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COURSE HAND-OUT
B.TECH. - SEMESTER IV
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 2
RAJAGIRI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (RSET)
VISION
TO EVOLVE INTO A PREMIER TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTION,
MOULDING EMINENT PROFESSIONALS WITH CREATIVE MINDS, INNOVATIVE
IDEAS AND SOUND PRACTICAL SKILL, AND TO SHAPE A FUTURE WHERE
TECHNOLOGY WORKS FOR THE ENRICHMENT OF MANKIND
MISSION
TO IMPART STATE-OF-THE-ART KNOWLEDGE TO INDIVIDUALS IN VARIOUS
TECHNOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES AND TO INCULCATE IN THEM A HIGH DEGREE
OF SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND HUMAN VALUES, THEREBY ENABLING
THEM TO FACE THE CHALLENGES OF LIFE WITH COURAGE AND CONVICTION
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 3
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(EC), RSET
VISION
TO EVOLVE INTO A CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, MOULDING PROFESSIONALS HAVING
INQUISITIVE, INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE MINDS WITH SOUND PRACTICAL
SKILLS WHO CAN STRIVE FOR THE BETTERMENT OF MANKIND
MISSION
TO IMPART STATE-OF-THE-ART KNOWLEDGE TO STUDENTS IN ELECTRONICS
AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING AND TO INCULCATE IN THEM A HIGH
DEGREE OF SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND A SENSE OF HUMAN VALUES,
THEREBY ENABLING THEM TO FACE CHALLENGES WITH COURAGE AND
CONVICTION
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 4
B.TECH PROGRAMME
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. Graduates shall have sound knowledge of the fundamental and advanced concepts of
electronics and communication engineering to analyze, design, develop and
implement electronic systems or equipment.
2. Graduates shall apply their knowledge and skills in industrial, academic or research
career with creativity, commitment and social consciousness.
3. Graduates shall work in a team as a member or leader and adapt to the changes taking
place in their field through sustained learning.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
Graduates will be able to
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, Engineering
fundamentals, and Electronics and Communication Engineering to the solution of
complex Engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex Engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and Engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex Engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
Engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional Engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
Engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and the need for sustainable developments.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the Engineering practice.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 5
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual,and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Engineering activities with
the Engineering Community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
Engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi disciplinary
environments.
12. Life -long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life- long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
Programme-Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
Engineering graduates will be able to:
1. demonstrate their skills in designing, implementing and testing analogue and digital
electronic circuits, including microprocessor systems, for signal processing,
communication, networking, VLSI and embedded systems applications;
2. apply their knowledge and skills to conduct experiments and develop applications
using electronic design automation (EDA)tools;
3. demonstrate a sense of professional ethics, recognize the importance of continued
learning, and be able to carry out their professional and entrepreneurial
responsibilities in electronics engineering field giving due consideration to
environment protection and sustainability.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 6
INDEX
1. Semester Plan 7
2. Scheme 8
3. Probability Random Process & Numerical Methods 9
3.1 Course Information Sheet 10
3.2 Sample Question 15
4. Signals & System 24
4.1. Course Information Sheet 25
4.2. Course Plan 31
4.3. Sample Questions 34
5. Analog Integrated Circuits 40
5.1. Course Information Sheet 41
5.2. Course Plan 45
6. Computer Organization 47
6.1. Course Information Sheet 48
6.2. Course Plan 55
6.3. Sample Questions 57
7. Analog Communication Engineering 62
7.1. Course Information Sheet 67
7.2. Course Plan 68
7.3. Sample Questions 69
8. Analog Integrated Circuits Lab 73
8.1. Course Information Sheet 74
8.2. Course Plan 77
8.3. Sample Questions 78
9. Logic Circuit Design Lab 92
9.1. Course Information Sheet 93
9.2. Course Plan 96
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 7
1.SEMESTER PLAN
2017 S4SemesterPlan 2017 KTU
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 8
3. SCHEME: B.TECH 3 RD
SEMESTER
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
Course
Code
Course Name L-T-P Credits Exam
Slot
MA 204 Probability Random Process &
Numerical Methods
3-1-0 4 A
EC202 Signals & System 3-1-0 4 B
EC204 AnalogIntegreted Circuits 4-0-0 4 C
EC206 Computer Organization 3-1-0 3 D
EC208 Analog Communication Engineering 3-0-0 3 E
HS210 Life Skills 2-0-2 3 F
EC232 AnalogIntegretedCircuits Lab 0-0-3 1 S
EC230 Logic Circuits Design Lab 0-0-3 1 T
Total Credits = 24 Hours: 28/29
Cumulative Credits= 71
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 9
3
MA 204
PROBABILITY RANDOM PROCESS & NUMERICAL METHODS
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 10
3.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: ECE DEGREE: BTECH
COURSE: PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS, RANDOM
PROCESSES AND NUMERICAL
METHODS
SEMESTER: 4 CREDITS:4
COURSE CODE: MA204
REGULATION:
COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSEAREA/DOMAIN: CONTACT HOURS: 4 hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE
CODE :
LAB COURSE NAME:
Course No. Course Name L-T-P-
Credits
Year of Introduction
MA204 PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS, RANDOM
PROCESSES AND
NUMERICAL METHODS
3-1-0-4 2016
Course Objectives
To introduces the modern theory of probability and its applications to modelling and
analysis and processing of random processes and signals. To learn most of the important
models of discrete and continuous probability distributions
and widely used models of random processes such as Poisson processes and Markov chains.
To understand some basic numerical methods for interpolation and integration and also for
finding roots of equations and solutions of ODEs.
Syllabus
Discrete random variables- Continuous Random variables-Multiple Random variables. Random
Processes- Autocorrelation, Power spectrum-Special Random Processes. Numerical Methods.
Expected outcome .
At the end of the course students would have become familiar with quantifying and analysing
random phenomena using various models of probability distributions and random processes.
They would also have learned the concepts of autocorrelation and power spectral density which
are useful in the analysis of random signals. Some of the fundamental numerical methods
learned in the course would help them to solve a variety of mathematical problems by the use of
computers when analytical methods fail or are difficult.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 11
Text Book:
1. T Veerarajan , Probability Statistics and Random Process, Fourth Edition-M c Graw Hill
2. V Sundarapandian , Probability, Statistics and Queuing theory, Third Edition, PHI
Learning
References:
Athanasios Papoulis,S UnnikrishnaPillai , Probability Random process and stochastic
Process, Fourth edition, M c Graw Hill, 2002
COURSE PLAN
COURSE NO: MA204 L-T-P:3-1-0
COURSE NAME: RANDOM PROCESSES
AND QUEUING THEORY
CREDITS:4
MODULE CONTENT HRS END SEM.
EXAM MARKS
(OUT OF 100)
I
Discrete random variables [Text 1: Relevant
portions of sections 2.1, 2.2,2.3, 2.5, 3.3 and
3.4] Discrete random variables, probability
mass function, cumulative distribution
function, expected value, mean and variance.
Binomial random variable-, mean, variance
Poisson random variable, mean, variance,
approximation of binomial by Poisson.
Distribution fitting-binomial and Poisson
7 15
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 12
II
Continuous random variables [Text 1:
Relevant portions of sections 2.4, 2.5, 3.7, 3.8
and 3.11] Continuous random variables,
Probability density function, expected value,
mean and variance. Uniform random variable-,
mean, variance. Exponential random variable-
mean, variance, memoryless property. Normal
random variable-Properties of Normal curve
mean, variance (without proof), Use of Normal
tables 7
15
FIRST INTERNAL EXAM
III
Joint distributions [Text 1: Relevant portions
of sections 4.1, 4.2, 4.4 4.7and 4.10] Joint
probability distributions- discrete and
continuous, marginal distributions,
independent random variables. Expectation
involving two or more random variables,
covariance of pairs of random variables.
Central limit theorem (without proof). 7
15
IV
Random processes [Text 1: Relevant portions
of sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 6.2] Random
processes, types of random processes, Mean,
correlation and covariance functions of
random processes, Wide Sense Stationary
(WSS) process, Properties of
autocorrelationand auto covariance functions
of WSS processes. Power spectral density and
its properties 7
15
SECOND INTERNAL EXAM
V
Special random processes [Text 1: Relevant
portions of sections 5.5, 5.5.1, 5.5.2,
5.5.3,5.5.4) and 5.6] Poisson process-
properties, probability distribution of inter
arrival times. Discrete time Markov chain-
Transition probability matrix, Chapman
Kolmogorov theorem (without proof),
computation of probability distribution and
higher order transition probabilities, stationary
distribution 7
15
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 13
VI
Numerical Methods [Text 2: Relevant
portions of sections 19.2, 19.3, 19.5 and 21.1]
(Derivation of formulae not required in this
module) Finding roots of equations-Newton-
Raphson method. Interpolation-Newton's
forward and backward difference formula,
Lagrange's interpolation method. Numerical
Integration-trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3rd
rule. Numerical solution of first order ODE-
Euler method, RungeKutta fourth order
(classical method). 7
15
END SEMESTER EXAM
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES: nil
GAPS / TOPICS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS TO MEET THE INDUSTRIAL
REQUIREMENT:
No gaps identified
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1 http://www.math.com/
2 https://www.math.umn.edu/~olver/pdn.html,
3 http://www.mheducation.co.in
4 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/
5 http://nptel.ac.in/
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☐ CHALK &
TALK
☐ STUD.
ASSIGNMENT
☐ WEB
RESOURCES
☐ LCD/SMART
BOARDS
☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ TESTS/MODEL
EXAMS
☐ UNIV.
EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB
PRACTICES
☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS
☐
CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON ☐ OTHERS
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 14
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)
☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
FACULTY (TWICE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS
☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved
by
MARIA SEBASTIAN
( HOD)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 15
3.2 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
TUTORIAL
1. Let X be a continuous random variable with p.d.f.
where k is a constant.
i. Determine the value of k
ii. Find p(
2. A continuous random variable X that can assume any value between x=2 and x=5 has a
density function given by
3. A radar unit is used to measure speeds of cars on a motorway. The speeds are normally
distributed with a mean of 90 km/hr and a standard deviation of 10 km/hr. What is the
probability that a car picked at random is travelling at more than 100 km/hr?
4. If X is continuous r.v with pdf
, then
find P(X >10).
5. Let X = length, in seconds of an eight week old baby‟s smile. If X is uniformly
distributed on (0, 23) [i.e. X∼U(0,23)], find the probability that the random eight week
old baby smiles more than 12 seconds knowing that the baby smiles more than 8
seconds?
UNITWISE QUESTIONBANK
6. The systolic blood pressure for a certain group of obese people has a mean of 132 mmHg
and a standard deviation of 8mmHg, find the probability that a randomly selected obese
person will have the following blood pressure. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed.
7. Let X~U(-k,k). Find the value of „k‟ such that P(X>1) = 1/3.
8. A continuous random variable X has a p.d.f. ,0 Find the mean and
variance of X.
9 . Let X equal the IQ of a randomly selected American. Assume X ~ N(100, 162). What is
the probability that a randomly selected American has an IQ below 90?
10. The number of miles that a particular car can run before its battery wears out is
exponentially distributed with an average of 10,000 miles. The owner of the car needs to
take a 5000-mile trip. What is the probability that he will be able to complete the trip
without having to replace the car battery?
11. If X is normally distributed with mean 5 and standard deviation 2, find p(X>8).
12. Buses arrive to a bus stop according to an exponential distribution with rate λ = 4
busses/hour.
a. If you arrived at 8:00 am to the bus stop, what is the expected time of the next
bus?
b. Assume you asked one of the people waiting for the bus about the arrival time of
the last bus and he told you that the last bus left at 7:40 am. What is the expected
time of the next bus?
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 16
13. The average life of a certain type of motor is 10 years, with a standard deviation of 2
years. If the manufacturer is willing to replace only 3% of the motors that fail, how long a
guarantee should he offer? Assume that the lives of the motors follow a normal distribution.
14. Consider a computer system with Poisson job-arrival stream at an average of 2 per
minute. Determine the probability that in any one-minute interval there will be (i) 0 jobs; (ii)
exactly 2 jobs; (iii) at most 3 arrivals. (iv) What is the maximum jobs that should arrive one
minute with 90 % certainty.
15. A shop sells five pieces of shirt every day, then what is the probability of selling three
shirts today?
16. The mean height of 500 students is 151 cm. and the S.D is 15 c.m. Assuming that the
heights are normally distributed, find how many students heights lie between 120 c.m and
155 c.m.
ASSIGNMENT
1. A random variable X has the density function
.
i. Find the value of the constant c.
ii. Find the probability that X2 lies between 1/3 and 1.
