Course book Fundamentals of petroleum · 2018. 9. 7. · Course book Fundamentals of petroleum 4 Course Overview This course basically covers almost all petroleum engineering sections

Course book Fundamentals of petroleum

1

Course Book of

Fundamentals of Petroleum

(PETE 205)

2nd

stage

By

Mr. Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf

Petroleum Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering

Koya University

2013-2014


2

CONTENT ……………………………………………………… 2

1. Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course..................... 3

2. Course Overview......................................................................................... 4

3. Course Objectives....................................................................................... 4

4. Course Reading List.................................................................................... 5

5. Grading……………..................................................................................... 5

6. Syllabus…………………………………………………………………… 6

7. Topics Covered............................................................................................ 7

8. Sample of Questions ……………………………………………………... 14

9. Answers ………………………………………………………………….. 15

10. Student Feed Back …………………………………………………….. 18


3

Course Coordinator and List of Lecturers on this Course

Course Name: Fundamentals of Petroleum (Theory)

Lecturer: Mr. Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf

Department: Petroleum Engineering

Faculty: Engineering

University: Koya

Email: [email protected]

Course Name: Fundamentals of Petroleum (Tutorial)

Instructor: Mr. Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf



University: Koya


Course coordinator: Dr. Nawzat R. Ismail



University: Koya


mailto:[email protected]




4

Course Overview

This course basically covers almost all petroleum engineering sections including

petroleum definition, composition, nature of oil and gas reservoirs, petroleum geology;

traps, reservoir rocks properties; porosity, permeability and saturation. Properties of

liquid petroleum; oil formation volume factor, solution gas oil ratio, oil viscosity, total

formation volume factor and oil compressibility. Natural gas engineering; ideal gas law,

real gas law and mixture of gases. Gas properties; gas density, gas specific gravity, gas

viscosity, gas formation volume factors, gas isothermal compressibility, Pseudo critical

properties and Pseudo reduced properties of gas. Drilling rigs; cable tool drilling and

rotary drilling. Drilling fluids; types, functions and density calculations. Casing,

cementing and completion. Basic phase behaviors; single, binary and Multicomponent

system. Reservoir drive mechanisms and Petroleum refinery products.

Course objectives

During the fundamentals of petroleum course students will be introduced to the

fundamental Engineering science concepts related to the petroleum Engineering.

On successful completion of this course students will:

Be able to know the nature of petroleum, and describe the chemical composition

of liquid and gaseous petroleum.

Know the concepts of petroleum geology and basic rock properties, and the

mechanisms of the origin and accumulation of petroleum.

Be able to describe the cable tool drilling equipments and the general basic

drilling techniques.

Be able the composition, functions, and nature of rotary drilling fluids.

Know the oil well cementing and casing practices.

Be able to know the well completions.

Know the reservoir drive mechanisms.

Know the main products which can be produced at the refineries.

Know the properties of reservoir rocks and fluids (oil and gas).

Be able to know the calculations of drilling fluid density.

Know the of phase behavior.


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Course reading list

Ahmed, T. (2001) Reservoir Engineering Handbook. 2nd

edn. Texas:

Butterworth-Heinemann.

Amyx, J. W., Bass, D. M. and Whuting, R. I. (1988) Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering: Physical Properties. California: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc.

Gatlin, G.(1996) Petroleum Engineering: Drilling and Well Completion.

Texas: Prentice – Hall, Inc.

Cosse, R. (1993) Basics of Reservoir Engineering: Oil and Gas Field

Development. Paris : Editions Technip.

Craft, B. C. and Hawkins, M. (1991) Applied Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering. 2nd

edn. Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Holstein, E.D. (2007) Petroleum Engineering Handbook: Volume V

Reservoir Engineering and Petrophysics. Richardson, Texas: Society of

Petroleum Engineers.

Rabia, H. (2001) Well Engineering and Construction. Halesowen: ENTEC.

Tiab, D. and Donadson, E.C. (2004) Petrophysics: Theory And Practice Of

Measuring Reservoir Rock And Fluid Transport Properties. 2nd

edn. Oxford:

Gulf Professional Publishing.

Grading

Grading is based on:

Homework and attendance

Quizzes

Two courses exams

Final Examination


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Syllabus

Weeks Contents 1 Introduction and Overview.

2 Petroleum definition, Chemical composition, Classification, Source, Traps, Products and API definition

3,4,5 Basic reservoir rock properties, Porosity and its types, Porosity calculation, Pore volume by saturation method and Bulk volume by displacement method.

