Course: Biology Agricultural Science & Technology

Unit: Cell Structure and Function

State Standard: Students will understand that all organisms are composed of one or more cells that are made of molecules, come from preexisting cells, and perform life functions.

State Objectives: Investigate the structure and function of cells and cell parts.C. Describe how the transport of materials in and out of cells enables cells to maintain

homeostasis (i.e., osmosis, diffusion, active transport).D. Describe the relationship between the organelles in a cell and the functions of that cell.

Unit Objectives:

A. Describe how the transport of materials in and out of cells enables cells to maintain

homeostasis (i.e., osmosis, diffusion, active transport).

B. Describe the relationship between the organelles in a cell and the functions of that cell.

Materials Needed (Equipment):

Heavy corn syrup

Beaker

Green, blue or red food coloring

Spray cologne or perfume

Packaged candy

Relatively clean garbage can

Pre-cut name tags for organelle activity Click here to access activity name tags!

Two boxes—one that can fit inside of the other

Tape

Facilities:

Classroom

PowerPoint

Projector

Interest Approach:

Have the class imagine that you had taken each student’s temperature in the room and ask if they

can guess what the average temperature of the class would be. (About 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit).

Why is this? (Because our cells maintain our internal temperature through a process called

homeostasis)

Objective A: Describe how the transport of materials in and out of cells

enables cells to maintain homeostasis (i.e., osmosis, diffusion, active

transport).

Curriculum (Content)(What to teach)

Instruction (Methodology)(How to teach)

A1

The Cell Membrane

The Master of Homeostasis

A2

Terms to Know

• Homeostasis

• Diffusion

• Osmosis

• Active Transport

• Cell membrane

• Plasma membrane

• Selectively permeable

• Gradient

• Dynamic equilibrium

• Hypotonic solution

• Hypertonic solution

• Isotonic solution

A3

Homeostasis

• An organism’s regulation of its

internal environment to maintain

conditions suitable for survival is known as

homeostasis

• An organism’s ability to maintain

these conditions occurs at the cellular level

– One of the main structures of a cell

responsible for maintaining homeostasis is

Point out that these adaptations that enable an organism to change internally in order to survive is known as homeostasis.

A1. PPT Slide 1

A2. PPT Slide 2Have students write these terms in their notes packet and define them as you go along in the PowerPoint Presentation

A3. PPT Slide 3

What examples can you think of in nature where organisms adapt to their environment in order to survive?

(Answers may include hibernation, growing a thick fur or shedding)

Activity: Corn Syrup Diffusion

Activity: in a beaker, fill with corn syrup and place a few drops of

food coloring on the top of the syrup in one location. Discuss that

the concentration of food coloring particles is very high where the

drops are located and that the particles of corn syrup and food

coloring are randomly moving, even though you cannot see the

individual particles moving. Ask the students what will happen if

you leave the mixture overnight. Discuss that because of the net

movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an

area of lower concentration, the food coloring should distribute

itself evenly throughout the mixture until it reaches equilibrium.

Objective B: Describe the relationship between the organelles in a cell

and the functions of that cell.

B17Cell OrganellesThe Nuts and Bolts of a Cell

B18

Descartes E-Moment:Have students write themselves a letter answering three questions. They should write it in complete sentences using letter format. The three questions are:What do I know about cells?What would I like to know about cells?What do I not know about cells?

B17. PPT Slide 17

B18. PPT Slide 18

Terms to Know• Organelle• Plasma membrane• Cell wall• Mitochondria• Vacuole• Lysosome• Centrioles• Ribosome• Chromatin• Endoplasmic reticulum• Golgi apparatus• Cytoplasm• Nucleus• Nuclelous• Nuclear membrane

A19

A20Cell Organelles• Like many organisms have organs within them that have specific functions, cells have organelles• Organelles are membrane-bound structures within a eukaryotic cell that have specific functions

A21The Cell Membrane• The cell membrane, or plasma

Have students write the terms in their notes and define the terms as you go along in the PowerPoint Presentation

A19. PPT Slide 19Explain that this is an animal cell

A20. PPT Slide 20

A21. PPT Slide 21

Centrioles

Nucleus

EndoplasmicReticulum

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Lysosome

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

Chromatin

NucleolusNuclear Membrane

Ribosome

Vacuole

Does this cell look organized?

membrane, is a selectively permeable layer on the outside of the cell, which contains all of the organelles within– Remember that the plasma membrane helps maintain homeostasis within an organism• All cells have a cell membrane

A22Cell Wall• A cell wall is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists which provides support and protection• The cell wall allows the cell to become quite turgid without bursting

A23Mitochondria• A eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle that transforms energy stored in food molecules is called mitochondria– Mitochondria have highly folded membranes that produce energy-storing molecules• Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell

A24Golgi Apparatus• The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic cells with a system of flattened tubular membranes• It sorts and packages proteins and sends them to their appropriate destinations

A25Lysosome• A lysosome contains digestive enzymes and is responsible for digesting excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

A22. PPT Slide 22

Activity Refer to “Organelle Activity” below.