2. The lifetime T (years) of an electronic component is a continuous random variable with
a probability density function given by f(t)= , t ≥ 0 . Find the lifetime L which a
typical component is 60% certain to exceed.
3. The time that a skier takes on a downhill course has a normal distribution with a mean
of 12.3 minutes and standard deviation of 0.4 minutes. Then find the probability that on
a random run the skier takes between 12.1 and 12.5 minutes.
4. Check whether
is a pdf.
5. Suppose that X is a continuous random variable whose probability density function is
given by
f(x) = C (4x-2x2), 0<x<2 and f(x) = 0 ,otherwise. Then find C and P( X>1).
6. The time required to repair a machine is an exponential random variable with mean 2
hours. What is the probability that the repair time will take at least four hours given that
the repair man have been working on the machine for 3 hours?
7. A shoe manufacturer collected data regarding men shoe sizes and found that the
distribution of sizes exactly fits the normal curve. If the mean shoe size is 10 and the
standard deviation is 1.5. What percent of men have shoe size greater than
11.5?(approximately)
8. If X follows Exponential distribution with parameter k ,then find E(X2-X).
9. Suppose the p.d.f. of a continuous random variable X is defined as:Vf(x) = x + 1 for
−1 < x < 0, and f(x) = 1 – x for 0 ≤ x < 1. Find the c.d.f. F(x).
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 17
10. Let X be a continuous random variable whose probability density function is:
for an interval 0 < x < c. What is the value of the constant c that makes f(x) a valid
probability density function?
MODULE III JOINT DISTRIBUTION
TUTORIAL
1. Two random variables X and Y have the joint pdf Find correlation coefficient between X and Y.
2. A continuous r.v ( X, Y) has joint density given by f(x,y)= c ;0 < y ≤ x <1 and 0
,otherwise.
a. Find c
b. The mpdf‟s of X and Y
c. Are X and Y independent?
3. Three balls are drawn at random without replacement from a box containing 2 white , 3
red and 4 black balls. If X denote the number of white balls drawn and Y denote the
number of black balls drawn, find the jpmf of (X,Y).
4. Two fair dice are thrown. Let X denote the sum of the numbers and Y the difference of
the numbers shown. Find the joint probability distribution of X and Y.
5. 1000 rounds are fired from a gun at a target. The probability of a hit on each round is
0.7. Use CLT to determine the probability that the number of hits will be between 680
and 720
UNITWISE QUESTION BANK
6. The j.p.d.f of X and Y is
then find the
marginal density function of X.
7. A mean yield for one acre plot is 662 kilos and S.D 32 kilos. Assuming normal
distribution how many acres plots in a batch of 1000 plots would you to have yield
(i)over 700 kilos (ii) below 650 kilos.
8. The jpmf of X and Y is given by P(0,1) =1/3 , P( 1, -1) = 1/3 , and P(1,1) = 1/3. Find
mpmf‟s of X ad Y.
9. Given the Joint probability density function of X, Y f(x,y)= cxy ;0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1
a. Find c
b. Are X and Y independent ?
c. Find P( X+Y<1).
10. The jpmf of X and Y is given by
. Find mpmf‟s
of X and Y.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 18
ASSIGNMENT
11. Given the Joint probability density function of X, Y, f(x,y)= cxy ;0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1. Find c
and also find P(0<x<0.5, 0.5<y<1).
12. There are 250 dogs at a dog show who weigh an average of 12 pounds, with a standard
deviation of 8 pounds. If 4 dogs are chosen at random, what is the probability that they
have an average weight of greater than 8 pounds and less than 25 pounds? ( USE CLT)
13. Let X and Y are two random variables then j.p.d.f is
i) Find the c value
ii) Find m.p.d.f of X and Y
iii) Find correlation coefficient value?
14. If the r.v‟s X and Y has jpdf
. Then find the
correlation coefficient of X and Y.
15. The jpmf of X and Y is given by
. Find mpmf‟s of
X and Y.
16. The jpdf of (X,Y) is given by
, otherwise.
a) Find k
b) Find the mpdf‟s of X and Y
17. A fair coin is tossed three times. Let X be a random variable that takes the value 0 if the
first toss is a tail and the value 1 if the first toss is a head and Y be a random variable
that defines the total number of heads in the three tosses. Then
i. Determine the joint, marginal and conditional mass functions of X and Y .
ii. Are and independent?
18. The j.p.m.f. of is given by where k is a constant
a. Find the value of k
b. Find marginal and conditional p.m.fs.
c. Are X and Y independent?
19. The jpdf of (X,Y) is given by
otherwisw, where a, b are positive parameters and k is a constant.
a. find k
b. Find marginal and conditional p.d.f‟s.
c. Are X and Y independent?
20. The jpdf of (X,Y) is given by
.
a. Find k
b. Find the mpdf‟s of X and Y
c. Are X and Y independent?
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 19
MODULE IV RANDOM PROCESSES
TUTORIAL
1. Find the PSD function of a stationary process whose ACF is .
2. If X(t) = for all t where Y and Z are independent binary r.v‟s ,each of
which assumes the values -1 and 2 with probabilities 2/3 and 1/3 respectively , prove
that {X(t)} is a WSS process.
3. Calculate the autocorrelation function of the process X(t) = A sin ( where Y is
uniformly distributed in and A and are constants.
4. If X(t) = R sin ( whereR and Y are independent r.v‟s and Y is uniformly
distributed in , prove that R(t1, t2) = ½ E(R2) cos .
5. Let {X(t)} be a stochastic process with no periodic components and ACF is
.Then find the mean.
UNITWISE QUESTION BANK
6. If X(t) and Y(t) are jointly WSS with cross correlation function , show that
2
7. If the PSD function of a white noise process is
where is a positive real
constant, then find the ACF of the process
8. If X(t) is a WSS process with ACF the find the PSD function
9. If X(t) = A sin ( where A and are constants and is uniformly distributed in
,find the autocorrelation of {Y(t)} ,where Y(t) = X2(t).
10. Let {X(t)} be a stochastic process with no periodic components and ACF is R(τ)=
. Then find V(X(t)).
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 20
ASSIGNMENT
1. If X(t) = P + Qt ,where P and Q are independent r.v‟s with E(P)= p, E(Q)= q, V(Q) =
, find E(X(t)) ,R(t1, t2) and C(t1, t2) . Is the process {X(t)} stationary?
2. If X(t) =sin ( where Y is uniformly distributed in , prove that {X(t)} is a
WSS process.
3. If X(t) = 5 cos ( and Y(t) = 20 sin ( where ,then prove
that the processes are jointly WSS.
4. If then find power spectral density function ?
5. Let {X(t)} and {Y(t)} be two S.P‟s with X(t) = 2t Y + t2 Z and Y(t) = sint Y ,for all t
where Y and Z are independent r.v‟s taking values -1 and 4 with probabilities 4/5 and
1/5 respectively. Then find RXY(t1, t2) .
6. Given that the PSD of a continuous WSS process X (t) as
,find the ACF
and mean square value of the process.
7. If Y(t) = X(t+a) –X(t-a) , prove that
. Hence prove that
8. If the PSD of a WSS process is given by
Find the ACF of the process.
9. Find the variance of the stationary process {X(t)} whose ACF is given by
MODULE V SPECIAL RANDOM PROCESSES
TUTORIAL
1. If the initial state probability distribution of a Markov chain is P(0)=
and the tpm of
the chain is , find the probability distribution of the chain after 2 steps.
2. The tpm of a Markov chain with three states 0, 1, 2 is
And the initial state distribution of the
chain is P { X0 = i } = 1/3 , i = 0, 1, 2. Find (i) P{ X2 = 2 } and (ii) P{ X3 =1, X2 = 2, X1 =
1, X0 = 2 }.
3. Assume that the weather in a certain locality can be modelled as the homogeneous
markov chain whose transition probability matrix is given below.
Today‟s Weather Tomorrow‟s Weather
Fair Cloudy Rainy
Fair 0.8 0.15 0.05
Cloudy 0.5 0.3 0.2
Rainy 0.6 0.3 0.1
If the initial state distribution is given by p(0) = (0.7, 0.2, 0.1) , find and
. 4. A salesman‟s territory consists of 3 cities A, B and C. He never sells in the same city on
successive days. If he sells in city A, then the next day he sells in B. However, if he sells
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 21
either in B or C, then the next day he is twice as likely to sell in city A as in the other
city. How often does he sell in each of the cities in the steady state?
5. A housewife buys 3 kinds of cereals, A,B and C. She never buys the same cereal in
successive weeks. If she buys Cereal A, the next week she buys Cereal B. However if
she buys B or C, the next week she is 3 times as likely to buy A as the other cereal. In
the long run, how often she buys each of the three cereals?
UNITWISE QUESTION BANK
6. The tpm of a Markov chain with three states 0, 1, 2 is
And the initial state distribution of the chain is
.Find (i) (ii) P{ X3 =1, X2 = 2, X1 = 1, X0 = 0 }.
7. A fair dice is tossed repeatedly. If Xn denotes the maximum of the numbers occurring in
the first n tosses , find tpm and also find P2 and P(X2 = 6).
8. Suppose that the probability of a dry day (state 0) following a rainy day (state 1) is 1/3
and that the probability of a rainy day following a dry day is ½. Given that May 1 is a
dry day , find the probability that May 3 is a dry day and the find the probability that
May 5 is a dry day.
9. A student‟s study habits are as follows: if he studies one night, he is 70% sure not to
study the next night. On the other hand, if he does not study one night , he is 60% sure
not to study the next night as well. In the long run how often does he study?
10. A gambler‟s luck follows the pattern. If he wins a game, the probability of his winning the next game is 0.6. However if he loses a game, the probability of his losing the next
game is 0.7. There is an even chance that the gambler wins the first game. What is the
probability that he wins (i) second game,(ii) third game,(iii) in the long run?
ASSIGNMENT
1. Suppose that customers arrive at a bank according to a Poisson process with a mean rate
of 3 per minute; find the probability that during a time interval of 2 min (i) exactly 4
customers arrive and (ii) more than 4 customers arrive.
2. A machine goes out of order, whenever a component fails. The failure of this part
follows a Poisson process with a mean rate of 1 per week. Find the probability that 2
weeks have elapsed since last failure. If there are 5 spare parts of this component in an
inventory and that the next supply is not due in 10 weeks, find the probability that the
machine will not be out of order in the next 10 weeks.
3. A radioactive source emits particles at a rate of 5 per minute in accordance with Poisson
process. Each particle emitted has a probability 0.6 of being recorded. Find the
probability that 10 particles are recorded in 4-min period.
4. On the average, a submarine on patrol sights 6 enemy ships per hour. Assuming that the
number of ships sighted in a given length of time is a Poisson variate, find the
probability of sighting
(i) 6 ships in the next half-an-hour,
(ii) 4 ships in the next 2 h,
(iii) At least 1 ship in the next 15 min and
(iv) At least 2 ships in the next 20 min.
5. Patients arrive randomly and independently at a doctor‟s consulting room from 8 A.M.
at an average rate of one in 5 min. The waiting room can hold 12 persons. What is the
probability that the room will be full when the doctor arrives at 9 A.M.?
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 22
6. A radioactive source emits particles at a rate of 6 per minute in accordance with Poisson
process. Each particle emitted has a probability of 1/3 of being recorded. Find the
probability that at least 5 particles are recorded in a 5-min period.
The transition probability matrix of a Markov chain {Xn},n = 1,2,3,…..,having 3 states 1, 2 and
3 is 7. And the initial distribution is P(0) = (0.7, 0.2, 0.1). Find
(i) P { X2 = 3 } and
(ii) P { X3 = 2, X2 = 3, X1 = 3, X0 = 2 }.
8. A man either drives a car or catches a train to go to office each day. He never goes 2
days in a row by train but if he drives one day, then the next day he is just as likely to
drive again as he is to travel by train. Now suppose that on the first day of the week, the
man tossed a fair dice and drove to work if and only if a 6 appeared. Find (i) the
probability that he takes a train on the third day and (ii) the probability that he drives to
work in the long run.
9. There are 2 white marbles in urn A and 3 red marbles in urn B. At each step of the
process, a marble is slected from each urn and the 2 marbles selected are interchanged.
Let the state ai of the system be the number of red marbles in A after i changes. What is
the probability that there are 2 red marbles in A after 3 steps? In the long run, what is the
probability that there are 2 red marbles in urn A?
10. If the TPM of a Markov chain is find the steady-state distribution of the
chain.
MODULE VI NUMERICAL METHODS
ASSIGNMENT
1. Use Newton Raphson method, with 3 as a starting point to find the value of √ correct
to six decimal places.
