COUNSELIN

GUNIT 4,5

CONTENTS

• Meaning of counseling

• Terms involved in counseling

• Definition

• Factors contributing to the emergence of

counseling

• Growth of counseling

• Approaches to the counseling

• Counseling process

• Evaluation of counseling

COUNSELLING

In general the counseling is to help

individuals to overcome many of

their problems. It involves two

factors.

TERMS INVOLVED IN COUNSELING

1. Counselor

2. counselee

DEFINITION• Acc.to Smith(1955): A process in which

the counselor assists the counselee to make the

interpretations of facts related to choice, plan or

adjustments which he need to make.

• Acc.to Perez(1965): The counseling is an

interactive process conjoining the counselor

who needs assistance and the counselor who is

trained and educated to give the assistance.

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMERGENCE OF

COUNSELING

1. Technological factors

2. Psychological factors

3. Educational factors

4. Human factors

TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

Technological changes have

made a major impact upon

the people’s lives and

work. Because of the rapid

change in the technology

the need of counseling

arises and it comes into

existence.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

The growth of counseling is

also because of Psychological

factors. As a part of broader

field of psychology the

counseling is being introduced

for the development into it.

EDUCATIONAL FACTORS

Modern counseling is a product

of education system especially American education system. It has deep roots in the concern for an individual’s freedom, rights, and dignity. The development of counseling can

best be appreciated by analyzing

the various issues that affected

and influence its development.

HUMAN FACTORS

There are several mutually

opposed conceptions of

the basic human nature. Is

human nature either evil, or

good, or neutral? This factor

of human nature also helps

in the emergence of the

counseling.

GROWTH OF COUNSELING

The growth of counseling is divided into four

phases. They are:

1. 1850-1900

2. 1900-1930

3. 1930-1940

4. Second world war and after

1850-1900Under this period the innovations in the field of

psychology were made. under this period the

the first psychological laboratory was founded

at

Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879. However, it

was Jesse b. Davis who first used the term

“counseling” in this period.

1900-1930During the first few years of the twentieth century

several

significant events took place. These movements

boosted

efforts to develop knowledge and services in order

to

assist the individuals. Unfortunately there is a

wrong

impression that counseling is a poor man’s

psychotherapy.

All these factors helps in the emergence of the

counseling.

1930-1940Under this era the workers needs the guidance for

suitable tools and techniques to understand the

concept of counseling. There were very few

Psychological tests available and few persons were

trained to use them at that time.

SECOND WORLD WAR AND AFTER

In this era a book was published as “counseling

and

psychotherapy” by “Carl Rogers” in 1942. Before

this

there was a hesitation regarding the acceptability of

counseling as a form of psychotherapy. In this era

counseling

obtained the recognition by the American

Psychological

association(APA). The APA accepted the

recommendation of

meeting and designated counseling psychology as

its

seventeenth division.

LASTLYOver the past five decades counselors have

gained overwhelming acceptance from

society.

A large number of sub-specialities have

developed to serve in setting such as schools,

mental health clinics, rehabilitation centers,

colleges.

APPROACHES OF COUNSELING

1. Psychoanalytic approach

2. Bahaviouristic approach

3. Humanistic approach

PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

Psychoanalysis was originated by SIGMUND

FREUD, who developed his theory from his

past experiences as a therapist and wrote

about his work. In this the client is ignorant

And unaware of the reasons for his difficulties

or suffering which are deeply embedded in

the unconscious. The client is therefore

helpless and it is the therapist who has to play

the role of interpreting the material. This

principle is known as psychological

determinism.SIGMUND FREUD founder of the psychodynamic approach

BEHAVIOURISTIC APPROACH

Counseling and psychotherapy are concerned with behavior change. learning here is understood as

changes in the behavior which are relatively long-lasting and which are not due to the psychological factors like fatigue etc. one such application is in the

form of Bahaviouristic approach. Its

purpose is to change the ineffective and self defeating behavior into the effective and self winning behavior.

HUMANISTIC APPROACH

The practical application of the humanistic

Psychology made a great impact on the

academic scene. According to ROGERS in

any kind of psychotherapy the basic theme

is the helping relationship. In all human

Interactions such as mother-child, teacher-pupil, therapist-client The

helping relationship is fundamental. This relationship is one in which the

counselor seeks to bring about a better

expression of the client’s inner resources. Thus the helping relationship helps in the

growth of person.

COUNSELING

PROCESS

EVALUATION OF COUNSELING