Vocabulary for Oxford Latin Course College Edition

Note: use this list for your vocabulary learning - unlike the book, it lists all the important forms from the beginning.

The following list includes all the vocabulary for which you are responsible. The best way to learn the vocabulary is to put them on 3X5 cards (you could cut these in half) with the Latin on one side and the English definition on the other. For each chapter there are verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. For the verbs, note that there are usually 4 forms – these are called principal parts and knowing all four becomes increasingly important so write them all down. The nouns have two forms: the nominative case and then the genitive case (in the singular unless otherwise noted) and they also have a designation for their gender (m. = masculine, f. = feminine, n = neuter, c = common (either feminine or masculine). We will go over the function of case in class. Adjectives have 3 forms: the nominative singular for all three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Finally, the prepositions include in the right most column not only their definition but also an indication of the case which they take: + acc. means that the preposition governs the accusative case, + abl. means that the preposition governs the ablative case.

Chapter Latin word Definition1 ambulat (from: ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum) he/she walks1 intrat (from: intro, intrare, intravi, intratum) he/she enters1 iuvat (from: iuvo, iuvare, iuvavi, iuvatum) he/she helps1 laborat (from: laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum) he/she works1 laudat (from: laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum) he/she praises1 parat (from: paro, parare, paravi, paratum) he/she prepares1 portat (from: porto, portare, portavi, portatum) he/she carries1 salutat (from: saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum) he/she greets1 spectat (from: specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum) he/she watches1 vocat (from: voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum) he/she calls1 est (from: sum, esse, fui, futurum) he/she is1 aqua, aquae, f. water1 casa, casae, f. house, cottage1 cena, cenae, f. dinner1 filia, filiae, f. daughter1 puella, puellae, f. girl1 iratus, irata, iratum angry1 laetus, laeta, laetum happy1 paratus, parata, paratum ready1 non not1 mox soon1 in in, into1 et and1 sed but2a festinat (from: festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum) he/she hurries2a manet (from: maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum) he/she remains2a sedet (from: sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum) he/she sits2a ascendit (from: ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum) he/she climbs2a cadit (from: cado, cadere, cecidi, casum) he/she falls2a currit (from: curro, currere, cucurri, cursum) he/she runs2a ducit (from: duco, ducere, duxi, ductum) he/she leads2a mittit (from: mitto, mittere, misi, missum) he/she sends

2a surgit (from: surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum) he/she rises, gets up2a it (from: eo, ire, ii, itum) he/she goes2a exit (from: exeo, exire, exii, exitum) he/she goes out2a redit (from: redeo, redire, redii, reditum) he/she goes back, returns2a terra, terrae, f. earth, land2a cibus, cibi, m. food2a colonus, coloni, m. farmer2a ager, agri, m. field2a puer, pueri, m. boy, child2a diu for a long time2a tandem at last2a subito suddenly2a a/ab +abl. from2a ad + acc. to, towards2a e/ex +abl. out of, from2a nam for2b facit (from: facio, facere, feci, factum) he/she makes, does2b audit (from: audio, audire, audivi, auditum) he/she hears2b inquit he/she says2b adest (from: adsum, adesse, adfui) he/she is present2b adsunt (from: adsum, adesse, adfui) they are present2b sunt (from: sum, esse, fui, futurum) they are2b amicus, amici, m. friend2b miser, misera, miserum miserable2b multus, multa, multum much, many2b alius, alia, aliud other, another2b iam now, already2b ubi when2c venit (from: venio, venire, veni, ventum) he/she comes2c advenit (from: advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum) he/she arrives2c alii...alii some...others2c cur why?2c ille, illa, illud he/she/that2c cum +abl. with3 clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum I shout3 rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum I ask3 respondeo, respondēre, responsi, responsum I answer3 accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum I approach3 dico, dicere, dixi, dictum I say3 pono, ponere, posui, positum I put, place3 expono, ,exponere, exposui, expositum I put out3 forum, fori, n. forum (town center)3 locus, loci, m. place3 vir, viri, m. man/husband3 bonus, bona, bonum good3 malus, mala, malum bad3 unus, una, unum one3 sic thus3 in + acc into3 per + acc through3 cum + abl with3 quod because3 quid? what?

