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Coulomb Excitation Studies of Radioactive 20,21Na
Douglas Clinefor the TIGRESS Collaboration
CAP Congress; Saskatoon, June 18, 2007
Bambino
TRIUMF/ISAC2
SCIENTIFIC GOALS:
Recommendations of the 2007 NSAC Long-Range Plan
• What is the nature of the nuclear force binding stable and exotic nuclei?
• What is the origin of simple patterns in complex nuclei?
• What is the nature of neutron stars and dense nuclear matter?
• What is the origin of the elements in the cosmos?
• What are the nuclear reactions that drive stars and stellar explosions?
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Reaffirmed construction of a next-generation radioactive beam facility which is central to nuclear science. It will allow study of nuclei far from stability and address the following fundamental questions:
How does structure evolve at extremely large neutron number?
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
neutrons
protons
rp p
roce
ss
rp p
roce
ss
Crust
proces
ses
Crust
proces
ses
n-Star
KS 1731-260
s-pro
cess
s-pro
cess
s-pro
cess
s-pro
cess
r processr processr processr process
stel
lar bu
rnin
g
stel
lar bu
rnin
gp pro
cess
p proces
s
p proces
s
p proces
s
Supernova
E0102-72.3
Time (s)
X-ray burst
331
330
329
328
327
Fre
quen
cy (
Hz )
10 15 20
4U1728-34
Nova
T Pyxidis
Impact of Nuclear Structure on nucleosynthesis
Thanks to Witek Nazarewicz, U. Tennessee
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
THE SCIENCE
• Probe collective and single-particle properties of exotic nuclei
• Eλ and M1 matrix elements are sensitive probes of both collective and single-particle degrees of freedom in exotic nuclei.
• Fast recoiling exotic nuclei, produced by projectile fragmentation, have been used in pioneering measurements of “B(E2:2+→0+) “ values in nuclei far from stability via unsafe Coulomb excitation.
• Current goal is to Coulomb excite exotic beams at safe bombarding energies where the reaction mechanism is fully known allowing accurate determination of Eλ and M1 transition strengths plus static E2 and M1 matrix elements of excited states.
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
COULOMB EXCITATION
Coulomb excitation is the preeminent probe of collective shape degrees of freedom:
• Selectively populates collective states in the yrast domain
• Reaction mechanism fully understood if below the Coulomb barrier
• The cross sections are directly and unambiguously related to the Eλ matrix elements
• The Eλ matrix elements are the most direct measure of λ-pole collectivity
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Major advances in the Coulomb Excitation Technique
1. Availability of prolific source of ~ 4.5 MeV/A variable energy exotic heavy-ion beams; TRIUMF/ISAC2
2. Development of powerful γ-ray detector and heavy-ion systems for high-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy: TIGRESS, Bambino
3. Development of the Coulomb excitation least-squares search code GOSIA*
*[Czosnyka, Cline, Wu, 1980]
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Coulomb Excitation Technique
Experimental Method:
• Use thin targets so that excited nuclei recoil in vacuum
• Measure scattering angles and velocities of recoiling ions over a wide range of scattering angles
• Detect deexcitation γ-rays in coincidence with the scattered ions.
• Normalize projectile excitation to target excitation using an accurately known B(E2)
Deduce:
• Masses and velocity vectors of recoiling ions, reaction Q-value
• Correct for Doppler shift of de-excitation γ-rays on an event-by-event basis
• Identify which γ-rays are emitted by each recoiling ion
• Determine Coulomb excitation cross sections to excited states as function of impact parameter.
• Use GOSIA2 to extract individual electromagnetic matrix elements from measured yields for both target and projectile excitation.
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Coulomb excitation observables
• Determine B(E2), B(E3), and B(M1) values
• Determine sign and magnitude of static E2 moments of excited states
• Determine signs and magnitudes of observable products of Eλ matrix elements
• May extract M1 moments of excited states from the measured attenuation of the γ-ray angular correlations for ions recoiling in vacuum
ISAC Production Accelerator
TRIUMF500 MeV
Cyclotron100 A
high-energy proton beam
Thick/Hot Target
Ion Source
Isotope Separator
IonBeam60 keV
DTL1
RFQ
Accelerated Beam0.15 – 1.7 MeV/A
8 Spectrometer
TIGRESS @ ISAC-I
DTL2
High SCRF
Med SCRF
LowSCRF
SC
LINAC
0.15 – 5.0 MeV/A
TIGRESS @ ISAC-II
• TRIUMF
• ISAC
• Gamma
• Ray
• Escape
• Suppressed
• Spectrometer
A Next-Generation Gamma-Ray Spectrometer for ISAC-II
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
TIGRESS
Optimal SuppressionMaximum EfficiencyrGe = 11.0 cm = 17% @ 1 MeV
rGe = 14.5 cmrBGO = 11.0cm
Twelve 32-fold segmented Clover DetectorsFour 40% HPGe crystals per clover.
