Energy 1. Two Types of Energy: Potential and Kinetic

2. Potential Energy = stored energy

3. Types of Potential= gravitational, elastic, chemical

4. Kinetic Energy= motion energy

5. Types of Kinetic= light, thermal (heat), mechanical, nuclear, sound, electricity

6. Example of an Energy Transformation: chemical energy → motion energy

→

7. Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroy; it can only change forms.

Energy Review Questions

1. A plant uses energy from the Sun to make food. What kind of energy transformation is this?

0 light energy to chemical energy

2. Gravitational potential energy is dependent upon ____________and ______________.

0 Weight and height

3. In hydroelectric power plants, the energy from moving water is converted into electric power. What kind of energy transformation occurs when the energy is converted?

0 mechanical to electrical

4. Position A is the starting point for the roller coaster. At which position will the first roller coaster car have the most potential energy?

0 position A

5. The law of conservation of energy states that

energy cannot be ________________ or _________________.

0 created or destroyed

Electricity

1. Electricity is a form of energy that's produced by the flow of electrons 2. Parts of an electric circuit

1. Load-transform electricity into other forms of energy. Ex: light bulb, television, motor

2. Wire-insulated conductor that connect parts of the circuit

3. Energy Source-battery, photocell, thermocouple, electric generator (power plant)

4. Switch-made of conducting material, one of which can be moved to open and close a circuit

3. Conductor- a material in which charges can move easily. Examples: copper, aluminum, silver, gold, aluminum, iron

4. Insulator- material in which charges cannot move easily Examples: plastic, rubber, glass, wood, and air

5. Resistance- this is the degree to which a substance resists, or opposes, an electric current

6. Parallel Circuit- a circuit in which loads have more than one path on which they can travel

7. Series Circuit- a circuit in which all parts are connected in a single loop

Electricity Review Questions

1. Look at the diagram. What will happen to the second lightbulb if the first lightbulb burns out?

0 It will also go out.

2. A substance that allows heat, light, sound, or a

charge to run through it is called

0 a conductor

3. Lucas plugs a lamp into the wall. The light bulb in the lamp turns on. What kind of energy transformation is this?

0 Electrical energy is transformed into light and heat energy.

4. Look at the diagram. What will happen to the second lightbulb if the first lightbulb burns out?

0 It will stay lit.

The Universe 1. Star- object in space that gives off its own light and

heat; it is made of hydrogen and helium

2. Scientists use a spectrograph to learn about stars and classify them on the H-R Diagram.

3. Galaxies are classified by shape: spiral, elliptical, and irregular

4. Black Hole- a region in space gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape its pull

5. Asteroid- a small, rocky object that orbits the sun, usually in a band between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

6. Comet- a small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun and that gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the sun

7. Meteor- a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere, meteorite - a meteoroid that reaches the Earth’s surface without burning up completely, meteoroid -a relatively small, rocky body that travels through space

The Universe Review Questions

1. The Sun is an average sized star. Most of the other stars in the galaxy are approximately the same size as the Sun. Why do the other stars in the galaxy appear so small in the night sky?

0 The other stars in the galaxy are trillions of kilometers away.

2. Astronomers classify galaxies by their shape. Which of the following terms describes a galaxy that looks like a round or flattened ball and contains little gas and dust between the stars?

0 elliptical galaxy

3. If a piece of space debris is too large to be a meteoroid and too small to be a planet, it could be ___________.

0 an asteroid

4. The Sun is the largest body in the solar system the sun is a

0 star

Planets

1. We know that there are 8 official planets in the Solar system: The inner terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) and the outer gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).

2. Dwarf Planets- Pluto, Eris, Ceres

3. Astronomical Unit-the average distance between the Earth and the sun; approximately 150 million kilometers (symbol, AU)

4. Rotation- one spin on a planet’s axis, one day

5. Revolution- one trip around the sun, one year

6. Leap Year-Earth takes 365. 25 or 365 ¼ days to revolve once around the sun. Those extra hours gradually add up so that after four years the calendar is out of step by about one day. Adding a day every four years allows the calendar to match up to the solar year again.