3 quo? where to?4 ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum I walk4 narro, narrare, narravi, narratum I tell4 debeo, debēre, debui, debitum I ought, must4 doceo, docēre, docui, doctum I teach4 iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum I order4 maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum I remain4 video, vidēre, vidi, visum I see4 disco, discere, didici I learn4 scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum I write4 cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum I desire, want4 audio, audire, audivi, auditum I hear4 eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum I go4 possum, posse, potui I am able, can4 noli, nolite + infinitive don’t4 fabula, fabulae, f. story4 littera, litterae, f. a letter4 magister, magistri, m. teacher4 puer, pueri, m. boy, child4 is/ea/id he, she, it; that4 nec/neque and not4 nec/neque...nec/neque neither…nor4 prope + acc near4 ceteri, ceterae, cetera the rest, remaining4 tacitus, tacita, tacitum silent4 lente slowly5a convoco, convocare, convocavi, convocatum I call together5a navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum I sail5a oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum I attack5a pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum I fight5a incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum I burn, set on fire5a occido, occidere, occidi, occisum I kill5a resisto, resistere, restiti I resist5a vinco, vincere, vici, victum I conquer5a capio, capere, cepi, captum I capture5a fugio, fugere, fugivi, fugitum I flee5a convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum I come together, meet5a hasta, hastae, f. spear5a ira, irae, f. anger5a pugna, pugnae, f. fight5a annus, anni, m. year5a bellum, belli, n. war5a periculum, periculi, n. danger5a arma, armorum, n. pl arms, weapons5a comes, comitis, m. companion5a frater, fratris, m. brother5a pater, patris, m. father5a mater, matris, f. mother5a navis, navis, f. ship5a pars, partis, f. part5a princeps, principis, m. prince5a rex, regis, m. king5a urbs, urbis, f city

5a exercitus, exercitus, m. army5a fortiter bravely5a carus, cara, carum dear5a fortis, forte brave5a omnis, omne all5a -que and5b exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum I wait5b oro, orare, oravi, oratum I pray, beg5b servo, servare, servavi, servatum I save5b traho, trahere, traxi, tractum I drag5b verto, vertere, verti, versum I turn5b conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum I hurl5b iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum I throw5b deus, dei, m. god5b filius, filii, m. son5b murus, muri, m. wall5b mors, mortis, f. death5b corpus, corporis, n. body5b nox, noctis, f. night5b uxor, uxoris, f. wife5b mortuus, mortua, mortuum dead5b solus, sola, solum alone5b territus, territa, territum terrified6a despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum I despair, give up hope6a do, dare, dedi, datum I give6a gaudeo, gaudēre, -, gavisus sum I rejoice6a timeo, timēre, timui I fear, am afraid of6a constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum I decide6a credo, credere, credidi, creditum I believe, I trust (+dat.)6a peto, petere, petivi, petitum I seek, pursue, make for6a relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum I leave behind6a accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum I receive6a dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum I sleep6a insula, insulae, f. island6a luna, lunae, f. moon6a nauta, nautae, m. sailor6a unda, undae, f. wave6a equus, equi, m. horse6a consilium, consili, n. plan6a verbum, verbi, n. word6a litus, litoris, n. shore6a nil = nihil nothing6a novus, nova, novum new6a pauci, paucae, pauca few6a totus, tota, totum whole6a ingens (gen. ingentis) huge6a saepe often6a quis? quid? who? what?6b erro, errare, erravi, erratum I wander, err, am wrong6b condo, condere, condidi, conditum I found, establish6b conscendo, conscendere, conscendi, conscensum I board (a ship)6b invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum I find6b labor, laboris, m. work, hardship, suffering