2. Find the iteration formula for Newton Raphson method for : (a) (b)
3. Find a real root correct to 4 decimal places, of the equation lying in the
interval [3/2 ,
4. Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange‟s formula and hence find f(3) for
X 0 1 2 5
F(x) 2 3 12 147
5. Find the third degree polynomial satisfying the following data
x 1 3 5 7
F(x) 24 120 336 720
UNITWISE QUESTION BANK
6. A third degree polynomial passes through the points (0, -1) ,(1,1) ,(2, 1) and (3, -2).
Using Newton‟s forward interpolation formula, find the polynomial f(x) satisfying the
following data and hence evaluate the value at 1.5.
7. Using Newton‟s forward and backward formula, interpolate f(x) using the following
data.
x 0 1 2 3
F(x) 1 2 1 10
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 23
8. For the following data use trapezoidal rule to estimate ∫
x 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
y 3.2 2.7 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.2
9. Find ∫
using Trapezoidal rule and Simpson‟s 1/3 rule using n = 4.
10. Use Euler‟s method to solve
, in the interval with h =
0.2.
TUTORIAL
1. Given
. Use Runga kutta method to evaluate y(0.4).
2. Use Newton Raphson method ,with 0 as a starting point to find the root of the following
function correct to 5 decimal places.
3. Find the root of the function in the vicinity of correct to 5
decimal places.
4. Find the root of the function correct to 5 decimal places ( .
5. Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange‟s formula for the following data
x -1 1 2
F(x
)
7 5 15
6. Using Newton‟s forward formula, to interpolate f(x) using the given data and hence find
f(5).
x 4 6 8 10
F(x) 1 3 8 10
7. Calculate by Simpson‟s 1/3 method and Trapezoidal method the approximate value of
∫
taking seven equidistant ordinates.
8. Compute y at x =0.6 by Euler‟s method , given
. Assume
h= 0.2
9. Use Runga –kutta method to find y(0,2) , given
taking h=0.1.
10. Find f(2) for the data f(0)=1 ,f(1)=3 and f(3) =55 using Lagrange‟s formula.
4
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 24
4
EC 202
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 25
4.1.COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DEGREE: BTECH
COURSE: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS SEMESTER: IV CREDITS: 4
COURSE CODE: EC202
REGULATION: 2016
COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: SIGNAL
PROCESSING
CONTACT HOURS: 3+1 (Tutorial)
hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE
(IF ANY): EC333
LAB COURSE NAME: DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING LAB
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
I Elementary Signals, Classification and Representation of Continuous time and
Discrete time signals, Signal operations
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems - Classification, Properties.
Representation of systems: Differential Equation representation of Continuous
Time Systems. Difference Equation Representation of Discrete Systems.
9
II Continuous Time LTI systems and Convolution Integral.
Discrete Time LTI systems and linear convolution.
Stability and causality of LTI systems.
Correlation between signals, orthogonality of signals.
9
III Frequency Domain Representation of Continuous Time Signals- Continuous
Time Fourier Series and its properties.
Convergence, Continuous Time Fourier Transform: Properties.
Laplace Transform, ROC, Inverse transform, properties, unilateral Laplace
Transform
Relation between Fourier and Laplace Transforms.
9
IV Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace and Fourier Transforms. Concept of
transfer function, Frequency response, Magnitude and phase response.
Sampling of continuous time signals, Sampling theorem for lowpass signals,
aliasing.
6
V Z transform, ROC , Inverse transform, properties, unilateral Z transform.
Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete Time Signals, Discrete
Time Fourier Series and its properties.
Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) and its properties
9
VI
Relation between DTFT and Z-Transform, Analysis of Discrete Time LTI
systems using Z transforms and DTFT, Transfer function, Magnitude and phase
response.
6
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 26
TOTAL HOURS 48
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
1. Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan Willsky, Signals and Systems, PHI, 2/e, 2009
2. Simon Haykin Signals & Systems, John Wiley, 2/e, 2003
3.
Anand Kumar, Signals and Systems, PHI, 3/e, 2013.
4.
Mahmood Nahvi, Signals and System, Mc Graw Hill (India), 2015.
5.
P Ramakrishna Rao, Shankar Prakriya, Signals and System, MC Graw Hill Edn 2013.
6.
B P. Lathi, Priciples of Signal Processing & Linear systems, Oxford University Press.
7.
Gurung, Signals and System , PHI.
8
Rodger E. Ziemer Signals & Systems - Continuous and Discrete, Pearson, 4/e, 2013
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
EC 201 NETWORK THEORY Laplace Transforms, Frequency
Response
III
MA102 DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Homogeneous linear ordinary
differential equation, Fourier series,
II
MA101 CALCULUS Single Variable Calculus and Infinite
series
I
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 Understanding of Signals and Systems is essential for a proper appreciation and application
of other parts of electrical engineering, such as signal processing, communication systems,
and control systems.
2 The course lays the mathematical foundations for the study of signals and systems,
classification of signals - continuous time and discrete time signals and properties of
systems.
3 Helps the students in dealing with signals in both time and frequency domains and
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 27
responses of the systems in both time and frequency domains.
4 This subject, which consolidates and expands student knowledge from lower division
mathematics, constitutes an essential conceptual framework from which to understand a
variety of engineering systems.
5 The subject also deals with introductory treatments on the subject of filtering, sampling,
also Z transforms and Laplace Transforms.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION
1
Ability to identify the basic difference between continuous and discrete time signals
& systems.
2 Ability to analyze the continuous time and discrete time signals in Fourier domain.
3 Ability to design suitable filters required for signal processing applications
4 Ability to apply Laplace transform and Z transform in the analysis of continuous time
and discrete time systems
5 Signal and System analysis, design and problem solving ability of students is
improved.
CO-PO-PSO MAPPING:
CO No. Programme Outcomes (POs)
Programme-
specific Outcomes
(PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 3 2 2 2 3 2
2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 2
4 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1
5 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 1
EC010
403 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 1
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PO-PSO CORRELATION:
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO7 PO10 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 28
C
O
1
Signal
and
Syste
m
classif
icatio
n and
operat
ions,
LTI
Syste
ms,
LTI
System
s,
Differe
ntial
and
differen
ce
equatio
n
represe
ntation
of
systems
LTI
System
s,
Differe
ntial
and
differen
ce
equatio
n
represe
ntation
of
systems
Signal
and
System
classifi
cation
and
operati
ons,
LTI
System
s
Signal
and
system
classifi
cation,
frequen
cy
domain
techniq
ue and
analysi
s, filter
design
Signal
and
System
classifi
cation
and
operati
ons,
LTI
System
s
C
O
2
CTFS
,
CTFT
,
DTFS
,
DTFT
CTFS,
CTFT,
DTFS,
DTFT
CTFS,
CTFT,
DTFS,
DTFT,
filterin
g
CTF
S,
CTF
T,
DTF
S,
DTF
T
CTFS,
CTFT,
DTFS,
DTFT,s
amplin
g and
filterin
g
Fourier
domain
techniq
ues,
samplin
g
Fourier
domain
techniq
ues,
samplin
g
C
O
3
Fourie
r
domai
n
techni
ques,
sampl
ing
and
filteri
ng
Fourier
domain
techniq
ues,
samplin
g
Fourier
domain
techniq
ues,
samplin
g and
filterin
g
Fouri
er
doma
in
techn
iques
,
samp
ling
Butter
worth
and
Chebys
hev
Filter
design
Butte
rwort
h and
Cheb
yshev
Filter
desig
n
Filteri
ng
Butter
worth
and
Chebys
hev
Filter
design
Butter
worth
and
Chebys
hev
Filter
design
Filter
desig
n for
vario
us
appli
catio
ns
C
O
4
Lapla
ce and
Z
Transf
orm
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm
Lapl
ace
and
Z
Tran
sfor
m
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm,
Pole
Zero
concept
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm
Anal
ysis
of CT
and
DT
syste
ms
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 29
C
O
5
LTI
Syste
ms,
Fourie
r
domai
n
techni
ques,
Lapla
ce and
Z
Transf
orm
LTI
System
s,
Sampli
ng,
Fourier
domain
techniq
ues,
Laplace
and Z
Transfo
rm
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm,,
Filter
Design
Fouri
er
doma
in
techn
iques
,
Lapl
ace
and
Z
Tran
sfor
m
LTI
System
s,Filter
Design,
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
Signal
and
Syste
m
classif
icatio
n and
operat
ions,
LTI
Syste
ms
and
Analy
sis,
Proble
m
solving
skills,
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm,,
Filter
Design
Analysi
s and
charact
erizatio
n of
LTI
systems
using
Laplace
and Z-
Transfo
rm,,
Filter
Design
Anal
ysis
of CT
and
DT
syste
ms
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
1 Matlab Simulations AssignmentS, projects
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:
TOPICS
1 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
3 Analog and Digital Filter Design
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS TOPICS:
Sl.
No.
DESCRIPTION
1 Design and Analysis of Butterworth, Chebyshev and Elliptic Filters
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1 Signals and Systems NPTEL online IIT Mumbai
2 www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/117104074/
3 www.ece.gatech.edu/users/bonnie/book/worked_problems.html
4 www.ece.jhu.edu/~cooper/courses/214/signalsandsystemsnotes.pdf
5 link.springer.com/journal/498
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 30
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☐ CHALK & TALK ☐ STUD.
ASSIGNMENT
☐ WEB
RESOURCES
☐ LCD/SMART
BOARDS
☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ TESTS/MODEL
EXAMS
☐ UNIV.
EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB
PRACTICES
☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS
☐
CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
☐ OTHERS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)
☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
FACULTY (E)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS
☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved
by
Indu S (HOD)
Jos Prakash A V
Naveen N
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 31
4 .2 COURSE PLAN
1 Introduction
2 Elementary signals
3 Elementary signals
4 Classification and Representation of Continuous time and Discrete time
signals - 1
5 Classification and Representation of Continuous time and Discrete time
signals - 2
6 Signal operations
7 Signal operations
8 Introduction to systems - Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems
- Classification, Properties. - 1
9 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems - Classification,
Properties. - 2
10 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems - Classification,
Properties. - 3
11 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Systems - Classification,
Properties. – 4
12 Continuous Time LTI systems
13 Convolution Integral - 1
14 Convolution Integral - 2
15 Discrete Time LTI systems and linear convolution
16 Convolution Sum
17 Stability and causality of LTI systems - 1
18 Stability and causality of LTI systems - 2
19 Correlation between signals
20 orthogonality of signals
21 Differential Equation representation of Continuous Time Systems
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 32
22 Difference Equation Representation of Discrete Systems.
23 Frequency Domain Representation of Continuous Time Signals -
Introduction
24 Continuous Time Fourier Series
25 CTFS - properties 1
26 CTFS - properties 2 , Convergence of CTFS
27 Continuous Time Fourier Transform: -- Introduction
28 Continuous Time Fourier Transform: Properties -1
29 Continuous Time Fourier Transform: Properties -2
30 Laplace Transform and its ROC
31 Inverse Laplace transform
32 properties of Unilateral and Bilateral Laplace Transform
33 Relation between Fourier and Laplace Transforms.
34 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace and Fourier Transforms