6 Oil and water saturation and Quantitative use of porosity data.

7 Permeability and Darcy's law, Linear incompressible fluid flow and Radial incompressible fluid flow.

8 Conversion to practical units with applications.

9 Primary Recovery Mechanisms.

10 Drilling, Cable tool drilling and Rotary drilling.

11 Drilling Fluids, Composition, Types and Functions. 12 Drilling mud density calculations.

13 Casing, Cementing and Completion definitions.

14 Natural Gas Engineering, Ideal gas law and Mixture of gases (volume, mole and weight fractions).

15 Gas molecular weight, Gas density, Gas specific gravity and Real gas law.

16 Gas formation volume factor and Gas expansion factor.

17 Pseudo critical properties and Pseudo reduced properties.

18,19 Treating the C7+ mixture, Effect of non-hydrocarbon composition on the z-factor and Gas viscosity.

20,21 Initial gas in place calculations by: A-Volumetric method, B- Material balance method.

22,23 Basic concepts of phase behavior; Single component systems, Binary systems and Multi-component systems.

24,25 Properties of liquid petroleum; Oil’s density, Oil formation volume factor, Solution gas oil ratio, Oil viscosity with: Flash vaporization and Differential vaporization.

26 Total formation volume factor with an application on oil properties.

27,28 Isothermal compressibility, Gas compressibility factor and Oil compressibility factor with applications.


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First subject: Petroleum (general view)

Subject objectives:

1. Petroleum definition and its chemical composition, classification, products.

2. API definition for crude oil evaluation

3. Source and traps

Subject details:

Petroleum may be defined as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, which may be either

gas, liquid or solid, depending on composition and the pressure and temperature.

The principal series found in petroleum are:

1. Paraffins which have the general formula CnH2n+2

2. Cycloparaffins having the general formula CnH2n

3. Aromatics having the general formula CnH2n-6

In addition to hydrocarbons, petroleum may contain impurities such as CO2 , H2S and

others.

Second subject: Porosity

Subject objectives: 1. Porosity measurement (by the calculation of Vb and Vp).

2. To calculate the initial oil or gas in place by the quantitative use of porosity data

3. Porosity value can be use in many reservoir engineering calculations.

Subject details: Porosity and its types

Porosity is a measure of the void space (pore space) with in a rock expressed as a

fraction (or percentage) of the bulk volume of that rock. The general expression for

porosity is

ф =Vp

Vb

ф = (Vb − Vg ) Vb


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Where ф =porosity

Vb =bulk volume of the rock

Vg=grain volume

Vp=pore volume=the difference between bulk and grain volume

Third subject: Permeability

Subject objectives:

1. To determine the well flow rate for the producing fluid that can be use in petroleum

reservoir engineering calculations.

2. To be use in petroleum production engineering calculations.

Subject details:

Permeability definition and Darcy’s law

Permeability is defined as a measure of rock’s ability to transmit fluids. Darcy’s law in

differential form for linear incompressible fluid flow is:

υ = −k

µ

dp

dl

Where: υ=apperant flow velocity, cm/sec

µ=viscosity of the flowing fluid, cp

dp

dl=pressure gradient in the direction of flow, atm. / cm

k=permeability of the porous media, darcys

υ =q

A

Where : q=volumetric flow rate of fluid flow, cc/sec

A=total cross sectional area perpendicular to flow

direction, cm2

Darcy’s law for linear incompressible fluid flow is:

q =AKΔP

µL

Darcy’ law for radial incompressible fluid flow is:


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q =2ΠKh(Pe − Pw)

µ ln(rerw)

Forth subject: Rotary Drilling and drilling mud functions Subject objectives:

1. To define the meaning of rotary drilling and basic rig components.

2. To describe the main functions of the drilling fluids.

3. To define the meaning of casing, cementing and completion.

4. To practice some calculations on drilling mud density.

Subject details:

In the rotary method, the hole is drilled by rotating a bit with down force load. The bit is

rotated by a drill string. The drill string is composed of drill pipe and drill collars. The

cuttings are lifted from the hole by the drilling fluid which is circulated down inside the

drill string through nozzles in the bit and upward in the annular space between the drill

pipe and the bore hole. At the surface, the returning fluid (mud) is passed through a

series of tanks (pits) to allow cutting separation and any necessary treating. In the last of

these pits the mud is picked up by the pump suction and repeats the cycle.

The basic functions of the drilling fluid are:

1. To cool and lubricate the bit and the drill string.

2. To remove and transport cutting from the bottom of the hole

to surface.

3. To suspend cuttings during times when circulation is stopped

4. To control encountered subsurface pressure.

5. To wall the hole with an impermeable filter cake.


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Fifth subject: Natural gas engineering

Subject objectives:

Because of the use of natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG-butane and

propane), the natural gas and its products are as much in demand as oil.

