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Cotton chapter 10,11

Cotton chapter 10,11 - Aalborg Universitethomes.nano.aau.dk › fp › uke › the group 1a and group 2a elements.pdfThe alkali metals have two notable physical properties: they are

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  • Cotton chapter 10,11

  • Group 1A

  • Group 1A

  • Qualitative alkali metal analysis

  • Alkali MetalsThe group 1A elements with their ns1 valence electronconfigurations are very active metals. They lose theirvalence electrons very readily. They have low ionizationenergies and react with nonmetals to form ionic solids.

    2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)The expected trend in reducing ability,

    Cs>Rb>K>Na>LiAlkali metals all react vigorously with water to releasehydrogen gas.

    2M(s) + 2H2O(l) 2M+(aq) + 2OH‐(aq) + H2(g)Observed reducing abilities: Li>K>Na

  • First ionization energy

  • Soda production

  • Properties and Trends in Group 1AThe Group 1A metals exhibit regular trends for a number of properties.Irregular trends suggest that factors are working against each other in determining a property (such as the density “discrepancy” between sodium and potassium).The alkali metals have two notable physical properties: they are all soft and have low melting points.When freshly cut, the alkali metals are bright and shiny—typical metallic properties. The metals quickly tarnish, however, as they react with oxygen in the air.

  • Alkali Metal OxidesIn the presence of ample oxygen,

    4Li + O2 → 2Li2O (regular oxide)2Na + O2 → Na2O2 (peroxide)K + O2 → KO2 (superoxide)Rb + O2 → RbO2 (superoxide)Cs + O2 → CsO2 (superoxide)

  • The oxides of Group 1A

    Direct reaction of the alkali metals with O2 gives :Li ‐> oxide, peroxide (trace)Na ‐> peroxide , oxide (trace)K,Rb,Cs ‐> superoxide

  • Diagonal Relationships:The Special Case of LithiumIn some of its properties, lithium and its compounds resemble magnesium and its compounds.

    Lithium carbonate, fluoride, hydroxide, and phosphate are much less water soluble than those of other alkali metals.Lithium is the only alkali metal that forms a nitride (Li3N).When it burns in air, lithium forms a normal oxide (Li2O) rather than a peroxide or a superoxide.Lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide decompose to form the oxide on heating, while the carbonates and hydroxides of other Group 1A metals are thermally stable.

  • DiagonalRelationships

    The elements in each encircled pair have

    several similar properties.

  • Occurrence, Preparation, Use, and Reactions of the Alkali Metals

    Sodium and potassium are isolated primarily from brines (solutions of NaCl and KCl).Lithium is obtained mostly from the mineral spodumene, LiAl(SiO3)2.To convert an alkali metal ion into an alkali metal atom, the ion must take on an electron—a process of reduction.This is not easy with the alkali metals; they are excellent reducing agents.Potassium was the first alkali metal to be prepared by electrolysis.

  • The Hydroxides of Group 1AThe hydroxides are white crystalline solidsNaOH (318  ̊C)KOH     (360  ̊C)Hydroxides are freely soluble exothermically in water and in alcoholsStrong alkali bases

  • Ionic saltsLi has some special properties as compared to the other elements of group 1LiOH is less soluble then the other HydroxidesLi3N is stable (the only stable  Nitrite in this group)Electrical conductivePrecipitation reactions: The larger the M‐ ion the more salts are available.Na salts are very soluble, but the mixed salts with Zn and Uranium can be used in quantitative analysis.

  • Complexation of Alakali Metals

    The binding constants for  18‐crown‐6 : Li

  • Biological transporters for Na and K

    Valinomycin and Nonactin: small cyclic polypeptides are the carriers of alkaline metals across membranes.

  • Reaction summary

  • Reaction summary

  • Group 2A elementsGroup 2A elements are very reactiveValence electron configuration ns2

    Lose 2 valence electrons to form noble gas configurationForm ionic compounds containing M2+ cationsOxides are basic:

    MO(s) + H2O(l) M2+(aq) + 2OH‐(aq)Ca, Sr, and Ba react vigorously with water:

    M(s) + 2H2O(l) M2+(aq) + 2OH‐(aq) + H2(g)Be form covalent bond because of small size and highelectronegativity

  • Be structure

  • 2 e‐ 3 center bond

  • MgMg is intermediate in its behaviour between Be and the other elements in this group.Its chemistry is entirely ionic in nature.Mg: high polarization abilityThe Hydroxides of Be and Mg are only slightly soluble in water.The other hydroxides of this group are water soluble and highly basic.

  • Ca, Sr, Ba, RaThey form a closely related group with the change in chemical and physical parameters follow a systematic change.

    e.g. Electropositive nature increases from Ca‐>Ra.Hydration energy of salts increase.Insolubility of most salts, especially sulfates increases in the same way.

  • Be and its compoundsBe is obtained by Ca or Mg reduction of the BeCl2 or BeF2 salts.Be metal is relatively unreactive. It does not react with water at red heat, and does not react with air below 600 deg C.Reaction with air only as fine powder ‐> BeO, Be3N2.Be salts do not lose their water molecules over strong desiccants (P2O5).Aqueous solutions of Be salts are acidic 

  • Mg production

    At 2000 degrees

    Ca, Sr, Ba are made on a small scale from the Cl salts by reduction with Na.

  • Ion exchangeCa2+ and Mg2+ ions cause the hardness of water. These ionsof hard water interfere with the action of detergents andform precipitate with soap. Those ions are removed by ionexchange with ion exchange resins.Ca2+ and Mg2+ are often removed during ion exchange,releasing Na+ into solution.

    Ion exchange resin: large molecules that have many ionicsites.

  • Group trends

  • Group trends

    The group 1A and Group 2A elementsGroup 1AGroup 1AQualitative alkali metal analysisAlkali MetalsFirst ionization energySlide Number 7Soda productionProperties and Trends in Group 1AAlkali Metal OxidesThe oxides of Group 1ADiagonal Relationships:�The Special Case of LithiumDiagonal� RelationshipsSlide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Occurrence, Preparation, Use, and Reactions of the Alkali MetalsThe Hydroxides of Group 1AIonic saltsComplexation of Alakali MetalsBiological transporters for Na and KSlide Number 23Slide Number 24Reaction summaryReaction summaryGroup 2A elementsBe structure2 e- 3 center bondMgCa, Sr, Ba, RaBe and its compoundsMg productionIon exchangeGroup trendsGroup trends