Planets Review Questions

1. Which is closer to the Earth—the Moon or Mars?

0 the moon

2. Which planet is most likely to have acid rain?

0 Venus

3. The Earth, the Sun, and the seven other planets that are in orbit around the Sun are part of

0 a solar system

4. Venus and Jupiter are typically the brightest planets in the night sky. Venus is much smaller than Jupiter, but is similar in brightness because

0 it is closer to Earth than Jupiter is.

Moon, Sun, & Earth 1. Seasons are caused by the 23.5° tilt of Earth. 2. When Earth is tilted toward the sun, it is summer. 3. When Earth is tilted away from the sun, it is winter. 4. Some places on Earth do not have much seasonal change because their

position in relation to the sun does not change. For example, near the equator, the temperature and the amount of daylight stay about the same year-round.

5. Moon Phases 6. A lunar eclipse happens when Earth is between the sun and the moon

and Earth's shadow falls on the moon. 7. A solar eclipse happens when the moon is between Earth and the sun

and the moon's shadow falls on Earth. 8. spring tide- a tide of increased range that occurs two times a month, at

the new and full moons 9. neap tide- a tide of minimum range that occurs during the first and

third quarters of the moon

Moon, Sun, & Earth Review Questions

1. Which phase of the Moon is represented by position 2? 0 waxing crescent

2. Which phase of the Moon is represented by position 5? 0 full moon

3. Which phase of the Moon is represented by position 4?

0 waxing gibbous

1. Which phases of the Moon produces the highest and lowest tides

on Earth? 0 New and Full Moon

2. The image above shows the positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun during a

0 lunar eclipse, in which the Earth casts a shadow on the Moon.

Weather 1. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place.

2. Meteorologists study and predict the weather. They use various tools to predict the weather:

0 anemometer- wind speed

0 wind vane- wind direction

0 thermometer- temperature

0 psychrometer- relative humidity

0 barometer- air pressure

0 rain gauge- amount of rainfall

3. Changes in air pressure indicates changes in weather- low pressure = cloudy, rainy, stormy/ high pressure = clear, sunny

4. Clouds and weather – nimbo = precipitation (cumulonimbus, nimbostratus)

5. Four Types of Fronts

0 cold= thunderstorms and heavy rain

0 warm= continuous drizzly rain, followed by clear weather

0 occluded= Cooler temperatures and large amounts of rain and snow

0 stationary= Many days of cloudy, wet weather

6. Severe Weather- tornadoes- form from thunderstorms. You need warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cool, dry air from Canada. When these two air masses meet, they create instability in the atmosphere. / hurricanes - form in the tropics, over warm ocean water (over 80ºF or 27ºC). These powerful storms are fueled by the heat energy that is released when water vapor condenses (turns into liquid water -- rain).

Weather Review Questions

1. Strong winds blowing up through thunderstorm clouds are called updrafts. These updrafts can send raindrops to high altitudes where the raindrops freeze. More updrafts may keep the frozen raindrops suspended at high altitudes where additional layers of ice may be added. When the weight of the frozen rain is too heavy to stay in the updraft, it falls to the ground. This is an example of which form of precipitation?

0 hail

2. A cold air mass and a warm air mass are predicted to meet. What type of weather can be expected between the two air masses?

0 stormy weather

3. An air mass that formed over land is going to bring _______ weather.

0 dry

4. Wispy, thin, white clouds can be seen high in the sky on a pleasant day. Which type of clouds are these?

0 cirrus

5. Relative humidity is measured with a/an _______ and is commonly expressed in _______

0 psychrometer/hygrometer, percentage (%)

6. A swirling, high-speed windstorm begins over the ocean. It contains heavy rains. The wind and rain rotate around a center of low pressure. When the winds inside this tropical cyclone reach 74 mph, which of the following occurs?

0 hurricane

The Atmosphere 1. The sun’s heat energy travels to Earth by radiation.

