PPR.201: History of Philosophy (Michaelmas Term 2013)
PPR. 201HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
COURSE HANDBOOKMICHAELMAS TERM2013-14
Daniel R. DeNicola
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY(ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN)
Classical (Ancient Greek & Roman) Philosophy
General Information
Lectures:Thursdays, 16:00-17:30-- Faraday SR3Seminars: Fridays,
9:00 (Faraday SR4), or 15:00 (County Main SR5)
Course Tutors: Daniel DeNicola, Thomas Wolstenholme
Course Overview:
This section of the History of Philosophy module addresses,
broadly, the development of philosophical thought in the classical
cultures of ancient Greece and Rome, its influence and contemporary
relevance. The lectures will draw selectively upon material from
the Presocratic philosophers, Socrates and Plato, Aristotle, and
Hellenistic schools (the Cynics, Skeptics, Epicureans, Stoics and
Neo-Platonists), exemplifying the many literary forms in which
early philosophy is undertaken. There is, however, a primary focal
topic or theme: descriptive and normative conceptions of the soul
(psych); a secondary them is the splendid diversity of modes of
philosophizing found in the Classical worldconversations,
dialogues, treatises, poems, lectures, epigrams, letters,
meditations, handbooks, etc.
Course Components and Assessment:
The schedule includes one lecture (1.5 hours) and one discussion
seminar (1 hour) each week. Each lecture will typically be given in
two parts with a break between.
Required readings, usually drawn from primary sources
(translations of ancient texts), are listed in the conspectus
below, and should be studied prior to the seminar for which they
are listed. In addition, a short list of supplementary reading is
provided (usually drawn from recent scholarly works). You would
find them helpful in development your understanding of the primary
sources, and you should draw on them when preparing your
assignments.
The section of the course requires an essay to be submitted near
the end of term (see below) and completion of a three-hour June
examination, which will also be on the material to be covered in
the Lent term section. Contact Information:Prof. DeNicolas Office:
B-80, County South Office Hour: Thursday: 2:30 3:30 PM
The Essay
Specifications:
The essays are intended to assess your ability to synthesize a
philosophically and historically sound interpretation of course
material. They should display knowledge of primary sources and at
least some relevant secondary literature. (Essays must cite
translations of relevant ancient texts as well as secondary
sources, using standard citation methods.) They should engage in
philosophical critique, not simply offer a rehearsal of the ideas
of the text. They are to be written to one of the topics listed
below and must include a bibliography.
For advice on writing essays and details of departmental rules
concerning the late submission of coursework see the Department's
Undergraduate Handbook. (See also p. 13 below.) You may also
consult with your tutor or seminar leader. The essay should be
between 2500-3000 words, not including the bibliography. It should
be submitted in a standard 12-point font. Any standard style sheet
may be used, but all sources must be properly cited. Plagiarism is
an unforgiveable violation of academic integrity and will not be
tolerated.
You must submit two copies of your essay. One should be printed
and posted in the essay submission box in the Department. The other
should be submitted electronically via Moodle. Instructions for
electronic submission can be found in the Undergraduate Handbook.
Be aware that your essay will be considered late if you do not
submit both paper and electronic copy by the deadline. By recent
action of the University Senate, there is no grace period for late
submissions. The deadline is 12:00 PM (noon) on Wednesday, December
11, 2013.
Essay Topics:
You may choose any one of the topics below:1. Did Plato
successfully resolve the dilemma of Change vs. the Changeless
framed by Heraclitus and Parmenides?2. What is at stake in the
conflict between Socrates and the Sophists and does it have
contemporary relevance? 3. Plato famously asserts a dualism of
appearance and reality, yet he divides the soul (psych) into three
parts. What is the significance of the middle, spirited, part of
the soul in Platos thought?4. Evaluate Aristotles claims on the
relationship between the life of practical wisdom (phronesis) and
the life of theoretical wisdom (Sophia). 5. Evaluate this claim:
Although Aristotle speaks of three types or levels of soul (psych),
in the end, he offers a conception of the soul that is both unified
as a single, coherent entity, and also integrated with the body.6.
Evaluate the claim by Gilbert Murray that Hellenistic philosophy
represents a failure of nerve. 7. Compare, contrast, and evaluate
the proposals of any two schools of Hellenistic philosophy
regarding what should be done regarding human desire(s).
8. Develop a thesis regarding one of the following (based on a
your own selection of relevant Classical philosophers):a. The task
of philosophywhat philosophy offers usb. The relation of myth and
philosophyc. The role of the philosopher in relation to the worldd.