6b mons, montis, m. mountain6b parvus, parva, parvum small6b mox soon6b tamen however, but6b inter + acc among, between7 caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum I cut, slaughter7 quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum I ask, seek7 tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum I lift, raise7 subeo, subire, subivi (subii), subitum I undergo7 silva, silvae, f. forest7 caelum, caeli, n. sky7 saxum, saxi, n rock7 aequor, aequoris, n. sea7 clamor, clamoris, m. shout7 homo, hominis, c. man, human being7 lux, lucis, f. light7 nubes, nubis, f. cloud7 preces, precum, f. pl. prayers7 fluctus, fluctūs, m. wave7 manus, manūs, f. hand7 dies, diei, m. day7 spes, spei, f. hope7 primus, prima, primum first7 summus, summa, summum highest, greatest7 hic here7 huc (to) here, hither7 vix scarcely7 de + abl down from, about, concerning7 sub + abl under8a teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum I hold8a cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognotum I get to know, learn8a fero, ferre, tuli, latum I carry, bear8a occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursum +dat. I meet8a succurro, succurrere, succurri, succursum +dat. I help8a vado, vadere, vasi, vasum I go8a eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum I snatch away, rescue8a respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum I look back (at)8a regina, reginae, f. queen8a animus, animi, m. mind8a ventus, venti, m. wind8a amor, amoris, m. love8a ignis, ignis, m. fire8a salus, salutis, f. safety; greetings, health8a tempestas, tempestatis storm8a cursus, cursūs, m. course8a portus, portūs, m. port, harbor8a ignotus, ignota, ignotum unknown8a magnus, magna, magnum great, big8a medius, media, medium middle8a notus, nota, notum known8a tantus, tanta, tantum so great8a etiam even, also8a frustra in vain

8a semper always8a dum while8b sto, stare, steti, statum I stand8b refero, referre, retuli, relatum I carry back; report8b volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum I roll, turn over8b somnus, somni, m. sleep8b hostis, hostis, c. enemy8b iuvenis, iuvenis, m. young man8b mens, mentis, f. mind8b vulnus, vulneris, n. wound8b nullus, nulla, nullum no, not any9 amo, amare, amavi, amatum I love9 impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum +dat. I order9 volo, velle, volui I wish, am willing9 pareo, parēre, parui, paritum (+dat.) I obey9 cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum I grow, increase9 demitto, demittere, demisi, demisum I send down, let down9 discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum I go away, depart9 exstruo, exstruere, exstruxi, exstructum I build9 incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum I begin9 poena, poenae, f. punishment9 fumus, funi, m. smoke9 gladius, gladii, m. sword9 nuntius, nuntii, m. messenger, message9 oculus, oculi, m. eye9 imperium, imperii, n. order9 finis, finis, m. end, finish9 aureus, aurea, aureum golden9 dirus, dira, dirum terrible9 tristis, triste sad9 statim at once9 valde very9 interea meanwhile9 etiam even9 ibi there9 post + acc after9 supra + acc above9 aut…aut either…or10a creo,creare,creavi I make, elect10a fero, ferre, tuli I carry, bear10a promitto, promittere, promisi I promise10a sum, esse, fui I am10a aura, aurae, f. breeze, air10a colonia, coloniae , f. colony, country town10a turba, turbae, f. crowd10a divitiae, divitiarum, f. riches10a nuntius, nuntii, m. message10a argentum, argenti, n. silver10a arbor, arboris, f. tree10a oratio, orationis, f. speech10a tumultus, tumultūs, m. riot, uproar10a candidus, candida, candidum white10a optimus, optima, optimum best

10a pessimus, pessima, pessimum worst10a pauper, pauperis poor10a alter, altera, alterum one or the other (of two); second10a quidam/quaedam/quoddam a certain, a10a nunc now10a enim for10a tamen however, but10a igitur and so, therefore10b supero, superare, superavi, superatum I overcome10b tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum I try10b addo, addere, addidi, additum I add10b lego, legere, legi, lectum I read10b supersum, superesse, superfui, superfuturm I am left, survive10b numerus, numeri, m. number10b facilis, facile easy10b tandem at last10c fleo, flēre, flevi, fletum I weep10c habeo, habēre, habui, habitum I have10c vivo, vivere, vixi, victum I live10c hora, horae, f. hour10c lacrima, lacrimae, f. tear10c hiems, hiemis, f. winter10c iter, itineris, n. journey10c tempus, temporis, n. time10c ver, veris, n. spring10c posterus, postera, posterum next10c domi (locative) at home10c satis + gen enough10c sine + abl without11 excito, excitare, excitavi, excitatum I rouse, awaken11 iaceo, iacēre, iacui I lie down11 contendo, contendere, contendi, contentum I walk, march, hasten11 emo, emere, emi, emptum I buy11 flumen, fluminis, n. river11 populus, populi, m. people11 vestimenta, vestimentorum, n. clothes11 aeternus, aeterna, aeternum eternal11 altus, alta, altum high11 apertus, aperta, apertum open11 longus, longa, longum long11 pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful11 sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred11 vacuus, vacua, vacuum empty11 difficilis, difficile difficult11 continuo immediately11 longe far11 numquam never11 tam so11 hic … illic11 huc . . .illuc this way and that11 ubique everywhere11 aliquis/aliquid someone, something11 ubi where