2. The sun heats up the air causing it to rise, cool off, and then sink. This is called a convection cell. This motion of air is called wind.

3. Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

4. local winds (blow over short distances, controlled by geographical features)

0 sea breeze- a wind blowing from the sea to the land, esp during the day when the land surface is warmer

0 land breeze- a breeze blowing toward the sea from the land, esp. at night, when the sea is warmer than the land

0 valley breeze -During the day, the sun warms the air along the mountain slopes. This warm air rises up the mountain slopes, creating a valley breeze.

0 mountain breeze- At nightfall, the air along the mountain slopes cools. This cool air moves down the slopes into the valley, producing a mountain breeze.

5. Differences in air pressure are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth. This causes convection cells that travel over thousands of miles called global winds.

6. Warm air rises at the equator and sinks at the poles.

7. Coriolis Effect- the apparent curving of the path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to the Earth’s rotation

The Atmosphere Review Questions

1. Convection currents, resulting from uneven heating of the Earth's surface, cause _______ to form.

0 wind

2. Once heat from the Sun penetrates the Earth's atmosphere, the heat is circulated as warm air rises and cold air sinks. What is this process called?

0 convection

3. Winds are caused by air moving around in the atmosphere. Wind turbines harness the mechanical energy in wind and convert it into electricity. What is the source of the mechanical energy in wind?

0 solar energy

4. The weather map shows an area of high

pressure and an area of low pressure.

What is most likely the wind direction at

point X?

0 west to east

Ocean Movements 1. Surface Currents- flow across the ocean’s surface, caused by wind

2. Ocean Current and Climate – warm water currents = warmer climates; cold-water currents= cooler climates

3. Gulf Stream- one of the world’s most important surface currents- a water current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico to the west coast of Europe to the British Isles and creates a relatively mild climate for land at such high latitude

Ocean Movements 4. Deep Currents- near or at the ocean floor up to thousands of meters

below the ocean’s surface – created by differences in density (cold water sinks, warm water rises)

5. Upwelling is the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface. The nutrients that are brought to the surface of the ocean support the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton. These tiny plants and animals support other organisms such as fish and seabirds.

Ocean Movements Review Questions

1. The diagram shows four ocean current. Identify a cold water current and explain its cause

0 Humbolt Current because it moves water from south of the equator back toward the equator

2. Ocean currents and global wind patterns, which are caused by convection currents, most strongly affect a region's

0 climate

3. Currents caused by differences in water density are most often the result of

0 differences in temperature and salinity.

4. Surface ocean currents are primarily formed by _______.

0 wind

Life Science 1. Biotic- living factors in an environment

2. Abiotic- nonliving factors in the environment

3. Biomes:

0 desert- dry, animals and plants adapted to store water (EX: Cacti, lizards, snakes, roadrunners, rabbits, scorpions)

0 tundra- low temperatures and very little precipitation, plants and animals have adaptations which allow them to stay warm in the very low temperatures (EX: Arctic foxes, reindeer, caribou, grizzly bears, and ermines)

0 taiga- coniferous forest (largest land biome on Earth). The winters are long and cold, and summers are short. (EX: Black bears, grizzly bears, owls, foxes, otters, and snowshoe hares)

0 grassland- grasses, few trees prarie= prarie dogs, bison savanna= lions, zebras, giraffes

0 rainforest-hot with heavy rainfall, found near the equator (EX: Monkeys, frogs, ferns, vines, toucans, parrots, snakes, and jaguars)

0 deciduous forest- four distinct seasons, trees loose their leaves (EX: Squirrels, owls, mice, deer, and raccoons

0 freshwater- rivers, ponds, lakes

0 marine- salt water

Life Science Review Questions

1. A biologist is studying a biome that has very cold temperatures. A layer of this biome's soil stays frozen year-round. What biome is the biologist most likely studying? 0 tundra

2. A particular species of lizard lives underground for much of the day, escaping the heat. This species of lizard probably lives in a _____. 0 desert

3. _______ is the largest continental biome. It experiences long, cold winters; short, mild summers; and low precipitation. It is characterized by coniferous forests. 0 taiga

4. Bison are grazers, living in herds that migrate in search of better pasture. Bison live in _____. 0 temperate grasslands (praries)

Engineering 1. Steps in the Engineering Design Process

0 Ask: Identify possible topics for design. Research background information.

0 Imagine: Developing Possible Solutions Prepare to build the prototype.

0 Plan: Construct the prototype. 0 Create: Test the prototype. Analyze data collected during the test. 0 Improve: Modifying and Retesting the Solution; Communicate

design findings.