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Bambino Si CD Heavy-ion detector(LLNL; Rochester)
• Forward and backward annular Si CD heavy-ion detectors
• Angular coverage:
20o < θ < 50o, 130o < θ < 160o
00 < φ < 315o
• Angular resolution;
Δθ = 1.22o, Δφ = 22.5o
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
First TIGRESS Experiment: Coulomb excitation of 20,21Na, 21Ne
Technical Goal:• Commission TIGRESS, Bambino, Digital signal-processing data acquisition system
• Evaluate optimal geometry, technique, and backgrounds.
Scientific goal:• Study 5p-0h T = ½ configurations to constrain calculations of the 5p-2h 3/2+
resonance at 4.033 MeV in 19Ne. This resonance could provide a gateway from the hot-CNO cycle to the rp-process in nova, x-ray bursts.
NB:
• Accurate lifetime measurements of the first excited 5/2+ states are available
• Neither 21Na and 21Ne have been Coulomb excited previously.
• Inaccurate E2/M1 mixing ratios poorly determine the B(E2) transition strengths.
For 21Na the B(E2:5/2→3/2)* = 48 ± 41 e2fm4
* R.B. Firestone, Nuclear Data Sheets 103 (2004)269 plus NNDC 10/10/2006 erratum
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
First TIGRESS Experiment: Coulomb excitation of 20,21Na, 21Ne
• Performed August 2006 using ISAC1, ran one week each for 21Na and 20Na
• 1.700 MeV/A beams, incident upon a 520μg/cm2 NatTi self-supporting target
• 108 ions/second of 21Na was available. Electronics limited beam to 5 x 106 ions/second
• 2 x 106 ions/second of 20Na delivered on target
• Used two TIGRESS modules at θ = ±900 plus Bambino at 20o < θHI <50o
Bambino Θ = 20-50o
Pb shielding
1x10cm collimato
r
plastic scintillat
or
First TIGRESS Experiment: Coulomb Excitation of 20-
21Na,21Ne, Aug 2006
160 Channels of custom 14 bit, 100 MHz digitizers
2 HPGe clovers + BGO suppressorsSilicon CD-S2, 4 TIG-10 cards2 collector cards + master TIG-C
Digital Data Acquisition Fully Implemented:
21Ne, 21Na Heavy-ion gated γ-ray Spectra
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
• Clean γ-ray spectra with negligible influence of 511 keV due to intense beam β+ activity
• For Ti Doppler correction shows both 46Ti and 48Ti 2+ decay transitions
Analysis of Yields with GOSIA
• γ ray yields were measured in coincidence with θ and φ gates on the recoiling ions. • Matrix elements were fit to the measured yields using the GOSIA search code assuming
the following level scheme.
R.B. Firestone, Nuclear Data Sheets 103 (2004) 269.
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Comparison of data with GOSIA for 48Ti Analyzed assuming B(E2;2+ → 0+) = 144 (8) e2fm4
21Ne Beam
21Na Beam
← vs →
← vs →
GOSIAGOSIA
984 keV
0+
2+
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
48Ti
21Ne Coulomb Excitation
351 keV
GOSIA
B(E2)↓for 5/2+ → 3/2+g.s. (e2fm4)Present Measurement 80 ± 6Previously Accepted 83 ±10
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
21Na Coulomb Excitation
332 keVGOSIA
B(E2)↓for 5/2+ → 3/2+g.s. (e2fm4)Present Measurement 124 ± 9Previous 48 ±41
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Comparison of Results with Prior Work
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
21Ne Present work Prior work [1]
B(E2; 5/2+ →3/2+) 80 ± 6 e2fm4 83 ± 10 e2fm4
δ(E2/M1) (5/2+ →3/2+) - 0.073 ± 0.003 - 0.074 ± 0.004
21Na Present work Prior work [1]
B(E2; 5/2+ →3/2+) 124 ± 9 e2fm4 48 ± 41 e2fm4
δ(E2/M1) (5/2+ →3/2+) + 0.084 ± 0.003 + 0.05 ± 0.02
[1] R.B. Firestone, Nuclear Data Sheets 103 (2004) 269 with NNDC 10/10/2006 erratum
Interpretation of E2 Collectivity in 20 < A < 24 nuclei
Weisskopf E2 single-particle estimate:
Observations:
• Strong E2 enhancement ranging from 9.8 to 36
• A major fraction of nuclear charge involved in collective motion
• Can these data be correlated assuming quadrupole collective deformation ?