12 appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum I call (by name)12 lavo, lavare, lavavi, lautum I wash12 recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum I recite, read aloud12 rideo, ridēre, risi, risum I laugh12 studeo, studēre, studui (+dat.) I study12 ago, agere, egi, actum I do, manage, drive,12 induo, induere, indui, indutum I put on12 intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum I understand12 trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum I hand over12 poeta, poetae, f. poet12 gratiae, gratiarum, f. thanks12 schola, scholae, f. school, schoolroom12 discipulus, discipuli, m. student12 liber, libri, m. book12 vox, vocis, f. voice12 gradus, gradūs, m. step12 vultus, vultūs, m. face, expression12 dies, diei, m. day12 meridies, meridiei, m. midday12 res, rei, f. thing, matter, affair12 re vera in truth, really, in fact12 rectus, recta, rectum straight12 severus, severa, severum severe12 cotidie every day12 quoque also12 quando? when?12 nemo + gen, nullius + dat, nemini + acc, neminem + abl,

nullo, c.no one

12 quisquam, quicquam anyone, anything13 aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum I open13 conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum I finish13 gero, gerere, gessi, gestum I carry, carry on, wear13 pereo, perire, perii, peritum I perish, die13 sto, stare, steti, statum I stand13 viso, visere, visi, visum I visit13 vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum I sell13 epistola, epistolae, f. letter13 atrium, atrii, n. hall13 ingenium, ingenii, n. character, talents13 aedes, aedium, f. pl. house13 latus, lateris, n. side13 soror, sororis, f. sister13 domus, domi, f. home13 clarus, clara, clarum clear, bright, famous13 ingeniosus, ingeniosa, ingeniosum talented, clever13 celer, celeris, celere quick13 brevis, breve short13 celeriter quickly13 postea afterwards13 is … qui the man who nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum I announce14a pronuntio I proclaim14a edo, edere, edidi I eat

14a fio, fieri, --, factus sum I become14a praetereo, praeterire, praeterii, praeteritum I go past, pass14a mora, morae, f. delay14a spectaculum, spectaculi, n. show14a caput, capitis, n. head14a genus, generis, n race, kind, sort, birth14a legio, legionis, m. legion14a mulier, mulieris, f. woman14a multitudo, multitudinis, f. multitude, crowd14a ordo, ordinis, m rank, line, order14a pes, pedis, m. foot14a currus, currūs, m. chariot14a denique lastly, finally14a interdum from time to time14a inter + acc among, between14a ob + acc on account of14b cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum I think, reflect14b milito, militare, militavi, militatum I campaign, serve as a soldier14b caveo, cavēre, cavi, cautum I beware of14b provideo, providēre, providi, provisum I foresee14b refero, referre, retuli, relatum I carry back; report14b sino, sinere, sivi, situm I allow14b sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum I take up; I put on14b miles, militis, m. soldier14b virtus, virtutis, f. courage, virtue14b dignus, digna, dignum + abl worthy (of)14b credelis, crudele cruel15a delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum I please, delight15a placeo, placēre, placui, placitum I please15a malo, malle, malui I prefer15a vita, vitae, f. life15a campus, campi, m. (cf. too Campus Martius) plain, field15a ius, iuris, n. right, justice15a lex, legis, f. law15a carmen, carminis, n. song15a rhetor, rhetoris, m. teacher of rhetoric15a (ars) rhetorica, rhetoricae, f. (the art of) rhetoric15a vetus, veteris old15a non iam no longer15a paene almost15a ne…quidem not even15a apud + acc at/in the house of, with15a dum while15b luceo, lucēre, luxi (no 4th p.p.) I shine15b ferio, ferire (3rd + 4th principal parts supplied by percutio) I strike15b sol, solis, m sun15b insignis, insigne outstanding, distinguished15b tot so many15b eo to there, thither15b libenter gladly15b unde whence? from where?15b undique from all sides15b pro + abl in front of; on behalf of, for