The modes or genres of philosophizing (poetry, letters, myths,
tracts, lectures, conversations, dialogues, meditations, etc.)9.
Develop a thesis regarding one of the following aspects of the soul
(psych) in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy (based on a your own
selection of relevant philosophers):a. Animationb. Awareness
(Sensation, Perception, Consciousness)c. Desired. Memorye. Reasonf.
Virtueg. Salvationh. Speech10. Develop a thesis regarding one of
the following themes in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy (based
on a your own selection of relevant philosophers):a. The One and
the Manyb. Logos c. Mechanism vs. teleologyd. Divided vs.
integrated selfe. The status of the bodyf. Moderation (sophrosyne)
vs. ecstasy (enthuousiasmos)g. Eudaimonia vs. ataraxia
A successful essay will argue for a philosophical thesis, based
on an interpretation of relevant Classical texts, documented with
citations of both primary and secondary sources. It will display
qualities valued in philosophical writing: clarity, concision, a
sense of relevance, depth, and precision, soundness of explication,
and incisiveness of argument. Given the brevity of the essay, you
should not waste space with tangential matters. Write for an
implied reader who is intelligent but unfamiliar with the lectures
and readings. Be sure to announce your topic clearly.The last three
clusters of topics listed above not only require you to select one
of the alternative topics given, but also to select relevant
classical philosophers to consider, and to define your thesis about
the topic. As an example: someone who chooses the status of the
body as a theme, might decide to compare and contrast Plato and the
Cynics on this issue, arguing that the Cynics provide an important
corrective to Plato, especially in regard to the politics of the
body. There is no prescribed number of philosophers to consider:
even just one is possible if the treatment is sufficiently rich,
and the desire for depth suggests that there is a practical limit
with three or four.You are encouraged to discuss the essay and your
choice of topics with the lecturer if you have any questions or
concerns. (See also the section on Reading Week below.)
Selected Bibliography
Works on Ancient Greek & Roman Philosophy:
Frederick Copleston, A History of Western Philosophy, Vol. I:
Greece and Rome from the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus (1962; New York:
Doubleday, reprint ed., 1993). W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek
Philosophy, 6 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962).
A. P. D. Mourelatos, ed., The Pre-Socratics: A Collection of
Critical Essays (New York: Doubleday, 1974). David Sedley, ed., The
Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Philosophy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2013). B. Snell, The Discovery of Mind
in Greek Philosophy and Literature (1953; New York: Dover, 1982).
C. C. W. Taylor (ed., vol. I) and David Furley (ed. vol. II),
Routledge History of Philosophy, 10 vols. (London: Routledge,
1997), esp. vols. I and II.
Works on the Soul (Psych):
Jan Bremmer, The Early Greek Concept of the Soul, (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987). Michael Davis, The Soul of
the Greeks: An Inquiry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2011). Oliver Letwin, Ethics, Emotion and the Unity of the Self
(London: Routledge, 1987). R. S. Peters, ed., Bretts History of
Psychology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965).
Web Resources:
Virtually all ancient philosophical fragments and texts written
in Greek or Latin are available in English translations on-line and
without cost. Three standard collections are: MITs Internet
Classics Archive: http://classics.mit.edu/ Project Gutenberg:
http://www.gutenberg.org/ Perseus Digital Library:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ These digitized versions (and
others) have the great advantages of being searchable and free;
however, they are usually older translations that are in the public
domain, and they usually lack pagination and other standard
reference markers (such as Stephanus numbers for Plato, Bekker
numbers for Aristotle, etc.). [N.B.: Your essays must include
appropriate standard citations for the texts you reference.]
A wide selection of recent scholarly articles on ancient
philosophy may be found at PhilPapers: http://philpapers.org/. A
general list of Web resources for philosophy (good, though not kept
current) is EpistemeLinks: http://epistemelinks.com/ .
In addition, please review the Web resources for philosophy
recommended in the Departments Handbook.
Week 1
The Origins of Philosophy and the Philosophy of Origins
Content:Overviewthemes: the concept of psyche and the forms of
philosophizingcraft vs. ritualmythopoeic vs. philosophical
explanationstwo traditions: the Ionian and the Western
Mediterranean (Greco-Italian)the soul as a philosophical
problemspeculation and the role of the philosopher.
Required Reading:
Robin Waterfield, The First Philosophers: The Presocratics and
the Sophists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), Introduction,
pp. xi-xxxiii.