Subject details:

Ideal and real gas law

The simplest equation of state is called the ideal gas law and is given by Boyle’s and

Charles’s law :

PV = nRT

Where: P is absolute pressure, psia

V is total volume, ft3

n is moles, Ib-mole=wt./Mw

T is absolute temperature °R(Rankine)

R is the gas constant=10.73

The number which is a measure of the amount the gas deviates from perfect (ideal)

behavior is called gas deviation factor, symbol Z. Then the real gas law is:

PV = ZnRT

Z-factor depends on P, T and type of gas.

Sixth subject: Basic concepts of phase behavior

Subject objectives:

From the P-T (Pressure-Temperature) diagram, we can define the type of reservoir fluid

and its behavior during the production time.


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Subject details: Single component system: for example, P-T diagram of ethane

Binary system: For example, P-T diagram for ethane-n-heptane system is the following:


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Multicomponent system: The phase for this system is shown in the following figure:


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Seventh subject: Properties of liquid petroleum

Subject objectives:

1. To study the behavior of oil sample on isothermal pressure reduction above and below

the bubble point pressure.

2. To study the difference between flash and differential vaporization in PVT (Pressure-

Volume-Temperature)cell.

3. To define the oil properties as PVT relationships which are of fundamental importance

to the solution of many petroleum engineering problems.

Subject details:

Oil formation volume factor

This is the quantity denoted by Bo ,the reservoir volume occupied per volume of tank oil

(oil reduced to standard conditions s. c.)

Bo =reservoir oil volume at any p

oil volume at s. c. in

bbl

STB

Solution gas oil ratio

Denoted by Rs ,is the number of standard cubic feet of gas dissolved per barrel of tank

oil.

Rs =volume of dissolved gas at any P

volume of oil at s. c. in

SCF

STB

Oil viscosity (µo)

This is found by stepwise determination in a high pressure viscometer.

Total formation volume factor (Bt)

This is the total formation volume factor of one stock tank barrel of oil plus the originally

associated gas.

Bt = Bo + Bg Rsb − Rs in bbl/STB


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Sample of Questions

Q.1/A) Calculate the initial gas formation volume factor at initial pressure 5000 psi and temperature 200°F for miscellaneous 0.75 gas gravity (assuming real gas behavior). B) Calculate the initial gas in place G(SCF) for the gas of part A with the following field data: Area=1000 acres Average porosity=0.2 Average connate water saturation=0.25 Average thickness=12 ft Q.2/A) A crude oil has a compressibility of 20*10-6 psi-1 and a bubble point of 3200 psia. Calculate the relative volume factor at 4400 psia, assuming constant compressibility. B) What is the meaning of the above compressibility value (20*10-6 psi-1 ) ? Q.3/A) Derive the flow equation for radial incompressible fluid flow ? B) Convert the equation of part A to field units ? Q.4/A) How much fresh water and clay must be mixed to prepare 1 liter of 1.05 specific gravity mud? B) How much Barite should be added to the mud of part A to increase its density to 9.5 Ib/gal? Note Ib /gal =0.1198 gm /cc Good luck Instructor

Pshtiwan T. M. Jaf


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Answers

Q1./Solution:

(A) At gas specific gravity =0.75 from the chart pPc=665 psia , pTc=405 °R

pPr=5000/665=7.52 , pTr=(200+460)/405=1.63

from the chart Z=0.98

𝐵𝑔 = 0.028𝑍 𝑇

𝑃

Bgi=0.0280.98∗660

5000= 0.003622 𝑓𝑡3/𝑆𝐶𝐹

(B) 𝐺 = 43560𝜑∗ 1−𝑆𝑤𝑐 ∗𝐴∗𝑕

𝐵𝑔𝑖

𝐺 = 435600.2 1 − 0.25 ∗ 1000 ∗ 12

0.003622

G=21.6*109 SCF=21.6 MMM SCF

Q2./Solution:

(A) 𝐶𝑜 = −1

𝑉 𝛥𝑉

𝛥𝑝

20 ∗ 10−6 = −1

𝑋

𝑋 − 1

4400 − 3200 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

24000*10-6

X = - X+1

1.024 X = 1

X = 0.9766 = RVF = Relative Volume Factor at P=4000 psia

(B) The meaning of Co=20*10-6

psi-1

is that the volume of 1 million barrels of

reservoir fluid will increase by 20 bbls for a reduction of 1 psi in pressure.


