstrates…demonstrates…

Indicates….Indicates…. Some of the common themes emerging in Some of the common themes emerging in

the data includes:….the data includes:…. One of the most intriguing responses that X One of the most intriguing responses that X

gave is…gave is…

APRIL, 7APRIL, 7THTH, 2010, 2010

ENGL 202ENGL 202

AGENDAAGENDA

CoveringCovering Analyzing Research ArticlesAnalyzing Research Articles Looking over students’ dataLooking over students’ data

Looking at research samplesLooking at research samples

1. Skim through the introduction sections of your 1. Skim through the introduction sections of your sample research paper (at least know what the sample research paper (at least know what the research questions are, and the methodology used research questions are, and the methodology used to collect data)to collect data)

2. Find the data analysis section of your sample 2. Find the data analysis section of your sample articles. Data analysis is usually presented in articles. Data analysis is usually presented in sections titled as “Results”, “Analysis”, “Findings” sections titled as “Results”, “Analysis”, “Findings”

3. What are the results of the study? What themes 3. What are the results of the study? What themes did the researchers find?did the researchers find?

4. Write a short paragraph summarizing the findings 4. Write a short paragraph summarizing the findings and results? and results?