16a vindico, vindicare, vindicavi, vindicatum I avenge16a ardeo, ardēre, arsi, arsum I burn, am on fire16a augeo, augēre, auxi, auctum I increase16a provideo, providēre, providi, provisum I foresee16a terreo, terrere, terrui, territum I terrify16a claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum I close16a furo, furere I run mad16a rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum I snatch, steal16a rego, regere, rexi, rectum I rule, I steer16a ruo, ruere, rui, rutum I rush16a exitium, exitii, n. destruction16a otium, otii, n. leisure16a proelium, proelii, n. battle16a furor, furoris, m. madness, fury16a pax, pacis, f. peace16a potestas, potestatis, f. power16a plenus, plena, plenum (+abl.) full (of)16a verus, vera, verum true16a ultimus, ultima, ultimum furthest, last16a ergo therefore16a mane early (in the morning)16a paulisper for a little (time)16a postea afterwards16a vehementer violently16a post + acc after16a postquam after16b gratias ago (agere, egi, actum) I give thanks16b servus, servi, m. slave16b vesper, vesperis, m. evening16b salus, salutis, f. safety; greetings, health16b cras tomorrow17a solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum I loose, untie, cast off17a evado, evadere, evasi, evasum I escape17a pello, pellere, pulsi, pulsum I drive17a signum, signi, n. sign, signal17a vela, velorum, n.pl. sails17a incolumis, incolume safe, unharmed17a nobilis, nobile noble, famous17a antea before17a deinde then, next17a hodie today17a umquam ever17a antequam before17a ante + acc before17b moneo, monēre, monui, monitum I warn, advise17b valeo, valēre, valui, valitum I am strong, am well17b confido, confidere, --, confisus sum + dat I trust17b incido, incidere, incidi, incasum I fall into17b fama, famae, f. fame, report, reputation17b gaudium, gaudii, n. joy17b discrimen, discriminis, n. crisis17b dolor, doloris, m. pain, grief17b adventus, adventūs, m. arrival

17b gratus, grata, gratum pleasing, welcome; grateful17b iucundus, iucunda, iucundum pleasant, delightful17b reliquus, reliqua, reliquum remaining17b non solum . . . sed etiam not only . . .but also17b praeterea moreover17b propter + acc on account of; because of17b ut as, when17b utrum . . an whether . . .or?17b alius, alia, aliud other, another17b alter, altera, alterum one or the other (of two); second17c verum, veri, n. truth17c re vera in truth17c dubius, dubia, dubium doubtful17c sine dubio without doubt17c verus, vera, verum true17c hilaris, hilare cheerful18a comparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatum I acquire, get18a immineo, imminēre, imminui + dat I hang over, threaten18a cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum I compel18a praecido, praecidere, praecidi, praecisum I cut off18a corripio, corripere, corripui, correptum I seize, steal18a praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectum I put X (acc) in command of Y (dat)18a praesum, praeesse, praefui + dat I am in command of18a copiae, copiarum, f. pl. forces18a inimicus, inimici, m. enemy18a legatus, legati, m. deputy, officer, envoy18a nuntius, nuntii, m. messenger, message18a bona, bonorum, n. pl. goods18a ferrum, ferri, n. iron; sword18a foedus, foederis, n. treaty18a dux, ductis, c. leader18a denique lastly, finally18a interea meanwhile18a atque/ac and18b coniungo, coniungere, coniunxi, coniunctum I join18b expello, expellere, expuli, expulsum I drive out18b opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum I oppress18b annus, anni, m. year18b exemplum, exempli, n. example18b officium, officii, n. duty18b caedes, caedis, f. slaughter, murder18c commoveo, commovere, commovi, commotum I move deeply18c obeo, obire, obii (obivi), obitum I go to meet18c patria, patriae, f. fatherland (i.e. country where you are

born)18c adversus, adversa, adversum contrary, opposed18c penitus deeply19a despicio, despicere, despexi, despectum I look down on19a prospicio, prospicere, prospexi, prospectum I look out at19a occido, occidere, occidi, occasum I fall; die; I set (of the sun)19a desino, desinere, desii, desitum I cease19a scio, scire, scivi, scitum I know19a causa, causae, f. cause, reason