35 Concept of transfer function
36 Frequency response - Magnitude and phase response.
37 Sampling of continuous time signals - Introduction
38 Sampling theorem for lowpass signals
39 Aliasing
40 Z transform, ROC - introduction
41 properties- unilateral and bilateral Z transform 1
42 properties- unilateral and bilateral Z transform 2
43 Inverse Z transform
44 Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete Time Signals -
Introduction
45 Discrete Time Fourier Series and its properties 1
46 Discrete Time Fourier Series and its properties 2
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 33
47 Discrete Time Fourier Series and its properties - 3
48 Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) - Introduction
49 Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) - properties 1
50 Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) properties -2
51 Relation between DTFT and Z-Transform
52 Analysis of Discrete Time LTI systems using Z transforms - 1
53 Analysis of Discrete Time LTI systems using Z transforms - 2
54 Analysis of Discrete Time LTI systems using DTFT
55 Transfer function, Magnitude and phase response 1
56 Transfer function, Magnitude and phase response 1
57 Transfer function, Magnitude and phase response 2
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 34
4.3 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
UNIT I
REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS
1. Define Signal.
2. Define system.
3. What are the major classifications of the signal?
4. Define discrete time signals and classify them.
5. Define continuous time signals and classify them.
6. Define discrete time unit step &unit impulse.
7. Define continuous time unit step and unit impulse.
8. Define unit ramp signal.
9. Define periodic signal and non0periodic signal.
10. Define even and odd signal ?
11. Define Energy and power signal.
12. Define unit pulse function.
13. Define continuous time complex exponential signal.
14. What is continuous time real exponential signal.
15. What is continuous time growing exponential signal? 16. State the BIBO criterion for stability.
17. Find whether the signal given by x (n) = 5cos (6 _n) is periodic
18. Write down the exponential form of the Fourier series representation of a Periodic signal?
19. Write down the trigonometric form of the fourier series representation of a periodic signal?
20. Write short notes on dirichlets conditions for fourier series.
21. State Time Shifting property in relation to fourier series.
22. State parseval‟s theorem for continuous time periodic signals.
PART – B
a. (a) For the systems represented by the following functions. Determine whether every system is (1) stable (2) Causal (3) linear (4) Shift invariant (4)
(i) T[x(n)]= ex(n) (ii) T[x(n)]=ax(n)+6
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 35
b. Determine whether the following systems are static or Dynamic, Linear or Nonlinear,Shift variant or Invarient, Causal or Non0causal, Stable or unstable. (4)
(i) y(t) = x(t+10) + x2(t) (ii) dy(t)/dt + 10 y(t) = x(t)
c. Explain about the properties of continuous time fourier series. (8)
d. Find the fourier coefficients of the given signal. (4)
x(t) = 1+ sin 2_ot + 2 cos 2_ot + cos (3_ot + _/3)
5. Determine the Fourier series coefficient of exponential representation of x(t)
x(t) = 1, ItI (8)
0, T1< ItI < T/ 2
6. Find the exponential series of the following signal. (8)
7. Find which of the following signal are energy or power signals. (8)
a) x(t)=e03t u(t) b) x(t) = ej(2t+_/4) c) x(n)= cos(_/4n)
8. Explain the properties of Discrete time fourier serier (8)
9. Find the cosine fourier series of an half wave rectified sine function. (8)
10. Explain the classification of signals with examples. (8)
UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
PART0A (2 Marks)
1. Define continuous time system.
2. Define Fourier transform pair.
3. Write short notes on dirichlets conditions for fourier transform.
4. Explain how aperiodic signals can be represented by fourier transform.
5. State convolution property in relation to fourier transform.
6. State parseval‟s relation for continuous time fourier transform.
7. What is the use of Laplace transform?
8. What are the types of laplace transform?
9. Define Bilateral and unilateral laplace transform. 10. Define inverse laplace transform.
11. State the linearity property for laplace transform.
12. State the time shifting property for laplace transform.
13. Region of convergence of the laplace transform.
14. What is pole zero plot.
15. State initial value theorem and final value theorem for laplace transform.
16. State Convolution property.
17. Define a causal system.
18. What is meant by linear system?
19. Define time invariant system.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 36
20. Define stable system?
21. Define memory and memoryless system. 22. Define invertible system.
23. What is superposition property?
24. Find the fourier transform of x(t)=cos(_0t)
PART – B
1. Determine the inverse laplace of the following functions. (6)
1) 1/s(s+1) 2) 3s2 +8s+6 (s+2)(s2+2s+1)
2. Explain about the classifications of continuous time system. (8)
3. A system is described by the differential equation. (10) d2y(t)/dt2+3dy(t)/dt+2y(t)=dx(t)/dt if y(0) =2;dy(0)/dt = 1 and x(t)=e0t u(t) Use laplace transform to determine the response of the system to a unit step input applied at t=0.
4. Obtain the transfer function of the system when y(t) = e0t02 e02t+ e03t and x(t)= e00.5t (8) 5. a) Discuss the condition on stability of an LTI system based on Laplace domain representation. (3)
b) Bring the equivalence between Laplace transform and Fourier transform.(5)
6. Explain the properties of laplace transform (8)
7. Find the impulse and step response of the following systems H(s) = 10/s2+6s+10 (6)
8.For the transfer function H(s) = s+10/ s2+3s+2 find the response due to input x(t) = sin2(t)
u(t) (6)
9. Find the fourier transform of triangular pulse (10) x(t) = _(t/m) ={102|t|/m |t| 0 otherwise
10. The input and output of a causal LTI system are related by the differential equation. (10)
d2y(t)/dt2+6dy(t)/dt+8y(t)=2x(t) i) Find the impulse response of the system. ii) What is
the response of this system if x(t) = t e02t u(t) 11. Consider a causal LTI system with
frequency response. (10) H(j_) = 1/ j_ +2 For a particular input x(t) this system is y(t)=
e02t u(t) 0 e03t u(t)
UNIT III SAMPLING THEOREM AND Z TRANSFORMS
PART0A (2 Marks)
1. Why CT signals are represented by samples.
2. What is meant by sampling.
3. State Sampling theorem.
4. What is meant by aliasing.
5. What are the effects aliasing.
6. How the aliasing process is eliminated.
7. Define Nyquist rate.and Nyquist interval.
8. Define sampling of band pass signals.
9. Define Z transform.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 37
10. What are the two types of Z transform?
11. Define unilateral Z transform.
13. What is region of Convergence. 14. What are the Properties of ROC.
15. What is the time shifting property of Z transform.
16. What is the differentiation property in Z domain.
17. State convolution property of Z transform.
18. State the methods to find inverse Z transform.
19. State multiplication property in relation to Z transform.
20. State parseval‟s relation for Z transform.
21. What is the relationship between Z transform and fourier transform.
22. What is meant by step response of the DT system.
PART – B
1.State and prove the sampling theorem. Also explain how reconstruction of original signal is done from sampled signal (16)
2. Find the Z – transform of the signal (8) (i)x(n)= nan u(n) (ii)x(n)= an cos(_0) u(n)
3. Determine the inverse z transform of the following function x(z)=1/(1+z01) (10z01 )2 ROC : |Z>1|
4. Explain the properties of z0transform (8)
5. Find the z0transform of x(z)= 1+2z01 / 10 2z01 + z02 if x(n) is anticausal using long
division method. (8)
6. find the inverse z0transform of x(z)= 1+3z01 / 1+ 3z01 + 2z02 using residue
method(8)
7. Give the relationship between z0transform and fourier transform. (8)
UNIT IV DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
PART0A (2 Marks)
1. Define Transfer function of the DT system.
2. Define impulse response of a DT system.
3. State the significance of difference equations.
4. Write the differece equation for Discrete time system.
5. Define frequency response of the DT system.
6. What is the condition for stable system.
7. What are the blocks used for block diagram representation.
8. State the significance of block diagram representation.
9. What are the properties of convolution?
10. State theCommutative properties of convolution?
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 38
11. State the Associative properties of convolution
12. State Distributive properties of convolution 13. Define causal system.
14. What is the impulse response of the system y(t)=x(t0t0).
15. What is the condition for causality if H(z) is given.
16. What is the condition for stability if H(z) is given.
17. Check whether the system is causal or not ,the H(z) is given by (z3 + z)/(z+1).
18. Check whether the system is stable or not ,the H(z) is given by (z/z0a).,|a|<1.
19. Determine the transfer function for the sys tem described by the difference equation y(n)0 y(n01) = x(n)0 x(n02).
20. How the discrete time system is represented.
PART – B
1. Give the properties of convolution (6)
2. Determine the step response of the difference equation, y(n)0(1/9)y(n02)=x(n01) with y(01)=1 and y(02)=0 (8)
3. Find the impulse response and step response.
4. Find the output y(n) of a linear time invariant discrete time system specified by the equation. (16)
Y(n)03/2y(n01) +1/2 y(n02) = 2x(n) +3/2 x(n01) when initial conditions are y(01) =0,y(02) = 1 and input x(n)=(1/4)n u(n)
5. Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist sampling intervals for
sinc(200_t) + 3sinc2(120_t) (6)
6. Find the frequency response of the following causal system. Y(n)=1/2x(n)+x(n01)+1/2 x(n02) (4)
7. Determine inverse Discrete Time Fourier Transform of X(k)={1,0,1,0} (8)
8. Give the summary of elementary blocks used to represent discrete (4) time systems.
UNIT V SYSTEM WITH FINITE AND INFINITE DURATION
IMPULSE RESPONSE
PART0A (2 Marks)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 39
1. What is meant by FIR system.
2. What is meant by IIR system.
3. What is recursive system?
4. What is Non recursive system?
5. What is the difference between recursive and non recursive system 6. Define realization structure.
7. What are the different types of structure realization.
8. What is natural response?
9. What is zero input Response?
10. What is forced response?
11. What is complete response?
12. Give the direct form I structure.
13. Give the direct form II structure..
14. How the Cascade realization structure obtained.
15. Give the parallel for Realization structure.
16. What is transformed structure representation?
PART – B
1..a) Determine the transposed structure for the system given by difference equation y(n)=(1/2)y(n01)0(1/4)y(n02)+x(n)+x(n01) (16)
b) Realize H(s)=s(s+2)/(s+1)(s+3)(s+4) in cascade form
2. A difference equation of a discrete time system is given below: y(n)03/4 y(n01) +1/8 y(n01) = x(n) +1/2 x(n01)
draw direct form I and direct form II. (6)
3. Realize the following structure in direct form II and direct form I H(s) = s+1/s2 + 3s+5 (10)
4. Determine the recursive and nonrecursive system (16)
5. Determine the parallel form realization of the discrete time system is y(n) 01/4y(n01) 01/8 y(n02) = x(n) +3x(n01)+2x(n02) (10)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 40
5
EC 204
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 41
6.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: Electronics and
Communication Engineering
DEGREE: B.Tech
COURSE: ANALOG INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
SEMESTER: 4 CREDITS: 4
COURSE CODE: EC204 REGULATION:
2016
COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: ANALOG
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
CONTACT HOURS: 4 hours /Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE
(IF ANY): EC232
LAB COURSE NAME: ANALOG
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
I Differential amplifiers: Differential amplifier configurations using BJT,
Large and small signal operations, Balanced and unbalanced output
differential amplifiers, Input resistance, voltage gain, CMRR, non ideal
characteristics of differential amplifier. Frequency response of differential
amplifiers, Current sources, Active load, Concept of current mirror
circuits, Wilson current mirror circuits, multistage differential amplifiers.
Operational amplifiers: Introduction, Block diagram, Ideal op-amp
parameters, Equivalent Circuit, Voltage Transfer curve, open loop op-
amp configurations, Effect of finite open loop gain, bandwidth and slew
rate on circuit performance
11
II Op-amp with negative feedback: Introduction, feedback configurations,
voltage series feedback, voltage shunt feedback, properties of Practical op-
amp.
Op-amp applications: Inverting and non inverting amplifier, dc and ac
amplifiers, peaking amplifier, summing, scaling and averaging amplifiers,
instrumentation amplifier.
7
III Op-amp applications: Voltage to current converter, current to voltage
converter, integrator, differentiator, precision rectifiers, log and antilog
amplifier, Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators
6
IV Square, triangular and saw tooth wave generators, Comparators, zero
crossing detector, Schmitt trigger, characteristics and limitations.
Active filters, First and Second order Butterworth filter and its frequency
response for LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF, and Notch filter.
9
V Specialized IC‟s and its applications: Timer IC 555 (monostable & astable
operation), Voltage controlled oscillator, Analog Multiplier
PLL, operating principles, Applications: frequency multiplication/division,
Frequency synthesizer, AM & FM detection , FM modulator/Demodulator
Monolithic Voltage Regulators: Three terminal voltage regulators 78XX and
79XX series, IC723 , low voltage and high voltage regulator, Current
boosting, short circuit and fold back protection.
12
VI Data Converters: D/A converter , specifications , weighted resistor type, R-
2R Ladder type, switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold
circuits
A/D Converters: Specifications, Flash type, Counter ramp type, Successive
8
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 42
Approximation type, Single Slope type, Dual Slope type
TOTAL HOURS 53
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
1. Salivahanan S. ,V. S. K. Bhaaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, Tata McGraw Hill,
2008
2. Franco S., Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3/e,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2008
3. David A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs, Oxford University Press,
2ndedition, 2010
4. Gayakwad R. A., Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall, 4/e, 2010.
5. R.F. Coughlin & Fredrick Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated
Circuits, 6th Edition, PHI,2001
6. C.G. Clayton, Operational Amplifiers, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier,
1971
7. Roy D. C. and S. B. Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International, 3/e, 2010
8. Botkar K. R., Integrated Circuits, 10/e, Khanna Publishers, 2010
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
NIL NIL NIL NIL
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To equip the students with a sound understanding of fundamental concepts of
operational amplifiers
2 To know the diversity of operations that op amp can perform in a wide range of
applications
3 To introduce a few special functions integrated circuits
4 To impart basic concepts and types of data converters
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION
1 The students will have a thorough understanding of operational amplifiers
2 Students will be able to design circuits using operational amplifiers for various
applications
CO-PO-PSO MAPPING:
Programme Outcomes (POs) Programme-specific
Outcomes (PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1
2 2 2 2 1 2 5 1
EC01
10 7 8 7 4 6 1 3
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 43
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PO-PSO CORRELATION:
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 Analog
circuits
can be
designed
and
modified
to
provide
solutions
to real-
life
problems
Design &
demonstr
ation of
experime
nts will
help to
identify
the
problems
and lead
to
modificat
ions
Design of
basic
analog
circuits
Team
work
required
for
designing
&
demonstr
ation of
circuits
Designin
g
enhances
engineeri
ng skills
Design &
demonstr
ation of
analog
circuits
involves
circuit
implemen
tation,
testing &
troublesh
ooting
With
prior
knowledg
e of EDA
tools,
students
can use
their
knowledg
e to
simulate,
experime
nt &
develop
newer applicatio
ns
CO2 IC
circuits
can be
used in a
wide-
range of
applicatio
ns like
communi
cation,
instrumen
tation etc.