Supplementary Reading:
John Dewey, The Quest for Certainty, Vol. 4 of John Dewey: The
Later Works 1925-1953, Jo Ann Boydston, ed. (1929; Carbondale, IL:
Southern Illinois University Press, 1984), Chapter 1, Escape from
Peril, pp. 3-20. G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven, and R. M. Schofield, The
Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of
Texts, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Richard D. McKirahan , Philosophy Before Socrates: An Introduction
with Texts and Commentary (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing,
1994). Catherine Osborne, Presocratic Philosophy: A Very Short
Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). James Warren,
Presocratics: Natural Philosophers Before Socrates (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press, 2007). Robin Waterfield, The First
Philosophers: The Presocratics and the Sophists (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2009).
Standard Reference: Kathleen Freeman, ed., Ancilla to
Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments
in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1983).
Week 2
Two Problems: The One and the Many, Change and the
Changeless
Content:The search for the ultimate stuff of the world: physis
and archfrom monism to pluralismreductionism vs. holismHeraclitus
Becoming vs. Parmenides Beingthe Logos: dynamism and orderthe
strangeness of living things atomismthe ontology of the
souldescriptive vs. normative conceptions.
Required Reading:
Selected fragments of Heraclitus of Ephesus and Parmenides of
Elea, from P. Wheelwright, The Presocratics (New York: Odyssey
Press, 1966) pp. 64-79 and 90-100. Silvia Berryman, Democritus,
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democritus/.
Supplementary Reading:
Jonathan Barnes, The Presocratic Philosophers, rev. ed. (London
and New York: Routledge, 1982). Patricia Curd and Daniel W. Graham,
eds., The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2011). David Furley, The Greek Cosmologists:
Volume 1, The Formation of the Atomic Theory and its Earliest
Critics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). W. K. C.
Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. II: The Presocratic
Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1962). John Peterman, On Ancient Philosophy
(Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2008), Chapter 2, pp. 20-76.
Standard Reference: Kathleen Freeman, ed., Ancilla to
Pre-Socratic Philosophers: A Complete Translation of the Fragments
in Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1983).
Week 3
The Sophists and Socrates
Content:Humanity as the focus of philosophythe diverse projects
of the Sophistseducating the virtuous soul--the Socratic problemthe
soul as moral and intellectual centreSocrates objections to the
Sophists: the conflict of rhetoric vs. dialectic; tuition vs. the
value of truthSocrates as the iconic philosopherphilosophy on
trial.
Required Reading:
Plato, Apology.
Supplementary Reading:
W. K. C. Guthrie, The Sophists (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1977). Marcel Hnaff , The Price of Truth: Gift, Money, and
Philosophy, Jean-Louis Mehange, transl. (Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 2010), Overtures and Chapter 1, pp. 1-58. W. K.
C. Guthrie, Socrates (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).
I. F. Stone, The Trial of Socrates (New York: Anchor Press, 1989).
C. C. W. Taylor, Socrates: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2001). Gregory Vlastos, Socrates: Ironist
and Moral Philosopher (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1991).
Standard References:
Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, eds.,The Trial and
Execution of Socrates: Sources and Controversies (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2001). John M. Cooper and D. S. Hutchinson, eds.,
Plato: Complete Works (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1997).
[Especially relevant to this lecture are Platos Meno, Crito, and
Phaedo.] Debra Nails, The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato
and Other Socratics (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing,
2002)
Week 4
Platos Dualities and Trinities
Content:The dialogue as a philosophical genre and Platos
projectsappearance vs. reality: the Divided Line and the Theory of
Formsthe unity of valuethe tripartite polisthe tripartite psychthe
divided self and the harmony of the virtuessoul and the creation of
the cosmos.
Required Reading:
Plato, Republic, Bk. IV, 435c-444e and Bk. VI, 507a-511e.
Supplementary Reading:
Rachel Barney, Tad Brennan, and Charles Brittain, eds., Plato
and the Divided Self (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
G. M. A. Grube, Platos Thought, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett
Publishing, 1981), esp. Chapter IV, The Nature of the Soul. Terence
Irwin, Platos Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
Richard Kraut, ed.,The Cambridge Companion to Plato (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992). Nancy Tuana, ed., Feminist
Interpretations of Plato (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State
University Press, 1994).
Standard References: John M. Cooper and D. S. Hutchinson, eds.,
Plato: Complete Works (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1997).
[Especially relevant to the lecture are Platos Republic,
Parmenides, and Timaeus.]