19a oraculum, oraculi, n. oracle19a vestis, vestis, f. dress, clothes19a pastor, pastoris, m shepherd19a viator, viatoris, m.19a sacerdos, sacerdotis, m. priest19a viator, viatoris, m. traveller19a latus, lateris, n side19a lumen, luminis, n. light19a dexter, dextra, dextrum right19a a dextrā on the right19a sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left19a a sinistrā on the left 19a nonnulli, nonnullae, nonnulla some19a paulisper for a little (time)19a procul at a distance, far off19a pro +abl in front of, on behalf of19b adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum I help19b dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatum I doubt, hesitate19b cursus, cursus, m. course19b certus, certa, certum certain; resolved20 conor, conari, -, conatus sum I try20 moror, morari, -, moratus sum I delay20 videor, vidēri, -, visus sum I seem20 ingredior, ingredi, -, ingressus sum I go into20 loquor, loqui, -, locutus sum I speak, say20 morior, mori, -, mortuus sum I die20 nascor, nasci, -, natus sum I am born20 patior, pati, -, passus sum I suffer20 proficiscor, proficisci, -, profectus sum I set out20 sequor, sequi, -, secutus sum I follow20 postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum I demand20 praebeo, praebēre, praebui, praebitum I offer, provide20 me praebeo I show myself20 gero, gerere, gessi, gestum I carry, carry on, wear20 me gero I behave myself20 rem gero I conduct a matter20 perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectum I carry out20 trepidus, trepida, trepidum anxious20 inutilis, inutile useless20 rursus again20 telum, teli, n. missile, javelin20 tergum, tergi, n. back20 mos, moris, m. custom21 cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum I compel21 committo, committere, commisi, commissum I entrust21 perrumpo, perrumpere, perrupi, perruptum I break through21 restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutum I restore21 pervenio, pervenire, pervēni, perventum I arrive, reach21 obviam eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum + dat I go to meet21 castra, castrorum, n. pl. camp21 scutum, scuti, n. shield21 tergum, tergi, n. back21 vallum, valli, n. rampart

21 clades, cladis, f. disaster21 vis, vis (acc. = vim, abl. = vi) f. force, violence21 cornū, cornūs, n. horn; wing of an army21 memor (memoris) (+gen.) remembering, mindful of21 immemor (immemoris) (+gen.) forgetful of21 necesse est (+inf.) it is necessary21 quam primum as soon as possible22a celo, celare, celavi, celatum I hide22a cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum I lie down22a complector, complecti, -, complexus sum I embrace22a prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum I betray22a contendo, contendere, contendi, contentum I walk, march, hasten22a desero, desere, deservi, desertum I desert, leave behind, abandon22a reprehendo, reprehendere, reprehendi, reprehensum I censure, blame22a accidit, accidere, accidī (impersonal verb, so in 3rd person) it happens22a orior, oriri, -, ortus sum I arise22a aliquem certiorem facio I make someone more certain, I inform

someone22a caput, capitis, n. head22a casus, casūs, m. mishap, misfortune22a felix, felicis lucky, happy22a noctu by night22a olim once (in the past), sometime (in the future)22a saltem at least22a num whether; surelty it can’t be that?22b intueor, intueri, -, intuitus sum I gaze at22b colo, colere, colui, cultum I worship; I till22b perdo, perdere, perdidi, perditum I lose, destroy22b adimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum I take away22b agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnotum I recognize22b civis, civis, c. citizen22b civitas, civitatis, f. citizenship, state22b senex, senis, m. old man22b alibi elsewhere23 curo, curare, curavi, curatum I care, look after23 nego, negare, negavi, negatum I deny, I say that . . .not23 scio, scire, scivi, scitum I know23 scito (imper.) Know!23 nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum I do not know23 occupo, occupare, occupavi, occupatum I seize, get23 servio, servire, servii, servitum I serve someone/something (dat.)23 suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum I undertake23 utor, uti, -, usus sum I use23 cura, curae, f. care23 negotium, negotii, n business23 somnium, somnii, n. dream23 panis, panis, m. bread23 quomodo? how?23 posthac after this, hereafter, from now on24a vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum I avoid24a cano, canere, cecini, cantum I sing24a fruor, frui, -, fructus sum I enjoy something (abl)24a queror, queri, , questus sum I complain