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
B(E2) in Weisskopf units 21Ne 21Na
B(E2:5/2+→3/2+) 23.2 ± 2.0 36 ± 3
B(E2:7/2+→3/2+) 9.8 ± 2.2 21.4 ± 6.3
B(E2:7/2+→5/2+) 11 ± 4 18 ± 8
B(E2) in Weisskopf units 20Ne 22Ne 24MgB(E2:2+→0+) 20.3 ± 1.0 12.5 ± 0.5 21.2 ± 0.5
Macroscopic quadrupole rotor model interpretation: E2
Observations:
• Data correlated well by the simple macroscopic prolate quadrupole rotor model.
• For each nucleus the β2 values agree within the errors
• The β2 values depend smoothly with a maximum for T = 0
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Effective β221Ne 21Na
B(E2;5/2+→3/2+) 0.62 ± 0.04 0.66 ± 0.03
B(E2;7/2+→3/2+) 0.59 ± 0.07 0.79 ± 0.11
B(E2;7/2+→5/2+) 0.51 ± 0.09 0.55 ± 0.14
Q3/2+ +0.62 ± 0.05 +0.27 ± 0.22
Effective β220Ne 22Ne 24Mg
B(E2;2+→0+) 0.72 ± 0.02 0.56 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.07
Q2+ +1.00 ± 0.13 +0.69 ± 0.12 +0.53 ± 0.02
K = 3/2+
K = 0+
Macroscopic quadrupole rotor model interpretation: M1
Observation:
• Collective model correlates the M1 data moderately well.
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Observable Experiment Model
21NegK= -1.196
gR= +0.691
-0.874 (9) Fit
-0.661797 (5) Fit
+0.49 (4) +0.51
21NagK= +2.710
gR= +0.662
+0.950 (9) Fit
+2.38630 (10) Fit
+3.7 (3) +2.97
Microscopic shell model interpretation
Shell model predictions in the complete 2s-1d shell were made using OXBASH plus the USD residual interaction. Effective charges of en = 0.5e and ep = 1.5e were used to account for core polarization. [C. Barbieri, Private communication]
Observations:
• Observe BE2 in 21Na is stronger than in 21Ne as is predicted.
• Shell model B(E2) values require a slightly larger polarization charge
• Shell model B(M1) values require to be slightly quenched.
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
21Ne 21NaExperiment Shell model Experiment Shell model
80 ± 6 72.8 124 ± 9 92.1
0.1274 ± 0.0025 0.158 0.1504 ± 0.0018 0.208
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Science implications for 21Ne and 21Na
• The measured B(E2;5/2+→3/2+) values in 21Na and 21Ne are strongly enhanced.
• The implied very large prolate quadrupole deformation leads to the E2 properties that are correlated well by the naïve quadrupole collective rotor model.
• The large effective deformations derived assuming the naïve quadrupole rotor model are consistent with values in nearby even-even mass nuclei 20, 22Ne and 24Mg
• The M1 properties also can be understood by the collective model.
• Microscopic shell model calculations in the 2s-1d valence space are able to predict the strong quadrupole collectivity if a large polarization charge is assumed.
Coulomb Excitation at the Proton-Dripline: 20Na
600 3+
799 4+799199
600
Involved in the CNO breakout via: 15O(a,γ)19Ne(p,γ)20Na
Spectroscopy performed using GS+FMA; D. Seweryniak et al., PLB 590, 170 (2004)
No transition matrix elements are known
Gated p-γ TIGRESS spectrum
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
CONCLUSIONS
• TIGRESS commissioning experiments at ISAC-1 were a tremendous success
• Intense radioactive beams of 20, 21Na produced by TRIUMF/ISAC-1
• TIGRESS and Bambino, plus the digital signal-processing system performed well.