2. Intended Consequences- positive purpose for which a technology is designed to be used

3. Unintended Consequences- uses or results that engineers do not purposely include in the design of products

4. Bioengineering 0 Adaptive-engineering that results in a product or process that

changes living organisms 0 Assistive- engineering that results in a product or process that

helps living organisms but does not change them permanently

Engineering Review Questions

1. The process of developing new technology is 0 The Engineering Design Process

2. Laser eye surgery is an example of 0 adaptive bioengineering

3. The number of accidents increasing due to distracted listeners is a ________________________ of engineering. 0 negative unintended consequence

4. An engineer is designing a machine to reduce the force requires to move objects. The engineer test a prototype of the machine. Which tools should the engineer use to estimate the amount of force needed to move objects? 0 spring scale

Scientific Method 1. Steps in the Scientific Method

0 Problem- testable research question, identify variables

0 Hypothesis – if, then statement predicting experimental outcome (If IV, then DV)

0 Experiment – step by step procedures to follow to test problem

0 Data – record data from experiment in a data table or graph

0 Conclusion- explain whether or not your hypothesis was correct, why/ why not, what did you learn from this experiment

2. Independent Variable- what is purposely changed by the experimenter

3. Dependent Variable-factor in an experiment that is allowed to change on its own in response to the independent variable, what is measured

4. Constant Variables - all the conditions that are kept exactly the same throughout the experiment. These conditions are kept the same so that a scientist can tell if or how one specific variable is changing another variable.

5. Collect and Interpret Data- graphs can be used to organize and communicate the data gathered during a scientific investigation

6. Errors- bias (unfair preference), changing more than one variable, not controlling variables well, etc.

Scientific Method 7. Science Tools

0 spring scale- measures force (weight)

0 thermometer- temperature

0 triple-beam balance – mass of objects

0 pan balance – compares mass of two objects

0 graduated cylinder - volume

0 meter stick - length

0 microscope- view tiny objects (such as cells)

0 hand lens – view smaller objects (such as tree rings)

0 Telescope – view objects very far away (such as moons of Jupiter)

0 stop watch - time

0 petri dish – grow bacteria or other microorganisms

Scientific Method Review Questions

1. Aisha wonders whether wind or water causes the most erosion. She set up an experiment in which she used a watering can to pour water down a pile of dirt. She then used a fan to blow wind on a second pile of dirt that is the exact same shape and size as the first pile of dirt. Aisha then measured how the height of the dirt piles changed. She also drew pictures of how their shape changed. In this experiment, what was the dependent variable?

0 the height and shape of the dirt piles

2. Lupe is conducting an experiment to find out what type of antibacterial soap kills the most bacteria. In her experiment, Lupe grows E. coli bacteria in ten different Petri dishes. Lupe then sprays 10 milliliters of an antibacterial soap on nine of the Petri dishes. Each of the nine Petri dishes is sprayed with a different brand of soap. Lupe doesn't spray any soap on the tenth Petri dish.In Lupe's experiment, what is the independent variable?

0 the brand of antibacterial soap

Scientific Method Review Questions

3. Amy is testing different designs of paper airplanes to find out which type of paper airplane can glide for the longest amount of time. She plans to lightly toss each paper airplane and measure the time it takes for each plane to reach the ground. Which instrument should Amy use to measure time in this experiment?

0 stop watch

4. Which tool could be used to estimate the thickness of rock layers along the side of a road?

0 meter stick