Design &
analysis
of analog
IC
circuits
A wide
range of
applicatio
n can be
develope
d using
linear
ICs.
Everyday
electronic
s makes
use of ICs
extensivel
y
Group
work is
essential
for all the
activities
so as to
draw
meaningf
ul
inference
s
Design &
analysis
are key to
engineeri
ng
With
prior
knowledg
e of EDA
tools,
students
can use
their
knowledg
e to
simulate,
experime
nt &
develop
newer
applicatio
ns
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
1 (Not identified) (N. A.)
Proposed Actions: Topics Beyond Syllabus/Assignment/Industry Visit/Guest Lecturer/Nptel Etc
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:
1 Scope of Analog Integrated Circuits & Design
2. MOS-based differential amplifier circuits
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 44
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1 /www.coursera.org/learn/electronics
2 https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-002-circuits-
and-electronics-spring-2007/
3 http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-
ROORKEE/Analog%20circuits/index.htm
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
CHALK &
TALK
STUD.
ASSIGNMEN
T
WEB
RESOURCES
☐ LCD/SMART
BOARDS
STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐
ASSIGNMENTS
☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
TESTS/MODEL
EXAMS
UNIV.
EXAMINATI
ON
STUD.
LAB
PRACTICE
S
STUD.
VIVA
MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS
☐
CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
☐ OTHERS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)
☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
FACULTY
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS
BY EXT. EXPERTS
☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved by
Ms. Jisa David
Mr. Kiran K A
Mr. Ajai V Babu (HOD)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 45
5.2 COURSE PLAN
Day Module Topic
1 1 Introduction to the course: Analog Integrated Circuits
2 1 Differential Amplifiers: Introduction
3 1 Large signal Operation
4 1 Small signal operation
5 1 Balanced & unbalanced output differential amplifiers
6 1 Input resistance, voltage gain, CMRR
7 1 Non-ideal characteristics of differential amplifiers
8 1 Frequency Response of differential amplifiers
9 1 Current sources
10 1 Active load, Concept of current mirror circuits
11 1 Wilson current mirror circuits
12 1 Multistage differential amplifiers
13 1 Operational amplifiers: Introduction & Block diagram
14 1 Ideal Parameters, Equivalent Circuit
15 1
Voltage transfer curve, Open loop op-amp
configurations
16 1
Effect of finite open loop gain, bandwidth & slew rate on
circuit performance
17 2 Op-amp with negative feedback: Introduction
18 2
Feedback configuration : Voltage series & voltage shunt
feedback
19 2 Properties of practical op-amp
20 2
Inverting & Non-inverting op-amplifier – AC & DC
amplifiers
21 2
Peaking amplifier, Summing, scaling & averaging
amplifiers
22 2 Instrumentation amplifier
23 3
Voltage-to-current converter, current-to-voltage
converter
24 3 Integrator, differentiator
25 3 Precision rectifiers, log & antilog amplifier
26 3 Phase shift oscillator, Wien Bridge oscillator
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 46
27 4 Square & Triangular wave oscillators
28 4 Sawtooth wave generators
29 4
Comparators, Zero crossing detector, Schmitt Trigger,
Characteristics & limitations of comparators
30 4 Active filters – First & Second order Butterworth fiters
31 4
Frequency response for LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF and notch
filter
32 5 Specialized ICs & their applications: Timer IC 555
33 5 Timer IC 555: Astable & Monostble multivibrator
34 5 Voltage controlled oscillator
35 5 Analog Multiplier
36 5 PLL – operating principles
37 5 Frequency multiplication/division
38 5 Frequency synthesizer
39 5 AM & FM detection, FM modulator/demodulator
40 5
Monolithic Voltage regulators: Three terminal voltage
regulators
41 5 78XX, 79XX, IC723
42 5 Low voltage & high voltage regulators
43 5 Current boosting
44 5 Short circuit & fold back protection
45 6 Data converters
46 6 D/A Converter: Specifications
47 6 Weighted resistor type, R-2R ladder type
48 6 Switches for D/A converters
49 6 High speed Sample-and-Hold circuits
50 6 A/D Converters: Specifications
51 6 Flash type, Counter ramp type
52 6 Successive approximation type
53 6 Single slope type, dual slope type
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 47
6
EC 205
COMPUTER ORGANISATION
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 48
6.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: Electronics &
Communications Engineering
DEGREE: BTECH
COURSE: Computer Organization SEMESTER: S4 CREDITS: 4
COURSE CODE: EC206
REGULATION: 2015
COURSE TYPE: CORE/ELECTIVE /
BREADTH/ S&H
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN:
ELECTRONICS
CONTACT HOURS: 4 hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE
(IF ANY):
LAB COURSE NAME:
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
Functional units of a computer, Arithmetic Circuits, Processor architecture, Instructions and
addressing modes, Execution of program, micro architecture design process, design or data
path and control units, I/O accessing techniques, Memory concepts, memory interface, cash
and virtual memory concepts
1
Functional units of a computer: Arithmetic Circuits –Adder- Carry
propagate adder, Ripple carry adder, Basics of carry look ahead and prefix
adder, Subtractor, Comparator, ALU
Shifters and rotators, Multiplication, Division
Number System- Fixed Point & Floating Point
8
2
Architecture – Assembly Language, Instructions, Operands – Registers,
Register set, Memory, Constants.
Machine Language –R-Type, I-Type, J-Type Instructions, Interpreting
Machine Language code
5
3
Addressing Modes – register only, immediate, base, PC-relative, Pseudo –
direct
Steps for Executing a Program – Compilation, Assembling, Linking,
Loading
Pseudo instructions, Exceptions, Signed and Unsigned Instructions, Floating
Point Instructions
9
4 Microarchitecture- design process
Single cycle processor, Single cycle data path, single cycle control
multi cycle processor, multi cycle data path, multi cycle control
7
5
Memory & I/O systems – I/O accessing techniques: programmed, interrupt
driven and DMA, DMA bus arbitration
Memory Arrays – Bit Cells, Organization, Memory Ports Memory types-
DRAM, SRAM, Register Files, ROM
6
6
Memory - Hierarchy, Performance analysis
Cache Memory – direct mapped, multi way set associate cache, Fully
associate cache
Virtual Memory – Address Translation, Page Table, Translation Look aside
7
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 49
Buffer, Memory Protection, replacement polices
TOTAL HOURS 42
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
T David Money Harris, Sarah L Harris, Digital Design and Computer Architecture,
Morgan Kaufmann – Elsevier, 2009
R
William Stallings: “Computer Organisation and Architecture”, Pearson Education
R
John P Hayes: “Computer Architecture and Organisation”, Mc Graw Hill
R
Andrew S Tanenbaum: “Structured Computer Organisation”, Pearson Education
R
Craig Zacker: “PC Hardware: The Complete Reference”, TMH.
R
Carl Hamacher “Computer Organization ”, Fifth Edition, Mc Graw Hill.
R
David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessey, “Computer Organisation and Design”,
Fourth Edition, Morgan Kaufmann.
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
EC 207 Logic circuit design
Student will have knowledge of basic
logic circuits
2
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1
To impart knowledge in different aspects of processor design
2
To develop understanding about processor architecture.
3
To impart knowledge in programming concepts
4
To develop understanding on I/O accessing techniques and memory structures
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 50
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Sl No. DESCRIPTION
1 Illustrate the structure of a computer
2 Categorize different types of memories
3 Explain various techniques in computer design
4 Design Control Unit and ALU for simple applications
5 Perform the performance analysis of computer system
6 Understand and design the architecture of the IO subsystem of a computer
CO MAPPING WITH PO, PSO
CO
No.
Programme Outcomes (POs) Programme-
Specific
Outcomes
(PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
4 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 3 3 3 1
6 3 3 3 1
EC20
6
3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PO-PSO CORRELATION:
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PO MAPPING
MAPPING LEVEL JUSTIFICATION
EC206.1-PO1 3 Processor design involves solving complex engineering problems
EC206.1-PO2 3 Principles of mathematics and engineering sciences are used in
various aspects of processor design
EC206.1-PO3 3 Using the knowledge of processor design, we can design and
develop solutions for complex engineering problems
EC206.1-PO4 1 Processor design knowledge can be used to design and conduct
experiments to provide valid conclusions
EC206.1-PO9 1 Expertise developed, which will enable the student to become a
productive member of a design team
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 51
EC206.1-
PO12 2 The student will become aware of the need for lifelong learning
and the continued upgrading of technical knowledge
EC206.2-PO1 3 Processor Architecture involves solving complex engineering
problems
EC206.2-PO2 3 Principles of mathematics and engineering sciences are used in
various aspects of processor Architecture
EC206.2-PO3 3 Knowledge of processor architecture can be used to design and
develop solutions for complex engineering problems
EC206.2-PO4 1 Processor Architecture knowledge can be used to design and
conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions
EC206.2-PO6 1 Knowledge of processor Architecture will help understand issues
and societal problems related to cybercrimes and computer
hacking
EC206.2-PO9 1 Expertise developed, which will enable the student to become a
productive member of a design team
EC206.2-
PO12
1 The student will become aware of the need for lifelong learning
and the continued upgrading of technical knowledge
EC206.3-PO1 3 Processor design involves solving complex engineering problems
EC206.3-PO2 3
Principles of mathematics and engineering sciences are used in
various aspects of processor
EC206.3-PO3 3 Knowledge of processor architecture can be used to design and
develop solutions for complex engineering problems
EC206.3-PO4 1 Processor Architecture knowledge can be used to design and
conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions
EC206.3-PO6 1 Knowledge of processor Architecture will help understand issues
and societal problems related to cybercrimes and computer
hacking
EC206.3-PO9 1 Expertise developed, which will enable the student to become a
productive member of a design team
EC206.3-
PO12
1 The student will become aware of the need for lifelong learning
and the continued upgrading of technical knowledge
EC206.4-PO1 3 Processor design involves solving complex engineering problems
EC206.4-PO2 3 Principles of mathematics and engineering sciences are used in
various aspects of processor Architecture
EC206.4-PO3 3 Knowledge of processor architecture can be used to design and
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 52
develop solutions for complex engineering problems
EC206.4-PO4 1 Processor Architecture knowledge can be used to design and
conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions
EC206.4-PO9 1 Expertise developed, which will enable the student to become a
productive member of a design team
EC206.4-
PO12
2 The student will become aware of the need for lifelong learning
and the continued upgrading of technical knowledge
EC206.5-PO1 3 Performance analysis involves solving complex engineering
problems
EC206.5-PO2 3 Performance analysis involves principles of mathematics and
engineering
EC206.5-PO3 3 Performance Analyis can be used to design and develop solutions
for complex engineering problems
EC206.5-PO4 3 Performance analysis skills can be used to design and conduct
experiments to provide valid conclusions
EC206.6-PO1 3 Design and architecture of IO systems involves solving complex
engineering problems
EC206.6-PO2 3 Design and Architecture of IO systems involves principles of
mathematics and engineering
EC206.6-PO3 3 IO Design can be used to design and develop solutions for
complex engineering problems
EC206.6-PO4 3 IO Design knowledge can be used to conduct experiments in IO
performance to provide valid conclusions
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PSO MAPPING
MAPPING LEVEL JUSTIFICATION
EC206.1-
PSO1
1
Complete or partial design of computer components may be done
using VLSI tools
EC206.1-
PSO2
2 Students can code, simulate and test functional blocks of
computer s using EDA tools
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 53
EC206.1-
PSO3
1
Recognize the importance of continuous learning
EC206.2-
PSO1
1
Complete or partial design of computer components may be done
using VLSI tools
EC206.2-
PSO2
2
Students can code, simulate and test functional blocks of
computer s using EDA tools
EC206.2-
PSO3
1
Recognize the importance of continuous learning
EC206.3-
PSO1
2
Usage and also development of VLSI tools involves
programming
EC206.3-
PSO2
1 Usage and also development of EDA tools involves
programming
EC206.3-
PSO3
1
Recognize the importance of continuous learning
EC206.4-
PSO1
1
IO and memory designs can be used in VLSI and Embedded
systesms
EC206.4-
PSO2
1 IO and Memory designs can simulated and analyzed using EDA
tools
EC206.4-
PSO3
1
Recognize the importance of continuous learning
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
PO MAPPING
1 Understanding of PC Hardware
Class Seminars 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY
VISIT/GUEST LECTURE/NPTEL ETC
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:
S
No:
DESCRIPTION PO MAPPING
1 .