• The technique provided high-quality and significant scientific results. This bodes well for the planned exotic beam Coulomb excitation program at TIGRESS
Acknowledgements
M.A. Schumaker1, A. Andreyev2, R.A.E. Austin3, G.C. Ball2, D. Bandyopadhyay1, C. Barbieri2, J.A. Becker4, A.J. Boston5, H.C. Boston5, R. Churchman2, F. Cifarelli2, D. Cline6, R.J. Cooper5, D.S. Cross7, D. Dashdorj8, G.A. Demand1, M.R. Dimmock5, T.E. Drake9, P. Finlay1, A.T. Gallant3, P.E. Garrett1,2, K.L. Green1, A.N. Grint5, G.F. Grinyer1, G. Hackman2, L.J. Harkness2,5, A.B. Hayes6, R.
Kanungo2, K.G. Leach1, G. Lee2,9, R. Maharaj2, J-P. Martin10, F. Moisan11, A.C. Morton2, S. Mythili2,12, L. Nelson5, O. Newman2,13, P.J. Nolan5, E. Padilla-Rodal2, C.J. Pearson2, A.A. Phillips1, M. Porter-
Peden14, J.J. Ressler7, R. Roy11, C. Ruiz2, F. Sarazin14, D.P. Scraggs5, C.E. Svensson1, J.C. Waddington15, J.M. Wan7, A. Whitbeck6, S.J. Williams2, J. Wong1, C.Y. Wu4
1Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada2TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
3Department of Astronomy and Physics, St. Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada4Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551, U.S.A.
5Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, U.K.6Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, U.S.A.
7Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada8Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, U.S.A.
9Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada10Département de Physique, Université de Laval, Québec, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada
11Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada12Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
13Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, U.K.14Physics Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401, U.S.A.
15Department of Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
Funding provided by:Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
U.S. Department of Energy through University of California, Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryU.S. Department of Energy
U.S. National Science FoundationU.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
TRIUMF funded by the National Research Council of Canada
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
TIGRESS FUTURE PLANSJuly-August 2007:
- Coulomb excitation of 28,29Na beams from ISAC-II
- 6 TIGRESS modules plus two Bambino Si CD detectors
2008 →
ISAC-II: - Charge-state booster will allow A < 150 beams
- Actinide target will produce higher isotopic yields
TIGRESS: - 12 detector modules completed in 2009
Auxiliary detectors:
- SuperCHICO (LLNL, Rochester)
- DESCANT, deuterated scintillator neutron detector array (Guelph)
- EMMA, a recoil mass spectrometer (TRIUMF)
- Bragg detector (York)
- DSSD Barrel (York, Colorado)
- CsI(Tl) (St Mary’s)
CAP Congress Saskatoon, 18 June 2007 Douglas Cline for TIGRESS Collaboration
Semiclassical least-squares Coulomb excitation search code GOSIA
T. Czosnyka, D. Cline, C.Y. Wu University of Rochester
Developed in 1980 at Rochester. Codes and manual for GOSIA can be obtained from the website:
http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~cline/Research/index.html
Look under links > Techniques > GOSIA to obtain:
GOSIA MANUAL: Describes the June 2007 version of the complete set of GOSIA codes
GOSIA UPDATES: Lists the most recent updates to the GOSIA Manual and associated codes.
GOSIA CODES:• GOSIA is the Fortran source code for the June 2006 version of the basic code.
• GOSIA2 is the Fortran source code for the June 2006 version of a special version of GOSIA designed for use when analyzing simultaneous Coulomb excitation with a common normalization. This is useful for determining transition strengths in radioactive beams by normalization to a known transition strength in the target.
• PAWEL is the Fortran source code for the June 2006 version of a special offspring of GOSIA designed to handle cases where a fraction of the nuclei have an excited isomeric state as the initial state.
• ANNL is a special version of GOSIA, developed by Rich Ibbotson, that uses simulated annealing techniques to locate minima.
• SIGMA is the Fortran source code for deducing the quadrupole invariants from the E2 matrix elements determined by GOSIA.