Week 5
Platos Ladders
Content:Platos use of myth---the souls careernature and
nurturethe Myth of the Cavethe Myth of the CharioteerPlatos
pharmakonEros: loves plight and powerbody and soulgender and the
soulanamnesisthe Myth of Er.
Required Reading:
Plato, Republic, Bk. VII, 514a-518d and Bk. X, 614b-621c. Plato,
Phaedrus, 245c-250c and 274c-276b. Plato, Symposium, 201d-212c.
Supplementary Reading:
Jacques Derrida, Platos Pharmacy, in Dissemination, Barbara
Johnson, transl. (London: The Athlone Press, 1981), pp. 61-172.
Jill Gordon, Plato's Erotic World: From Cosmic Origins to Human
Death (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Eric A.
Havelock, Preface to Plato (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1982), Chapter XI, Psyche or the Separation of
the Knower from the Known, pp. 197-214. Kathryn A. Morgan, Myth and
Philosophy from the Presocratics to Plato (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2007). Martha C. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought:
The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2001), Part III, Chapters 9 and 10, pp. 457-499.
Standard References: John M. Cooper and D. S. Hutchinson, eds.,
Plato: Complete Works (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1997).
[Especially relevant to the lecture are Platos Republic, Phaedrus,
and Symposium.]
Week 6
Aristotle: Teleology and the Soul
Content:The differing perspectives of Plato and Aristotlethe
genre of Aristotelian analysisthe doctrine of genus-differentia
definitionsthe doctrine of the Four Causessubstances and
actualizationprivationthe nested cosmos and the Unmoved Moverliving
things and the three forms of soul.
Required Reading:
Aristotle, Physics, Bk. II, 1-3. Aristotle, De Anima, Bk. II,
1-5, and Bk. III, 4.
Supplementary Reading:
Thomas Kjeller Johansen, The Powers of Aristotles Soul (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2012). Mariska Leunissen, Explanation and
Teleology in Aristotle's Science of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2010). G. E. R. Lloyd, Aristotle: The Growth and
Structure of His Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1968), especially Chapter 9, Psychology, pp. 181-201. Martha C.
Nussbaum and Amlie Oksenberg Rorty, eds., Essays on Aristotles De
Anima (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, 1999). David Ross,
Aristotle, 6th ed. (London: Routledge, 2004).
Standard References: Jonathan Barnes, ed., Complete Works of
Aristotle (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
[Especially relevant to the lecture are Aristotles Physics,
Metaphysics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Parva Naturalia (a
collection of seven Short Treatises on Nature).]
Week 7
Aristotle on Human Flourishing
Content:The human soulthe Aristotelian conception of virtues and
the normative souleudaimonia: happiness as self-actualizationthe
achievement of virtuemoral vs. intellectual virtuespractical
reasoning and its wisdomtheoretical reasoning and its wisdomthe
criteria for a flourishing life.
Required Reading:
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Bk. X, 6-8.
Supplementary Reading:
William W. Fortenbaugh, Aristotle on Emotion, 2nd ed. (1975;
London: Bristol Classical Press, 2002). Gabriel Richardson Lear,
Happy Lives and the Highest Good: An Essay on Aristotle's
Nicomachean Ethics. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2005). Martha C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and
Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, 2nd ed. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2001). A. W. Price, Virtue and Reason
in Plato and Aristotle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
Stephen G. Salkever, Finding the Mean: Theory and Practice in
Aristotelian Political Philosophy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1994). Nancy Sherman, The Fabric of Character:
Aristotle's Theory of Virtue (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1991).
Supplementary Reading:
Jonathan Barnes, ed., Complete Works of Aristotle (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984). [Especially relevant to the
lecture are Aristotles Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics.]
Week 8
READING WEEK
There are no lectures and seminars this week. Instead, students
are encouraged to work on the course-work assignment, which is an
essay of 2,500-3,000 words. The submission deadline is 12.00pm,
Wednesday the 11th of December. All information regarding course
work submission can be found on the undergraduate resources page
at: http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ppr/current/undergrad.htm .
Advice for researching and writing your essay:
Review the discussion of the essay assignment in the
Undergraduate Handbook, sections 6 and 10:
(http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ppr/docs/Handbooks/PPR%20UG%20Handbook%202012-2013.pdf
Review the full list of essay topics on pp. 3-4. Consider each one;
dont select too quickly. The list offers a wide range of
possibilities. Review the discussion of what constitutes a
successful essay on p. 4. While there are definite criteria of
evaluation, they permit varying structures and diverse styles.