Evolution of computers to today‟s form 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2 Convergence of different computing devices
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 54
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS TOPICS:
Sl. No. DESCRIPTION PO MAPPING
1 ALU Design 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10
2 Microarchitecture and Control Unit Design
3 Memory System Design & Analysis
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106103068/
2. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-823-
computer-system-architecture-fall-2005/lecture-notes/
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☑ CHALK & TALK ☑ STUD.
ASSIGNMENT
☐ WEB
RESOURCES
☑ LCD/SMART
BOARDS
☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☑ ASSIGNMENTS ☑ STUD.
SEMINARS
☑ TESTS/MODEL
EXAMS
☐ UNIV.
EXAMINATION
☐STUD. LAB
PRACTICES
☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS
☐
CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
☐ OTHERS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☑ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)
☑ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
FACULTY (TWICE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS
☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved by
Dr.
Sherly KK
Mr. Bonifus P L Jobin K Antony
(Faculty in Charge) (HoD)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 55
6.2 COURSE PLAN
Day Module Topics
1 1 Introduction, Evolution, Functional units of a computer
2 1 Arithmetic Circuits –Adder- Carry propagate adder, Ripple carry
adder
3 1 Basics of carry look ahead adder
4 1 Prefix adder
5 1 Subtractor, Comparator
6 1 ALU
7 1 Shifters and rotators
8 1 Multiplication
9 1 Division
10 1 Number System- Fixed Point
11 1 Floating Point IEEE single
12 1 Double precision, FP addition
13 2 Architecture – Assembly Language, Instructions, Operands
14 2 Registers, Register set, Memory, Constants
15 2 Machine Language –R-Type, I-Type, J-Type Instructions,
16 2 Interpreting Machine Language code
17 3 Addressing Modes – register only, immediate, base, PC-relative
18 3 Pseudo – direct
19 3
Steps for Executing a Program – Compilation, Assembling, Linking,
Loading
20 3 Pseudoinstuctions, Exceptions, Signed and Unsigned Instructions
21 3 Floating Point Instructions
23 4 Microarchitecture- design process
24 4 Single cycle processor, Single cycle data path, single cycle control
25 4 multi cycle processor, multi cycle data path, multi cycle control
26 5 Memory & I/O systems
27 5 I/O accessing techniques:
28 5 programmed, interrupt driven
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 56
29 5 DMA, DMA bus arbitration
30 5 Memory Arrays – Bit Cells, Organization, Memory Ports
31 5 Memory types- DRAM, SRAM
32 5 Register Files, ROM
33 5 Memory – Hierarchy
34 5 Performance analysis
35 5 multi way set associate cache, Fully associate cache
36 5 Virtual Memory – Address Translation, Page Table
37 5 Translation Look aside Buffer,
38 5 Memory Protection, replacement polices
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 57
6.3 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1) Explain the following with neat diagrams
a) Ripple carry adder.
b) Subtractor
c) ALU
d) Comparator
2) a) Explain the R-type instruction format in MIPS with example (8)
b) Decode the given machine code (00AF8020)16 to MIPS assembly code (7)
3) a) Explain how floating point numbers are represented in computer‟s memory? (8)
b) In the following code segment, f, g, h, i, and j are variables. If the five variables f through j
correspond to the five registers $S0 through $S4, what is the compiled MIPS code for this C
statement?
If ( i = = j ) f = g + h; else f = g – h; (7)
4) a) Explain any 4 addressing modes of MIPS with examples (8)
b) What are Exceptions? How they are handled? (7)
5) Explain the datapath for add instruction in MIPS in single clock cycle implementation with
neat diagram. (15)
6) a) Explain the steps for executing a program. (7)
b) With the help of diagram and necessary control signals, explain multicycle implementation
scheme for R- type instruction. (8)
)
7) Draw the structure of memory hierarchy and explain different types of memories. (20)
8) Explain how a virtual address is translated into a physical address in virtual memory. What is
the role of TLB in address translation? (20)
9) a) Explain the various I/O accessing techniques (10)
b) Explain the different mapping techniques in cache (10
10.a). i) What is meant by a carry propagate adder? Give two examples of such adders.
(2 marks)
ii) Compare them in terms of circuit complexity, speed of operation etc…
(4 marks)
iii) Illustrate the difference in performance of an Arithmetic Right Shifter & a Logical
Right Shifter (2 marks)
b) i) Define the terms Architecture of a computer & Micro architecture. (2 marks)
ii) Illustrate the difference between assembly language & Machine language.
(2 marks)
iii) What are the Instruction formats supported by MIPS Instruction Set ? Illustrate
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 58
using examples. (4 marks)
12 a) Translate the following R-type instruction into machine code.
i) add $s0, $s1, $s2 (3 marks)
ii) addi $so, $s1, 5 (3 marks)
b). Translate the following machine language code into assembly language.
0x02F34022 (4 marks)
c). Suppose that $s0 initially contains 0x23456789. After the following program is run
on a big-endian system, what value does the „$s0‟ contain? b) Consider the case in a littleendian
system?
sw $s0, 0($0)
lb $s0, 1($0) (4 marks)
13 a). i) Explain how a fixed point number system is different from a floating point number
system? (2 marks)
ii)Using manual methods perform the operation A x B and A / B on the 5-bit
unsigned numbers A = 10101 and B = 00101. (4 marks)
iii) Implement any one of the above operations using Hardware & explain it.
(8 marks)
14a). Briefly explain the steps involved in program execution. (8 Marks)
b) i. What is the difference in operation of a single cycle & Multi cycle processor?(2)
ii. Draw & explain the data path for an lw instruction in a Multi cycle processor.(6)
15. a). List the addressing modes of MIPS processor & explain each with an example(10)
b) Show the MIPS instructions that implement the following pseudo instructions. You may
use the assembler register, $at, but you may not corrupt (overwrite) any other registers.
(a) addi $t0, $2, imm31:0 (2 marks each)
( b) li $t5, imm31:0
16 a) .Explain briefly the control unit of a single cycle processor. (4 marks)
b). Determine the values of the control signals and the portions of the data path that are
used when executing an „R type’ instruction. (10 marks)
17 a. i). Explain briefly the different I/O accessing techniques. (3 marks)
ii). Illustrate the different DMA transfer types & Modes. (5 marks)
iii). What is Bus arbitration. Explain briefly. (2 marks)
b. i). What are the parameters used to measure the performance of a memory system.
Explain. (3 marks)
ii. What are the different cache organizations? Explain w.r.t MIPS Memory system.
(4 marks)
iii). Consider the following case of a system with 2048 cache blocks and 8192 main
memory blocks. Find where in the cache, will the main memory blocks MMB-15 be
placed for the mapping policies of :a) direct mapping, b) fully associative mapping, c)
4-way set associative. (3 marks)
3
18 a). Explain how reading & storing of data are performed in a DRAM cell and in a
SRAM cell. (6 marks)
b). Explain why refreshing is essential in DRAMs & not needed in SRAMs. (4 marks)
c). Illustrate how the bit cells are arranged in a 4 x 3 memory array, & explain how to
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 59
read data & store data in such an array. (8 marks)
d) Differentiate between single-ported & Multi-ported Memory. (2 marks)
19. a). Define the term “Virtual Memory”. (2 marks)
b). Describe with suitable diagrams, how a logical address is converted to a physical
address by a memory management unit. (12 marks)
c). What action will the MMU take if it finds that a requested segment is not present
in physical memory? (4 marks)
d). What is the another major advantage of the indirect addressing provided by
20.descriptor tables, besides the ability to address a large amount of virtual memory? (4
Draw the diagram of a 16 bit Carry Lookahead Adder with 4 bit blocks. Write the
equation for the Generate Gi and Propagate Pi signals and show the circuit diagram of
the block. If the two input gate delay is 150 ps and the full adder delay is 300 ps what is
the delay for calculating the sum?
Draw the circuit of an ALU with control signal input Ctrl[2:0] to perform the following
operation on N bit inputs A and B: A + B, A – B, A AND B, A AND BBAR, A OR B,
A OR BBAR, A XOR B.
21. Show the steps to multiply two 4 bit binary numbers A = A0 A1 A2 A3 and B = B0 B1 B2
B3. Draw and explain the circuit for the hardware implementation of the multiplier.
Explain IEEE 754 floating point standard for (a) Single Precision and (b) Double
precision formats. Represent the numbers 6.875 and 9.625 in single precision format
22. Perform Floating Point addition on following two numbers in the IEEE 754 standard and show the result C0D20004 40DC0004
Draw the output table and the circuit diagram for the following 4 bit Shifters (a) Logical
Shift Left and (b) Arithmetic Shift Right . If the input value is 0xA what is the output
value from each of the above shifters?
Explain Big-Endian and Little-Ending formats for byte addressable memories. If word
address 0x0 has the data 0x12345678 what value would get into register $s0 if the
instruction lb $s0, 1($0) is executed in (a) Big-Endian machine and (b) Little-Endian
machine.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 60
Explain the R-Type, I-Type and J-Type Instruction formats. Give an example of each
type of instruction from the MIPS instruction set.
23. What are the five types of addressing modes in MIPS architecture? Describe each mode
with an example instruction to illustrate the usage.
24. What are steps involved in running a High Level Program (HLL) on a CPU ? Explain
what is the purpose, input and output of each step.
25. What are Pseudo instructions ? Show how the MIPS pseudo instructions clear, nop and
li $rs, imm32 are implemented
26. Draw the memory map for the MIPS processor. Explain what are the different segments
and their use.
27. What are exceptions ? Explain the different types. How are they handled in a MIPS CPU
?
28. How does a two pass assembler work ? Explain with a small assembly code sample of
your choice how the symbol table is created and used by the assembler.
29. Draw the data path diagram of a single cycle MIPS processor and explain how the sw
instruction is executed.
30. Calculate the cycle time for a single cycle processor to execute an instruction, with the
following delays in pico-seconds : register clk-to-Q = 30, register setup = 20,
multiplexer = 25, ALU = 250, memory read = 350, register file read = 180, register file
setup = 20
How long would it take to run a program with 100 million instructions on this
processor?
31. Explain how the control unit is used to generate the control signals for a single cycle
processor to execute an add instruction.
32. What are the state elements used to build up the datapath for a single cycle MIPS
processor ? Explain the working and purpose of each element.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 61
7
EC 207
ANALOG COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 62
7.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: Electronics &
Communication Engineering
DEGREE: BTECH
COURSE: Analog Communication SEMESTER: 4 CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE: EC208
REGULATION: 2016
COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: Electronics CONTACT HOURS: 3 hours/Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE
(IF ANY): EC332
LAB COURSE NAME: Communication
Engineering Lab
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
I Introduction, elements of communication system, time and frequency
domains, Need for modulation.Noise in communication system, shot
noise, thermal noise, white noise, partition noise, flicker noise, burst
noise, signal to noise ratio, noise figure, noise temperature, narrow
band noise, representation in terms of in-phase and quadrature
components, envelope and phase components, sine wave plus narrow
band noise.
7 hrs.
II Amplitude modulation: Sinusoidal AM modulation index,
Average power, Effective voltage and current,
Nonsinusoidal modulation . Amplitude modulator
circuits, Amplitude demodulator circuit, AM transmitters
7hrs.
III AM Receiver, super heterodyne receiver, detector, tuning range, tracking,
sensitivity and gain, Image rejection, double conversion, adjacent channel
rejection, Automatic Gain Control (AGC). Single Sideband
Modulation,Principles, Balanced Modulators, Singly & Doubly Balanced
Modulators, SSB Generation, Filter Method, Phasing Method & Third
Method, SSB Reception, Modified SSB Systems , Pilot Carrier SSB &
ISB, Companded SSB.