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Q3./Solution:

(A)

𝑞

𝐴= +

𝑘

µ 𝑑𝑝

𝑑𝑟

𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑟 𝑕 Where: r=radius or distance from center, cm

And h=thickness of bed, cm

𝑞 𝑑𝑟

𝑟=

2𝜋 𝑘 𝑕

µ 𝑑𝑝

𝑝𝑒

𝑝𝑤

𝑟𝑒

𝑟𝑤

𝑞(ln 𝑟𝑒 − ln 𝑟𝑤) =2𝜋 𝑘 𝑕

µ (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)

𝑞(ln 𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤) =2𝜋 𝑘 𝑕 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)

µ

𝑞 =2𝜋 𝑘 𝑕 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)

µ ln(𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤)

Where: q=is the flow rate in cc/sec, µ= the fluid viscosity in cp, re is the external

drainage radius in cm, rw is the well radius in cm, Pe,Pw are the pressure at re,rw in atm.

(B)Conversion to field units:

𝑞𝑏𝑏𝑙

𝑑𝑎𝑦∗

159000 𝑐𝑐

𝑏𝑏𝑙∗

𝑑𝑎𝑦

24 𝑕𝑟𝑠∗

𝑕𝑟𝑠

60 𝑚𝑖𝑛∗

𝑚𝑖𝑛

60 𝑠𝑒𝑐

=2𝜋 𝑘 𝑕 𝑓𝑡 ∗

30.48 𝑐𝑚𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑎𝑡𝑚14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖

µ ln(𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑤)

𝑞 =24 ∗ 3600 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 30.48

159000 ∗ 14.7∗𝑘 𝑕 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)

µ ln(𝑟𝑒/𝑟𝑤)


17

𝑞 =7.08 𝑘 𝑕 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤)

µ ln(𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑤)

Where h in ft, k in darcy, (Pe-Pw) in psia, µ in cp, q in bbl/day

Q4./Solution:

(A)

𝑉𝑠 =𝑉𝑚2(𝜌𝑚2 − 𝜌𝑚1)

𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑚1

𝑉𝑠 =1000(1.05 − 1.0)

(2.5 − 1.0)= 33.3 𝑐𝑐

𝜌𝑠𝑉𝑠 = 2.5 ∗ 33.3 = 83.3 𝑔𝑚

𝑉𝑚1 = 1000 − 33.3 = 966.7 𝑐𝑐= volume of fresh water

𝜌𝑚2 =1.05

0.1198= 8.765 𝐼𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙

(B)

𝑉𝑠 =𝑉𝑚1(𝜌𝑚2 − 𝜌𝑚1)

𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑚2

𝑉𝑠 =1000(9.5 − 8.765)

(4.3 ∗ 8.33 − 9.5)= 27.93 𝑐𝑐

𝜌𝑠𝑉𝑠 = 4.3 ∗ 27.93 = 120 𝑔𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒


18

فيدباكي قوتابي خويَهدكار بؤ بابةتةكة

2013-2014: ڵيسا: رسۆك: روارەب

Fundamentals of petroleum :تە بابى واوویشانپشتیوان تحسیه محمد : ستاۆمام

ئاشتي بابةت ثرشياري يةلَصةنطاندى 1-5

بةشيَوةيةكي –تيَبيني زياتر بابةتيانة

ئامانجةكاى و ثوختةي ثةيامةكاني بابةتةكة رِووى 1 وئاشكرا بووى

ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة شوودبةخش بوو و ثةيوةندي بة 2 ئامانجي شةرةكي كؤرِشةكةوة يةبوو

ثةراِوي بابةتةكة بة ثييَ ثيَويصت ئامادة كرابوو 3

4 مامؤشتاكة لة كاتي وانة وتهةوةدا يةوليَ دا ثريهصيث

و ناوةرؤك و خالَة طرنطةكاني بابةتةكة بة جواني و بة شادةيي شيَ بكاتةوة

مامؤشتا يةوليَ دا تةركيسم لةشةر بابةتةكة لانةكةويَ 5

مامؤشتا لة كاتي خؤيدا ياتة وانةكة و لة كاتي خؤيدا 6 وانةكةي تةواو كرد

مامؤشتاكة بة نةرمي و بة ييَنني و بة رِيسَليَهانةوة لة 7 كاتي وانة طوتهةوةدا يةلَصوكةوتي دةكرد

شلايدةكاني بةكار ييَهراى رِووى و ئاشكرا و شةرنج 8 راِكيَش بووى

مامؤشتا كاتي ثرشيار كردني ييَشتةوة و يةوليَ دا 9 ثرشيارةكاى بة تيرَو تةشةلي وةلآم بداتةوة

شةرضاوةكاني خويَهدنةوة نويوَ و لةطةلَ ناوةرؤكي 10 بابةتةكة دةطونجيوَ

كؤي ئاشتةكاى

ثيَوةري يةلَصةنطاندني ئاشتي ناوةرؤك

1 2 3 4 5 زؤر باش باش مام ناوةندي خراث زؤر خراث

Documents

Course book Fundamentals of petroleum · 2018. 9. 7. · Course book Fundamentals of petroleum 4 Course Overview This course basically covers almost all petroleum engineering sections