A24. PPT Slide 24Refer to “Organelle Activity” below

A25. PPT Slide 25Refer to “Organelle Activity” below

A26. PPT Slide 26Refer to “Organelle Activity” below

A26Vacuole• A vacuole is a membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials– The vacuole in a plant is very large

A27Centrioles• In animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules called centrioles duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase

A28Chromatin• Long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus is known as chromatin and condenses to form chromosomes

A29Endoplasmic Reticulum• The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle in eukaryotic cells with a series of highly folded membranes surrounded in cytoplasm• It is the site of cellular chemical reactions– Can be rough “ER” with ribosomes attached or smooth ER without ribosomes

A30Ribosomes• Ribosomes are non-membrane-bound organelles in the nucleus where proteins are assembled

A31Cytoplasm• Cytoplasm is the clear, gelatinous fluid in cells that is the site of numerous chemical reactions

A27. PPT Slide 27Refer to “Organelle Activity” below

A28. PPT Slide 28Refer to “Organelle Activity” below

A29. PPT Slide 29Refer to “Organelle Activity” below

A30. PPT Slide 30

A31. PPT Slide 31

A32. PPT Slide 32

– In eukaryotes, it suspends the organelles

A32Nucleus• The nucleus is the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions and contains DNA• The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane which can dissolve or allow structures out to the cytoplasm

A33Nucleolus• The nucleolus is found in the nucleus and produces ribosomes

A34Review Link

A35Animal Cell Diagram

A36Plant Cell Diagram

A33. PPT Slide 33

A34. PPT Slide 34Follow the link to demonstrate a video animation of the parts of a cell.

A35. PPT Slide 35Animal Cell DiagramUse this diagram to reinforce cell parts.

A36. PPT Slide 36Use this diagram to reinforce cell parts.

Sample TestClick here to link to the sample test

Activity: “Organelle Activity” Before class, place a PACKAGED candy in a garbage can that

is relatively clean. Before class, tape the tag “Golgi’s Apparatus” onto the outside

of the larger box. Before class tape the tag “Protein” onto the outside of the

smaller box. Cut out the organelle name tags. Click here to access name

tags! Choose three students to volunteer to participate in this

activity. Pin or paper-clip the name tags to the three volunteers. Start with “Mighty Condria”. (Preferrably a boy who likes to

show off) Ask Mighty Condria to introduce himself to the class. Have the class say his name several times (using the choral response E-moment). After he is properly introduced,

tell him that he is a huge body builder and get him to do a few of his best body building poses. Have the class say his name one more time loudly and ask them again what he does. (He is a body builder). Then show PPT Slide 23 and teach that mitochondria is the energy transforming powerhouse for the cell and relate it to “Mighty Condria”.

Next bring up Golgi. Properly introduce him or her to the class and have them repeat Golgi’s name loudly several times. Explain to the class that his job is like the UPS man or woman. The job description is to use his “apparatus” to package protein and ship it to other sites within the cell. Have him or her take the “PROTEIN” box, place it in the “APPARATUS”, tape it up and “ship” it to another part of the cell. (Have him take it and set it at another location in the classroom. Remind the class the name of the Shipping Guy and that his job is to ship protein throughout the cell. Show PPT Slide 24 and relate Golgi apparatus to the volunteer in the activity.

Next bring up “Lysosome”. Properly introduce her by having students loudly say her name a few times. Instruct students that her job is like a garbage man or woman (get the clean garbage can with PACKAGED candy in it). Explain that “Lysosome’s” job is not only to remove garbage, but to eat it or digest it. Have her pick the candy up out of the garbage can and eat some in front of the class. Remind students the name of the garbage person (Lysosome) and that she digests waste. Show Slide 25 and relate the lysosome with the volunteer.

Have volunteers sit down and have students imagine a line of vacuums at the front of the classroom. Ask them to describe each of the pretend vacuums by color, shape, etc. and then ask them what the vacuum’s job is. (To suck up things and store them). Show Slide 26 and compare the job of a vacuum to a vacuole. (Vacuoles store stuff)

When teaching centrioles, you may call them “100 year old cowboys”—Century-old (Centriole) cowboys. The reason they are cowboys is because they have ropes which they throw out

to catch the centromeres on chromosomes during prophase of mitosis and meiosis.

When teaching chromatin you can teach them that it is unwound DNA that resembles spaghetti. You can eat spaghetti on a “Chrome or Tin” (Chromatin) plate. So when DNA is unwound and looks like spaghetti, it is chromatin.

When teaching Endoplasmic Reticulum, or “ER” you can compare an Emergency Room “ER”, where chemical reactions take place (chemical shots, IV’s, medicines) to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) where cellular chemical reactions take place.

EvaluationCell Structure and Function Test