9 hrs
IV Angle modulation: Frequency modulation, Sinusoidal FM, Frequency
spectrum, modulation index ,average power, Non-sinusoidal modulation,
deviation ratio, comparison of AM and FM .Phase modulation,
Equivalence between PM and FM, Sinusoidal Phase Modulation, Digital
Phase Modulation. Angle modulator Circuits : Varactor Diode
Modulators, Transistors Modulators, FM Transmitters: Direct & Indirect
Methods.
8 hrs.
V FM receiver, slope detector, balanced slope detector, Foster-Seeley
discriminator, Ratio Detector, Quadrature detector, PLL demodulator,
Automatic Frequency Control, Amplitude limiters, Pre-emphasis and De-
7 hrs.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 63
emphasis, Effect of noise in analog communication Systems- AM
Systems, DSBSC AM, SSB AM, Angle modulation, Threshold Effect in
Angle modulation.
V1 Telephone systems, standard telephone set, basic call procedures and
tones, DTMF, cordless telephones.
4 hrs.
TOTAL HOURS 42 hrs.
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
1 Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, Wiley 4/e, 2006.
2 Tomasi, Electronic Communications System, Pearson, 5/e,2011.
3 Dennis Roody and John Coolen, Electronic Communication, Pearson, 4/e, 2011.
4 Tomasi,Advanced Electronic Communications Systems, Pearson, 6/e, 2012.
5 Taub ,Schilling, Saha,Principles of communication system,McGraw Hill,2013.
6 George Kennedy, ElectronicCommunication Systems, McGrawHill, 4/e, 2008.
7 Blake, Electronic Communication system, Cengage, 2/e , 2012.
.
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
EC205
EC205 Electronic circuits
Students should know analysis and
design of various analog circuits
S3
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 Introduce the basic concepts and types of modulation schemes.
2 To study different types of radio transmitters and receivers
3
To study the effects of noise in analog communication systems
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION
1 Students will be able to understand and apply the need for modulation
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 64
and modulation techniques in a communication system
2 Students will be able to understand effect of noise in communication
system
3 Students will have sound knowledge and able to understand the radio
transmitters and receivers
4. Students will have sound knowledge of the working of a communication
system like the telephone system
CO-PO-PSO MAPPING:
CO No. Programme Outcomes (POs)
Programme-
specific
Outcomes (PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 3 2 1 3 2
2 2 3
2 3 3 2
3 2
3 3 2 3
3
3
1
4 3 2 3
2
EC208
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO9 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1
Analog
modulation-
mathematical
background
Design of
Analog
modulaltors
Design of
analog
modulators
Simulate
circuits
using
MATLAB
Understanding
Radio
communication
Analog
communication
system design
System
simulationusing
programming
tools
CO2
Mathematical
background of
noise in
systems
Calculation of
transmitting
power of a
signal
Design of a
receiver in
communication
system
non-ideal
system design
CO3
Mathematical
background for
radio
communication
Design of
radio system
Design of radio
system
Understanding
of radio
systems
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 65
CO4
Understanding
voice
communication
Understanding
of basic
DTMF and
cordless
systems
Basics of
telephony
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION
REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
PO
MAPPING
1. Two –way mobile communication services Tutorials 1,3,6,7
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY
VISIT/GUEST LECTURER/NPTEL ETC
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:
SNO DESCRIPTION PO
MAPPING
1 Electronic space division switching 1,2,3
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS TOPICS:
Sl.
No.
DESCRIPTION PO MAPPING
1 Designing a Square Law Detector 2,3
2 Designing an Automatic Gain control Circuit 2,3
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117102059/25
2. elearning.vtu.ac.in/10EC53.html
3. http://delptronics.com/ringmodulator.php
4 http://local.eleceng.uct.ac.za/courses/EEE3086F/notes/510-AM_VSB_2up.pdf
5 http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/Telephone-system-tutorial.html
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
☐ CHALK & TALK ☐ STUD. ☐ WEB
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 66
ASSIGNMENT RESOURCES
☐ LCD/SMART
BOARDS
☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD.
SEMINARS
☐ TESTS/MODEL
EXAMS
☐ UNIV.
EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB
PRACTICES
☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS
☐
CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
☐ OTHERS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)
☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
FACULTY (TWICE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS
☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved by
Dr.Deepti Das Krishna
Ms.Preethi Bhaskaran
HOD
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 67
7.2 COURSE PLAN
Lecture Date Modules
1 Introduction to the course
Module -1
2 Elements of communication systems
3 Need for Modulation
4
Noise in communication systems - Thermal
Noise
5
Shot Noise, Partition Noise, Flicker Noise,
Burst Noise
6 Signal to Noise Ratio, Noise Factor
7 Noise Temperature, Problems
8
Review of Fourier Series and Fourier
Transform
Module - 2
9 Amplitude Modulation - Sinusoidal AM
10 Modulation index, Average power
11 Effective voltage and current
12 Non Sinusoidal modulation
13 Amplitude Modulator Circuits
14 Amplitude Demodulator Circuits
15 AM Transmitters
16 AM Transmitters
17 Noise in AM systems
18 Single Sideband Modulation: Principles
Module - 3
19
Balanced Modulators , Singly Balanced
Modulator
20 Doubly Balanced Modulators
21 SSB Generation - Filter Method
22 Phasign Method, Third Method
23 SSB Reception
24 Modified SSB systems
25 Pilot Carrier SSB & ISB
26 Companded SSB
27 Angle Modulation: Frequency Modulation
Module - 4
28 Sinusoidal FM, Modulation Index
29 Average power, Non sinusoidal modulation
30 Deviation ratio
31 Comparison of AM ad FM
32
AM and FM receivers: Super Heterodyne
Receivers
33 Tuning range, Sensitivity and gain
34 Image Rejection, Double Conversion
35 Adjacent Channel Selectivity
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 68
36 Automatic Gain Control
37
Phase Modulation: Equivalence between PM
and FM
Module - 5
38 Sinusoidal Phase Modulation
39 Digital Phase Modulation
40
Angle Modulator Circuits: Varactor diode
modulators
41 Transistor Modulators
42 FM Transmitters: Direct Method
43 Indirect Method
44 Angle Modulation Detectors: Slope Detector
Module - 6
45 Balanced Slope Detector
46 Foster Seeley Discriminator, PLL Demodulator
47 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
48 Amplitude Limiters
49 Noise in FM systems
50 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
51 Telephone systems, Standard Telephone set
52 Basic call procedures and tones, DTMF
53 Cordless Telephones
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 69
7.3 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. Define modulation. Why is modulation required?
2. Define is modulation index
3. Describe the DSB-SC wave modulation with spectrum?
4. Describe the detection of AM wave using a)square law detector b)envelope detector
5. Compare Square law detector with envelope detector?
6. Explain the detection of DSB-SC wave using a) synchronous Why frequency
translation is required?
7. Explain the generation of DSB-SC wave using a) balanced modulator b) ring
modulator
8. What is envelope distortion?
9. List the various types of modulations?
10. What are the Advantages of SSB systems?
11. Compare different AM systems?
12. List Application of different AM systems?
13. What is Hilbert Transform?
14. Draw the spectrum of SSB modulated signal?
15. Draw the spectrum of VSB modulated signal?
16. What are the methods for SSB generation?
17. What are the methods for SSB generation?
18. List Application of SSB?
19. Write the expression for SSB and VSB Waves.
20. What is Angle modulation? What are different types of Angle modulation?
21. Define PM & FM? What is frequency deviation & phase deviation?
22. Compare AM and FM?
23. What are Advantages & Applications of FM?
24. Explain the Phasor diagram of FM signals?
25. Plot FM wave taking modulating wave m(t) as a. Sine wave b. Square wave
26. Define is deviation ratio?
27. What is wideband FM & Narrowband FM?
28. State Carson‟s Rule?
29. Derive the equations for FM & PM waves?
30. Explain how noise affects performance of analog modulation systems?
31. Define figure of merit?
32. Discuss threshold effect
33. Explain threshold extension
34. Explain pre-emphasis &de-emphasis
35. Define Average noise figure.
36. Define Average Noise Temperature
37. List out various noise sources.
38. Define White noise and Shot noise.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 70
39. Write SNR expressions for FM and AM.
40. Define Sensitivity and Selectivity.
41. List the Classification of receivers.
42. Explain Super heterodyne working principle.
43. Define image frequency. Remember vii 5 Define Image frequency rejection ratio.
44. Compare Continuous wave and pulse modulation technique.
45. State Sampling Theorem.
46. Write Merits and Demerits of PAM.
47. Compare PAM,PPM,PWM.
48. List out the applications of pulse modulation techniques
49. Explain AM with necessary expressions, waveforms and spectrums,
50. The output power of an AM transmitter is 1KW when sinusoidally modulated to a
depth of 100%. Calculate the power in each side band when the modulation depth is
reduced to 50%.
51. Discuss the main objectives of a communication system design? What are the primary
resources of any communication system.
52. The RC load for a diode envelope detector consists of a 1000 pF capacitor in parallel
with a 10-K resistor. Calculate the maximum modulation depth that can be handled
for sinusoidal modulation at a frequency of 10 KHz if diagonal peak clipping is to be
avoided.
53. Sketch the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages.
54. A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate a carrier
of APPLY i peak voltage 10V.
55. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio of the side lengths L1/L2 of the
corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
56. Plot the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages b) The rms antenna current of AM transmitter is 10A when
un -modulated and 12 A when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation
index.
57. Explain the collector modulation method for generating AM wave with a neat circuit
diagram and waveforms. b) An AM amplifier provides an output of 106 W at 100%
modulation. The internal loss is 20 W (i).What is un -modulated carrier power? (ii).
What is the side band power?
58. Write AM equation. Define modulation index, and percentage modulation. b) Define
under -modulation and over - modulation. Explain why over modulation is
undesirable.
59. Explain operation of square law detector with circuit diagram and waveforms. b) An
AM transmitter has un -modulated carrier power of 10 KW. It can be modulated by
sinusoidal modulating voltage to a maximum depth of 40%, without overloading. If
the maximum modulation index is reduced to 30%. What is the extent up to which the
unmodulated carrier power can be increased to avoid over loading.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 71
60. Sketch the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages.
61. Define communication. Explain with block diagram the basic communication
system.Write about modern communication system. b) A carrier wave of frequency
10 MHz and peak value of 10 V is amplitude modulated by a 5 KHz sine wave of
amplitude 6 V. Determine the modulation index and draw the one sided spectrum of
modulated wave.
62. Explain about the quadrature null effect of coherent detect . b) In DSB -SC,
suppression of carrier so as to save transmitter power results in receiver complexity -
Justify this statement
63. Describe the time domain band -pass representation of SSB with necessary sketches.
b) Find the percentage of power saved in SSB when compared with AM system.
64. Why VSB system is widely used for TV broadcasting - Explain? b) An AM
transmitter of 1KW power is fully modulated. Calculate the power transmitted if it is
transmitted as SSB.
65. Describe the single tone modulation of SSB. Assume both modulating and carrier
signals are sinusoids. Write SSB equation and plot all the waveforms and spectrums.
66. Explain the Third method of generating SSB modulated waves. b) Explain the
coherent detection of SSB signals.
67. Explain about Diagonal Clipping in a diode detector. How to avoid it? b)A
45Volts(rms) sinusoidal carrier is amplitude modulated by a 30Volts(rms) sinusoidal
base band signal. Find the Modulation index of the resulting signal.
68. Calculate the filter requirement to convert DSB signal to SSB Signal, given that the
two side bands are separated by 200HZ. The suppressed carrier is 29MHZ.
69. Explain the envelope detection of VSB wave plus carrier. b) Calculate the percentage
power saving when the carrier and one of the sidebands are suppressed in an AM
wave modulated to a depth of i. 100 % ii. 50 %
70. An angle modulated signal has the form v(t) = 100 cos(2πfct+4 sin 2000 πt) when fc
=10 MHz i. Determine average transmitted power. ii. Determine peak phase
deviation. iii. Determine the peak frequency deviation iv. Is this an FM or a PM
signal? Explain.
71. Explain about FM generation using transistor reactance modulator. b) Explain
balanced ratio detector for detecting FM signal.
72. Give the procedure to determine the effective bandwidth of an signal FM b) Which
method of FM signal generation is the preferred choice, when the stability of the
carrier frequency is of major concern? Discuss about the method in detail.
73. Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a
frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz. b) An FM radio link
has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating frequency is 3 kHz. Calculate
the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth if the deviation is
reduced to 15 kHz?
74. Explain the operation of limiter circuit in fm demodulation. b) An FM radio link has a
frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating frequency is 3KHz. Calculate the
bandwidth needed. What will be the bandwidth if the deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 72
75. . Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter output for FM wave with modulation
index β = 1 is transmitted through an ideal band pass filter with mid band frequency
fc and bandwidth is 5fm, where fc is the carrier frequency and fm is the frequency of
the sinusoidal modulating wave.
