COURSE 4 Term Formation

8/4/2019 COURSE 4 Term Formation

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COURSE 4

TERM-FORMATION


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The three dimensions of the term (ap.

Sager, 1990)

Cognitive (the domain/field)

Linguistic (the designation)

Communicative/pragmatic


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Pragmatic aspects in term formation

Where is a term actually created?

When is a term actually created?

Who creates a term?


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Where?

A research laboratory, a company, a conference

When?

When there is a need for new designation: a newproduct is created, a new theory is imagined

Who?

A scientist? a linguist?


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Primary term formation

Monolingual

No pre-existing linguistic entity

Spontaneous, no rules, not planned

The formation of a concept + the term

The scientist / inventor (not a linguist)

Examples: quark


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The quark model was first postulated independentlyby physicists Murray-Gel -Mann and George Zweigin 1964. At the time of the theory's initial proposal,

the "particle zoo" consisted of a few leptons and amultitude of hadrons. Gell-Mann and Zweig positedthat hadrons were not elementary particles, butinstead composed of various combinations of quarksand antiquarks.They postulated three flavors (!!!) of

quarksup, down and strangeto which theyascribed properties such as spin and electriccharge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo


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Gell-Mann originally named the quark after thesound made by ducks. For some time, he wasundecided on an actual spelling for the term he

intended to coin, until he found the word quarkinJames Joyces book Finnegans Wake:

Three quarks for Muster Mark!Sure he has not got much of a bark

And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.James Joyce, Finnegans Wake


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In 1963, when I assigned the name "quark" to thefundamental constituents of the nucleon, I had the soundfirst, without the spelling, which could have been"kwork". Then, in one of my occasional perusals of

Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce, I came across theword "quark" in the phrase "Three quarks for MusterMark". From time to time, phrases occur in the book thatare partially determined by calls for drinks at the bar. Iargued, therefore, that perhaps one of the multiple

sources of the cry "Three quarks for Muster Mark" mightbe "Three quarts for Mister Mark", in which case thepronunciation "kwork" would not be totally unjustified. Inany case, the number three fitted perfectly the wayquarks occur in nature.


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Any relation between concept anddesignation?


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Secondary term formation

A new term is created for an existing concept

The term is revised (in the same language)

Transfer of knowledge to another linguistic

community

A pre-existing basis / term

This can be in another language

Created by a linguist / terminology Rules (to be found in language)


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Principles for conceptterm

connection

Linguistic appropriateness (atomic energyvs. nuclear energy)

Linguistic economy (Terms should be

concise:e.g. term bank vs. terminologicaldata bank)

Derivability (Term formations allowing for

potential derivatives and word familiese.g.inflaie, inflaionist, anti-inflaionist etc.)


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Linguistic aspects in term formation

Methods:

Creating new forms

Using existing forms

Translingual borrowings (loan words)


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Creating new forms through: Derivation (phosphorous, detoxification) Compounds => complex terms

Hyphen high-definition television

Fusion/block downsizing, outflow No join member country

Blends Biological + electronic = bionic

Abbreviations: full form Court of Justice of the EuropeanCommunities, abbreviation Court

Clippings (influenza = flu) Initialisms (PC = personal computer) Acronyms (scuba = self contained underwater breathing

apparatus)


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Existing forms:

Conversion (Google => to google)

Terminologization (wave => electromagnetic wave)

Transdisciplinary borrowing: reaction => chemistry,physics, physiology

Semantic transfer within a special language

Simile: L-shaped room, network

Synecdoche (very productive): screen: concrete the part of a

computer on which information is displayed andabstract theinformation displayed on this computer part

Metaphor: the invisible hand of the market


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Loans:

Direct borrowing = full adoption of terms fromcontemporary languages (soft, hardin Romanian

< English, chef, reservoirin English < French) Loan translation: The morphological elements of

a term are translated literally in order to form anew term in the target language (Eng. Online>

French en ligne)


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Systems of term formation: chemistry

Organic name systems (chemistry)

Structure: CH3O-CH2-CH 3 Substitutive name: methoxyethane

Radicofunctional name: ethyl methyl ether

Skeletal replacement: 2-oxybutane


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Substitutive nomenclature: prefixes (radicals)denote the substitution of a hydrogen atom of theparent by the named group

Skeletalreplacement nomenclature : the prefixes

ending in the letter a (e.g. oxa-, thia-, aza-etc.)denote the replacement of an atom in the backboneof the parent by the named atom.

Radicofunctional nomenclature are a type of

additive name in which groups are named assprefixes (radicals) separated by spaces and followedby the name of the function involved


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Functional suffix Groups (ap. IUPAC OrganicNomenclature)

Class: Amines

Formula: -NH2 Suffix: -amine

Class: Alcohols Formula: -OH

Suffix: -ol


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Stems in chemical nomenclature(ap.PharmS/Norm 15): -adol analgesics (Tramadol)

-astine anitihistaminics -cillin anitbiotics

gest steroids, progestogens

prost prostaglandins

-olol -adrenoreceptor antagonists -terol bronhodilators, phenetylamine

derivatives

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COURSE 4 Term Formation