24a avis, avis, f. bird24a carmen, carminis, n. song24a gens, gentis, f. race, people24a laus, laudis, f. praise24a limen, liminis, n. threshold24a otium, otii, n. leisure24a ovis, ovis, f. sheep24a otiosus, otiosa, otiosum at leisure, idle24a tantus, tanta, tantum so great24a tot so many24a tam so24a tam fortis so brave24a tantopere so greatly24b totiens so often24b adeo to such an extent, so24b paulatim little by little24b modo . . .modo now . . . now24b probo, probare, probavi, probatum I approve of24b admiror, admirari, -, admiratus sum I wonder at, admire24b vita, vitae, f. life24b rus, ruris, n. the country; pl. estates25 puto, putare, putavi, putatum I think25 for, fari, fatus sum I speak25 doleo, dolēre, dolui, dolitum I feel pain, suffer25 prohibeo, prohibēre, prohibui, prohibitum I prevent25 consulo, consulere, consulvi, consultum I consult25 contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptum I despise25 diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum I love25 duco, ducere, duxi, ductum I lead; I think, consider25 neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum I neglect25 litterae, litterarum, f. pl. letters, literature25 eques, equitis, m. horseman, knight25 familiaris, familiaris, c. friend25 honor, honoris, m. honor, political office25 pectus, pectoris, n. breast, heart25 pudor, pudoris, m. shame, modesty25 dignus, digna, dignum + abl worthy (of)25 indignus, indigna, indignum25 dives, divitis rich25 aliquando sometimes25 quamquam although25 quia because26 canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum I sing (of)26 comitor, comitari, -, comitatus sum I accompany26 vereor, verēri, -, veritus sum I fear26 arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum I summon26 diffundo, diffundere, diffudi, diffusum I scatter26 sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum I feel, realize26 umbra, umbrae, f. shadow26 imber, imbris, m. rain26 auctoritas, auctoritatis, f. influence, authority26 ars, artis, f. art, skill26 nil = nihil nothing

26 inde thence, from there26 sero late, too late26 tum demum then at last26 quidem indeed26 contra + acc against27 consolor, consolari, -, consolatus sum I comfort27 incito, incitare, incitavi, inctitatum I urge on, incite27 memoro, memorare, memoravi, memoratum I remind of, mention27 careo, carēre, carui + abl I lack something 27 foveo, fovere, fovi, fotum I support, assist27 recedo, recedere, recessi, recessum I go back, retire27 doctrina, doctrinae, f. teaching, doctrine27 praeceptum, praecepti, n. advice, precept27 siccum, sicci, n. dry land27 timor, timoris, m. fear27 voluptas, voluptatis, f. pleasure27 aureus, aurea, aureum golden27 hodiernus, hodierna, hodiernum today’s27 siccus, sicca, siccum dry27 supremus, suprema, supremum last, highest27 tutus, tuta, tutum safe27 mollis, molle soft27 quasi as if27 nonnumquam sometimes27 semel, bis, ter once, twice, three times27 quisquis, quidquid whoever, whatever28a me iuvat, iuvare, iuvit + inf it delights me = I like to28a mihi licet, licēre, licuit + inf it is allowed to me = I may)28a me oportet, oportēre, oportuit + inf it behoves me = I ought to28a me paenitet, paenitere, paenituit + gen it is regreting to me = I regret, repent28a mihi placet, placēre, placuit + inf it is pleasing to me = I decide to28a me taedet, taedēre, taeduit + gen it wearies me = I am tired of28a dono, donare, donavi, donatum I give28a opto, optare, optavi, optatum I wish for, pray28a refero, referre, retuli, relatum I carry back; report28a me refero I go back28a gelidus, gelida, gelidum cold28a vicinus, vicina, vicinum near, neighboring28a quocumque (to) wherever28a utinam if only…, would that…28a fumus, funi, m. smoke28a fundus, fundi, m. farm28a lectus, lecti, m. bed28a donum, doni, n. gift28a votum, voti, n. vow, prayer28a aestas, aestatis, f. summer28a calor, caloris, m. heat28a opes, opum, f. pl. wealth28a opus, operis, n. work, military work, fortification28a opus est there is need to someone (dat.) of

something (abl.) 28a rus, ruris, n. the country; pl. estates28a ruri in the country