76. Explain the working of zero crossing detector b) Compare frequency modulation with
amplitude modulation.
77. Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is unity.
78. Derive the expression for the S/N ratio of AM system. b) Compare noise performance
of PM and FM system
79. Explain the noise performance of DSB -SC scheme with the help of block diagram
80. . Prove that the figure of merit of AM system for single tone modulation with 100%
modulation is 1/3.
81. Derive the expression for figure of merit of AM system for large value of modulation
index(m>1).
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 73
8
EC 232
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 74
8.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication
Engineering
DEGREE: B.Tech
COURSE: ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
LAB
SEMESTER: 4 CREDITS: 1
COURSE CODE: EC232 REGULATION: 2016 COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: ANALOG
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
CONTACT HOURS: 3 hours /Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF
ANY): N.A
LAB COURSE NAME: N.A
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
1. Familiarization of Operational amplifiers - Inverting and Non inverting amplifiers,
frequency response, Adder, Integrator, comparators
3
2. Measurement of Op-Amp parameters.
3
3. Difference Amplifier and Instrumentation amplifier
3
4. Schmitt trigger circuit using Op –Amps
3
5. Astable and Monostable multivibrator using Op -Amps
3
6. Timer IC NE555
3
7. Triangular and square wave generators using Op- Amps
3
8. Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp - without & with amplitude stabilization
3
9. RC Phase shift Oscillator
3
10. Precision rectifiers using Op-Amp
3
11. Active second order filters using Op-Amp (LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF).
3
12. Notch filters to eliminate the 50Hz power line frequency
3
13. IC voltage regulators
3
14. A/D converters- counter ramp and flash type.
3
15. D/A Converters- ladder circuit
3
16. Study of PLL IC: free running frequency lock range capture range
3
TOTAL HOURS N.A
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
1. Franco S., Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3/e, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008
2. David A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs, Oxford University Press, 2ndedition, 2010
3. R.F. Coughlin & Fredrick Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits, 6th Edition, PHI,2001
4. C.G. Clayton, Operational Amplifiers, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier, 1971.
5. Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design/ Neeman D.A/ Tata McGraw Hill
6. Microelectronic Circuits/Sedra A S and Smith K C/Oxford University Press
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 75
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
Analog Integrated Circuits
Knowledge of analog ICs 4
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To acquire skills in designing and testing analog integrated circuits
2 To expose the students to a variety of practical circuits using various analog ICs
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION
1 Student should be able to design and demonstrate functioning of various analog circuits
2 Student should be able to analyze and design various applications of analog circuits
CO-PO-PSO MAPPING:
Programme Outcomes (POs) Programme-specific
Outcomes (PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
EC0110 5 4 5 2 4 5 2
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PO-PSO CORRELATION:
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 Analog circuits can be
designed and modified to
provide
solutions to real-l ife
problems
Design & demonstration
of experiments will help to
identify the problems and
lead to modifications
Design of basic analog circuits
Team work required for
designing & demonstration
of circuits
Designing enhances
engineering skil ls
Design & demonstration
of analog circuits involves circuit
implementation, testing & troubleshooting
With prior knowledge of
EDA tools, students can use their
knowledge to simulate, experiment & develop newer
applications
CO2 IC circuits can be used in a
wide-range of
applications l ike
communication,
instrumentation etc.
Design & analysis of analog IC
circuits
A wide range of application
can be
developed using linear
ICs. Everyday electronics
makes use of ICs extensively
Group work is essential for
all the
activities so as to draw
meaningful inferences
Design & analysis are
key to
engineering
With prior knowledge of
EDA tools,
students can use their
knowledge to simulate,
experiment & develop newer applications
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION
REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 76
1 (Not identified) (N. A.)
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY
VISIT/GUEST LECTURER/NPTEL ETC
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:
1 Design of VCO using IC 566
2. Verification of Sampling Theorem
2. Hobby circuits to practice
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1 /www.coursera.org/learn/electronics
2 https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-002-circuits-and-electronics-
spring-2007/
3 http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-ROORKEE/Analog%20circuits/index.htm
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
CHALK & TALK STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☐ WEB RESOURCES
☐ LCD/SMART BOARDS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ TESTS/MODEL EXAMS ☐ UNIV. EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB PRACTICES ☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON COURSES ☐ OTHERS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY FEEDBACK, ONCE) ☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS ☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved by
Ms. Sabna N
Dr. Jos Prakash
Mr. Ajai V Babu (HOD)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 77
8.2 COURSE PLAN
Measurement of op-amp parameters
Familiarization of Operational amplifiers
Difference Amplifier and Instrumentation amplifier
Schmitt trigger circuit using Op –Amps
Astable and Monostable multivibrator using Op –Amps
Triangular, sawtooth and square wave generators using Op-
Amps
Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp
RC Phase shift Oscillator
Active second order filters using Op-Amp
Notch filters
Timer IC NE555
IC voltage regulators
Study of PLL IC
D/A Converters
A/D converters
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 78
8.3 SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. Obtain the following transfer characteristics.
2. Obtain the following transfer characteristics
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 79
3. Generate the waveform.
4. Generate a pulse waveform of frequency 1 KHz and 50% duty cycle.
5. Design and setup a filter with roll off rate = 60 dB/decade.
6. Design and setup a filter with roll off rate = -40 dB/decade.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 80
7. Design and setup a filter with roll off rate = 40 dB/decade, which blocks all the signals of
frequency less than 2 KHz and greater than 6 KHz.
8. Realize the expression, y=5x + dx/dt + 4 ; x=sin (2000πt).
9. Realize the expression, y= - (5x + ⌡x dx + 4) ; x=2sin (2000πt).
10. Generate the waveform,
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 81
11. Generate the waveform,
12. Generate the waveform,
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 82
13. Generate the waveform,
14. Generate the waveform
15. Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 83
16. Generate the waveform,
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 84
17. Generate the waveform,
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 85
18. Obtain the following transfer characteristics
19. Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 86
20. Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 87
1. Generate the waveform,
2. Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 88
3.Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 89
4.Generate the waveform
5. Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 90
6.Generate the waveform
7. Generate the waveform
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 91
8. A bulb at the railway station will be switched ON at 9am by the Station Master. It should be
switched OFF at 9.12am automatically. Design and setup a circuit to operate the bulb.
9. Design and setup a logic circuit to glow an LED four times at every minutes.
10. Design and setup a logic circuit to glow an LED three times at every alternate minutes.
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 92
9
EC 230
LOGIC CIRCUIT DESIGN LAB
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 93
9.1 COURSE INFORMATION SHEET
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication
Engineering
DEGREE: B.Tech
COURSE: ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
LAB
SEMESTER: 4 CREDITS: 1
COURSE CODE: EC232 REGULATION: 2016 COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSE AREA/DOMAIN: ANALOG
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
CONTACT HOURS: 3 hours /Week.
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF
ANY): N.A
LAB COURSE NAME: N.A
SYLLABUS:
UNIT DETAILS HOURS
17. Familiarization of Operational amplifiers - Inverting and Non inverting amplifiers, frequency response, Adder, Integrator, comparators
3
18. Measurement of Op-Amp parameters.
3
19. Difference Amplifier and Instrumentation amplifier
3
20. Schmitt trigger circuit using Op –Amps
3
21. Astable and Monostable multivibrator using Op -Amps
3
22. Timer IC NE555
3
23. Triangular and square wave generators using Op- Amps
3
24. Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp - without & with amplitude stabilization
3
25. RC Phase shift Oscillator
3
26. Precision rectifiers using Op-Amp
3
27. Active second order filters using Op-Amp (LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF).
3
28. Notch filters to eliminate the 50Hz power line frequency
3
29. IC voltage regulators
3
30. A/D converters- counter ramp and flash type.
3
31. D/A Converters- ladder circuit
3
32. Study of PLL IC: free running frequency lock range capture range
3
TOTAL HOURS N.A
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS:
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
1. Franco S., Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 3/e, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2008
2. David A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers & Linear ICs, Oxford University Press, 2ndedition, 2010
3. R.F. Coughlin & Fredrick Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers & Linear Integrated Circuits, 6th Edition, PHI,2001
4. C.G. Clayton, Operational Amplifiers, Butterworth & Company Publ. Ltd./ Elsevier, 1971.
5. Electronics Circuit Analysis and Design/ Neeman D.A/ Tata McGraw Hill
6. Microelectronic Circuits/Sedra A S and Smith K C/Oxford University Press
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 94
COURSE PRE-REQUISITES:
C.CODE COURSE NAME DESCRIPTION SEM
Analog Integrated Circuits
Knowledge of analog ICs 4
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1 To acquire skills in designing and testing analog integrated circuits
2 To expose the students to a variety of practical circuits using various analog ICs
COURSE OUTCOMES:
SNO DESCRIPTION
1 Student should be able to design and demonstrate functioning of various analog circuits
2 Student should be able to analyze and design various applications of analog circuits
CO-PO-PSO MAPPING:
Programme Outcomes (POs) Programme-specific
Outcomes (PSOs)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1
EC0110 5 4 5 2 4 5 2
JUSTIFICATION FOR CO-PO-PSO CORRELATION:
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 Analog circuits can be
designed and modified to
provide
solutions to real-l ife
problems
Design & demonstration
of experiments will help to
identify the problems and
lead to modifications
Design of basic analog circuits
Team work required for
designing & demonstration
of circuits
Designing enhances
engineering skil ls
Design & demonstration
of analog circuits involves circuit
implementation, testing & troubleshooting
With prior knowledge of
EDA tools, students can use their
knowledge to simulate, experiment & develop newer
applications
CO2 IC circuits can be used in a
wide-range of
applications l ike
communication,
instrumentation etc.
Design & analysis of analog IC
circuits
A wide range of application
can be
developed using linear
ICs. Everyday electronics
makes use of ICs extensively
Group work is essential for
all the
activities so as to draw
meaningful inferences
Design & analysis are
key to
engineering
With prior knowledge of
EDA tools,
students can use their
knowledge to simulate,
experiment & develop newer applications
GAPS IN THE SYLLABUS - TO MEET INDUSTRY/PROFESSION
REQUIREMENTS:
SNO DESCRIPTION PROPOSED
ACTIONS
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 95
1 (Not identified) (N. A.)
PROPOSED ACTIONS: TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ASSIGNMENT/INDUSTRY
VISIT/GUEST LECTURER/NPTEL ETC
TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS/ADVANCED TOPICS/DESIGN:
1 Design of VCO using IC 566
2. Verification of Sampling Theorem
2. Hobby circuits to practice
WEB SOURCE REFERENCES:
1 /www.coursera.org/learn/electronics
2 https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-002-circuits-and-electronics-
spring-2007/
3 http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-ROORKEE/Analog%20circuits/index.htm
DELIVERY/INSTRUCTIONAL METHODOLOGIES:
CHALK & TALK STUD. ASSIGNMENT ☐ WEB RESOURCES
☐ LCD/SMART BOARDS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-DIRECT
☐ ASSIGNMENTS ☐ STUD. SEMINARS ☐ TESTS/MODEL EXAMS ☐ UNIV. EXAMINATION
☐ STUD. LAB PRACTICES ☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS ☐ CERTIFICATIONS
☐ ADD-ON COURSES ☐ OTHERS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES-INDIRECT
☐ ASSESSMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES (BY FEEDBACK, ONCE) ☐ STUDENT FEEDBACK ON FACULTY
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS ☐ OTHERS
Prepared by Approved by
Ms. Sabna N
Dr. Jos Prakash
Mr. Ajai V Babu (HOD)
Semester IV, Course Hand-Out
Department of EC, RSET 96
9.2 COURSE PLAN
Day Topic
1
REALIZATION OF FUNCTIONS
USING BASIC & UNIVERSAL
GATES
2
To design and realize half adder and
full adder using basic gates and
universal gates.
3
To design and realize half subtractor
and full subtractor using basic gates
and universal gates.
4
4 BIT ADDER/SUBTRACTOR AND
BCD ADDER USING 7483 IC
5 2 BIT COMPARATOR
6
To setup and design a 4 bit gray to
binary and binary to gray code
converter.
7
REALIZATION OF FLIP-FLOPS
USING NAND GATES
8
To set up a four bit binary ripple
counter and to study its working as an
up and down counter.
9
4 BIT SYNCHRONOUS UP/DOWN
COUNTER ,RING&JOHNSON
counter
10
Multiplexers & Demultiplexer's using
gates and ICs (74150 and 74154)
11
combinational circuits using MUX &
DEMUX
12 Lab Exam