There is no formula or template. The assignment, however, is an
essay. Though we will encounter other genres (poetry, dialogues,
letters, etc.), they are not appropriate formats for your course
work. Determine which philosophers and which texts are relevant to
your topic. Be sure you know the standard method of citation for
your ancient texts. As you read and study, determine your thesis.
Articulating and arguing for your thesis requires you to become a
philosopher. Writing about Socrates or Aristotle, explaining their
beliefs, discussing what others have thought about themall that is
relevant explication. By itself, however, it offers no thesis. You
have a thesis when you can complete this sentence: In this essay, I
argue that A thesis is a first-person affirmation of a supported
claim. Your thesis need not be original, but it must be yours: you
must own it, offering your own arguments and interpretations in
support of it. The thesis may be stated outright at the beginning,
or it may be built gradually and fully developed only in the
conclusion. Or, it may be arrived at through a critical examination
of alternative theses. However it is stated, it should be quite
explicit and lucid. Develop your arguments as incisively as you
can, grounding them in citations of relevant ancient texts and
secondary sources of high scholarly quality. Read what youve
written! Edit what youve written! Philosophical writing is
rethought, rewritten, and often rewritten again. You may discuss
the ideas of your essay with others; you may study with others; you
may draw upon any sound source. But all sources must be credited.
Your work should meet University standards of academic integrity.
Be sure your essay is in good form and of appropriate length when
submitted.
Week 9
Epicureans and Stoics
Content:Philosophy as a way of lifethe Epicurean letters and
Lucretius poemEpicurus and the priority of happiness (pleasure)the
avoidance of pain: fear of the gods, fear of death, desireatomistic
materialism and the swervethe good life as dwelling in a gardenthe
Stoic view of the cosmosthe nature and functions of the
soulpassions and the horizon of the willthe human task.
Required Reading:
Epicurus, Letter to Manoeceus (Diogenes Laertius 10.125-35).
Epictetus, Enchiridion (The Handbook).
Supplementary Reading:
Stephen Greenblatt, The Swerve: How the World Became Modern (New
York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2011), esp. Chapter 2, In Search of
Lucretius, pp. 51-80. Brad Inwood, ed., The Cambridge Companion to
the Stoics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Martha C.
Nussbaum, The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic
Ethics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994). Tim
OKeefe, Epicureanism (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,
2009). Jason L. Saunders, ed., Greek and Roman Philosophy After
Aristotle (New York: The Free Press, 1997.) Catherine Wilson,
Epicureanism at the Origins of Modernity (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2010).
Standard References:
Lucretius, (De Rerum Natura) On the Nature of the Universe,
Ronald Melville, transl. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
Brad Inwood and Lloyd P. Gerson, eds., The Stoics Reader: Selected
Writings and Testimonia (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing,
2008).
Week 10
The Withdrawn Soul
The Legacy of Ancient Greek & Roman Philosophy
Content:The Cynics and nature (physis) vs. culture (nomos)the
primacy of the bodySkepticism and the limits of human knowledgethe
suspension of judgmentdoubting soulPlotinus and Neo-Platonismthe
three Hypostasesthe flight of the alone to the alone.
Key ideas and questions of classical philosophyphilosophical
genresthe legacy of conceptions of the soulwhat philosophy
offersthe task of the philosopher.
Required Reading:
William Desmond, Cynics, Chapter 4, Chance, Fate, Fortune and
the Self, pp. 162-183. Excerpts from Plotinus, Enneads; Stephen
MacKenna, transl.; John Dillon, ed. (1917-30; London: Penguin
Books, 1991) IV.viii.1-8 and VI.ix.8-10, pp. 334-34 and
544-549.
Supplementary Reading:
William Desmond, Cynics (Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press, 2008). R. Bracht Branham and Marie-Odile Goulet-Caz, eds.,
The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000). Harald
Thorsrud, Ancient Scepticism (Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 2009). Paulina Remes, Neoplatonism (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press, 2008).
Standard References:
A. A. Long and D. N. Sedley, eds., The Hellenistic Philosophers,
Vol. I: Translations of the Principal Sources, with Philosophical
Commentary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). A. A.
Long and D. N. Sedley, eds., The Hellenistic Philosophers: Volume
2, Greek and Latin Texts with Notes and Bibliography (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1989). Plotinus, Enneads, Stephen
MacKenna; transl. John Dillon, ed. (1917-30; London: Penguin Books,
1991).5