28a sors, sortis, f. lot, fate28b rivus, rivi, m. stream28b taurus, tauri, m. bull28b sanguis, sanguinis, m. blood28b dono, donare, donavi, donatum I give29a administro, administrare, administravi, administratum I manage, administer29a aestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatum I value29a iuro, iurare, iuravi, iuratum I swear29a tracto, tractare, tractavi, tractatum I handle, treat29a obsideo, obsidēre, obsedi, obsessum I besiege29a dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum I give up, surrender29a posco, poscere, poposci I demand29a concipio, concipere, concepi, conceptum I take hold of, conceive29a odi, odisse I hate29a odium, odii, n. hatred29a causa, causae, f. cause, reason29a causa + gen for the sake of29a clementia, clementiae, f. mercy, clemency29a scelus, sceleris, n. crime29a classis, classis, f. fleet29a aequus, aequa, aequum equal, fair29a haud not29a iterum again29a uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two)29b suspicor, suspicari, -, suspicatus sum I suspect29b lateo, latēre, latui I lie hidden29b includo, includere, inclusi, inclusum I shut in29b stringo, stringere, strinxi, strinctum I draw (a sword)29b forma, formae, f. shape, beauty29b dolus, doli, m. trick29b gremium, gremii, n. lap29b venenum, veneni, n. poison29b dedecus, dedecoris, n. disgrace29b carcer, carceris, m. prison29b turris, turris, f. tower29b ignavus, ignava, ignavum cowardly, lazy29b fidelis, fidele faithful, loyal29c censeo, censere, censui I vote, decree29c deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum I destroy29c labor, labi, -, lapsus sum I slip, fall29c parco, parcere, peperci, parsum I spare someone/something (dat)29c potior, potiri, potitus sum + gen I obtain, possess29c insidiae, insidiarum, f. pl. ambush29c praesidium, praesidii, n. garrison29c saeculum, saeculi, n. generation, age29c testamentum, testamenti, n. will29c aetas, aetatis, f. (old) age29c finis, finis, m. end, finish29c fines, finium, m. pl. boundaries, territory29c aureus, aurea, aureum golden29c externus, externa, externum external, foreign30a muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum I change30a duco, ducere, duxi, ductum I lead; I think, consider

30a epistola, epistolae, f. letter30a risus, risus, m. laughter30a idoneus, idonea, idoneum suitable30a praesens, praesentis present30a prudens, prudentis prudent, sensible, wise30b aegroto, aegrotare, aegrotavi, aegrotatum I am ill30b maereo, maerere, maervi I grieve for30b sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum I bury30b anima, animae, f. soul30b dimidium, dimidii, n. half30b morbus, morbi, m. disease, sickness30b senior, senioris older30b ut + indicative as, when30c invideo, invidēre, invidi, invisum (+dat.) I envy30c carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum I pluck, I pick30c condo, condere, condidi, conditum I store away, I found30c letum, leti, n. death30c oblivium, oblivii, n. forgetfulness30c moenia, moenium, n. pl. walls30c cors, cordis, n. heart30c hospes, hospitis, m./f. host, guest30c seges, segetis, f. corn crop30c levis, leve light30c nimium too much31 desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum I miss, long for31 insto, instare, institi I stand on, press on, threaten31 intereo, interire, interii, interitum I perish31 obliviscor, oblivisci, -, oblitus sum + gen I forget31 coepi, coepisse I began31 memini, meminisse I remember31 odi, odisse I hate31 senecta, senectae, f. old age31 tenebrae, tenebrarum, f. pl. darkness31 pietas, pietatis. f. piety31 super + acc above, over31 cunctus, cuncta, cunctum all31 praeteritus, praeterita, praeteritum past31 vivus, viva, vivum alive, living31 universi, universae, universa all31 liberalis, liberale generous, liberal31 nondum not yet