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ReconstructionCould the nation come back together?
Chapters 7-8CG#3
Abraham Lincoln’s Death Shocked the Nation and left them unprepared!
South’s Way of Life was about to Change
South
ReconstructionTo rebuild the nation after the Civil War in
1865South was destroyed physically and
emotionallyIt was left up to the North to rebuild it
financially and emotionally4 Million freedmen in the South had no land,
jobs, and were illiterate. How would the North help them to move up the social class ladder?
Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans in Congress all had different plans on how to rebuild the nation
Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill: Took control of
Reconstruction from Johnson and gave it to Congress
Congress feared that Johnson would be too LENIENT on the South
Wade-Davis Bill had been pocket vetoed by Lincoln
Congress impeached Johnson because he fired an employee and they said he had violated the Tenure of Office Act
CongressRadical Republicans
Radical RepublicansPut the South under military rule- set up 5
districtsLed by Thaddeus StevensWanted to give the freedmen “40 acres and a
mule” but the Southerners resisted at every turn
Racist groups like the Ku Klux Klan developed to intimidate people and keep them from voting
Believed that redistributing the land to the freedmen would change the power structure of the South
Reconstruction Amendments13th: abolished slavery
14th: “due process,” if you’re born here, you become a citizen
15th: you cannot be denied the right to vote based on race
Southerners Discriminated to keep the freedmen from voting.
Jim Crow laws and black codes
Grandfather clause
Literacy tests
Poll taxes
VotingSouth NorthDemocrats Republican
North tried to help the SouthFreedmen’s Bureau
gave food clothes, education to all poor in South
Hiram Revels: 1st African American Senator
Carpetbaggers: teachers, northerners who came south to help rebuild and educate
FreedmenMost stayed on farms and turned to a life of
sharecropping and tenant farmingLived lives of poverty and hardship in the
SouthSmall percentage moved to northern cities to
look for jobsExodusters moved west to escape
persecution in South
Who Moved WestAfrican Americans (exodusters)MormonsLand-hungry settlersEntrepreneurs
Why People Moved WestGold Rush (49’ers)Silver (Comstock Lode)LandTo escape religious persecution (Mormons)Social Class ImprovementDreams of a better life
CowboysPaid very littleGood with animalsSeasonal workDrove cattle from one
point to anotherLong drive was the
journey across the plains with cattle
Were responsible for the welfare of the cattle
Open range was ended by barbed wire
Worked from sun-up to sun-down
Did not fight and drink in saloons
Were small physically and ¼ were African American or Mexican American
Movies do not portray them accurately
The cattle were called the longhorns
Longhorn Cattle
Native AmericansLand encroachments by settlersBuffalo destroyed by recreational hunters on the
trainsUsed every part of the buffalo for survival and were
destroyed when the buffalo were killed off by 1870Leaders like Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce fought for
their people unsuccessfully, many broken promisesForced onto reservationsGhost DanceBattle of Little Bighorn: last fight of the Indians for
ancestral homelands
Transcontinental Railroad1869 Promontory Point Utah, US was
officially linked from East to West with railroads
Railroads changed the US forever, improving transportation, communication, economy
Enabled people to settle the west and move west very quickly
RR’s and barbed wire ended the cowboys’ way of life forever (ended the open-range)
Native Americans
End of Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877: The South agreed to elect Rutherford Hayes and in return the North would withdraw all troops in 1877 (this officially ended Reconstruction)
North was tired of spending millions of dollars on a stubborn South
Home rule returned (redemption) to the South and 12 years of Reconstruction came to a stop!
Life on the FrontierMyth RealityLife was like a fairy tale
with rolling green prairies and beautiful streams
Life was easyLife was simpleFamilies always stayed
together
Worked from sun-up to sun-down
Cleared land by handPeople died frequentlyHomes were difficult to
buildLived in dirt/grass
houses which were dirty and cold (soddies)
Were called “homesteaders”
Used windmills
Dawes Severalty Act1887Replaced the reservation system with an allotment
systemEach Indian family was granted up to a 160-acre tract
of farmlandNot enough land to sustain a family because land was
not fertileThe farms could not be sold or transferred for 25
yearsFamilies were encouraged to send their children to
boarding schoolsLearn to live by the rules of white cultureTragic struggle to retain their culture and ethnicity1,000’s died in battles
FarmersHigh railroad ratesLow prices for cropsPoor treatment by big businessBegan to organize to fight for better
treatmentGrange
Populist PartyPeople’s PartyWilliam Jennings Bryan made his famous “Cross of Gold
Speech” while running for president, but William McKinley won
Farmers wanted to use gold, silver and paper money (bimetallism) and have the gov’t print more paper money to try to drive prices of crops up
Formed by farmers who wanted lower railroad rates, workers who wanted shorter workdays and more pay, bimetallism (silver coinage), and workers’ rights’ in general
Grange: Oliver KellyThe Populist Movement died off, but reforms were carried
out during the Progressive Movement that followed
Civil RightsBooker T. Washington (Tuskegee Institute)WEB DuBois (doctorate from Harvard)Ida WellsBegan to fight for rights for African
AmericansPendleton Civil Service Act (required exams
for federal jobs)