Costa Pierce 1987 Aquacultural Engineering

7/28/2019 Costa Pierce 1987 Aquacultural Engineering

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Aquacultural Engineering 6 (1987) 171-18 2

I n it ia l F e a s i b il it y o f I n t e g r a t e d A q u a c u l t u r e o n L a v a S o i l sin H a w a i iB a r r y A . C o s t a - P i e r c e *

Integrated A quaculture Inc., PO Box 90835, Honolulu, Hawaii 96835, USA

A B S T R A C TThe was tewater f ro m a 0"10 ha po nd (2"2 m deep) con ta in ing a po ly-cu lt u re o f M a l a ys ia n p r a wn s (Macro b rach iu m ro sen b e rg i i ) , silver carp(Hy p o p h th a lm ich th y s m o l i t r ix ) , c o m m o n c a r p (Cy p r in u s ca rp io ) , a n dgrey mul let (Mu g i l c ep h a lu s ) was used to irr igate a 0"79 ha mixed treecr o p o r ch a r d o f S o l o p a p a ya s (Ca r i ca p ap ay a ) , hybr id Wi l l iams bananas( M u s a sp. ), an d Yam iga ta avocados (Persea amer icana) . The integratedsystem was develop ed o n 'waste ' lava la nd (a 'a lava) in Haw ai i . Tw o yearsa f ter s tock ing the po n d a nd p lan t ing the orchard, the sys tem has pro duc ed1 33 kg o f p r a wn s , 6 9 kg o f f i s h , 6 5 8 kg o f ba n a n a s, a n d 1 0 9 0 kg o fpapayas . A sus ta ined product i v i t y o f approx imate ly 90 kg o f papayas a nd73 kg o f banan as per w eek has been ma in ta ined o n th i s was te lava land .Ful l agr icu ltura l prod uct ion was accom pl i shed by dr ip ir riga ting theo r ch a r d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 8 0 0 0 l ite rs p e r week w i t h f i s h p o n d wa t e r a n dt o p d re s si ng w i t h co m p o s t ed ch i cken m a n u r e w i th n o i m p o r t ed ch em i ca lnutr ients o r tradi t ional insect contro l measures.Using f i s hp on d wastewaters fo r i rr igating mix ed tree crop orcha rds cani m p r o ve n u m er o u s b i o lo g i ca l a n d eco n o m i c p r o b l em s o f s m a l l f a r m er sworldwide where waste agricul tural soi ls exis t , as wel l as providing asecure water source fo r co nve nt ion al t ree crop agriculture in regions o fseaso nal rainfal l or f req ue nt drought.

I N T R O D U C T I O NT h e n e e d f o r d r a m a t i c i n c re a s e s i n p r o t e i n y i e ld s p e r h e c t a r e o f a r a b l el a n d is a p p a r e n t w o r l d w i d e d u e t o a c c e l e r a ti n g p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h a n d*Present ad dre ss: Aquaculture Pro gra m , International Center for Liv ing AquaticResources M anagement ( ICLA RM ), MC PO Box 15 01 , M aka ti , Metro M anila ,Philippines.

171Aquaculmral Engineering 014 4-86 09/8 7/S 03.50 -- Elsevier Applied Scienc ePublishers Ltd. En gland, 1 987. Printed in Great B ritain


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172 B. A. Costa-Pierce

l o ss o f p r i m e a g r i c u lt u r a l la n d s t o d e v e l o p m e n t . R a p i d e x p a n s i o n o f p r o -t e i n p r o d u c t i o n o n t o m a r g i n a l a n d w a s t e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s m u s t o c c u r ,a l o n g w i t h a v i g o r o u s e f f o r t t o p r e s e r v e r e m a i n i n g p r i m e a g r i c u l t u r a ll a n d s . I n t h i s r e g a rd a q u a c u l t u r e h a s g r e a t p o t e n t i a l t o fu l f i l t h e w o r l d ' sp r e s e n t a n d fu t u r e p ro t e i n n e e d s s i n c e i t i s u n i q u e l y s u i t e d t o u s i n g b o t hw a s t e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s a n d w a t e r u n f i t f o r d i r e c t h u m a n c o n s u m p t i o n .A m o n g t h e m o s t p r o d u c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l s y s t e m s t o d a y a r e i n t e g r a t e da q u a c u l t u r e - a g r i c u l tu r e f a r m i n g s y s te m s t h a t p r o d u c e a v a r ie t y o f p r o -d u c t s ( e . g . f i s h , t r e e c ro p s , v e g e t a b l e s , l a n d a n i m a l s ) i n o n e s y s t e m (D e l -m e n d o , 1 9 8 0 ; E d w a r d s e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e s e s y s t e m s h o l d g r e a t p r o m i s efo r i n c r e a s i n g t h e n u t r i t i o n a l a n d f i n a n c i a l w e l l -b e i n g o f f a rm e r st h r o u g h o u t t h e T r o p i c s d u e t o th e i r h ig h p r o d u c t iv i ti e s a n d c a p a b i li ty o fp ro m o t i n g t h e fu l l, e f f ic i e n t, a n d e c o n o m i c u s e o f c o s t ly i m p o r t e dm a t e r i a l s ( T a n a n d K o o , 1 9 8 0 ; S h a n g a n d C o s t a - P i e r c e , 1 9 8 4 ) . A l t h o u g hi n t e g r a t e d f a r m i n g s y s t e m s a r e t r a d i t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s i n n u m e r o u s A s i a nc o u n t r i e s , n o t a b l y C h i n a (Z w e i g , 1 9 8 3 ) , t h e y h a v e r e c e i v e d l i t t l e a t t e n -t i o n f ro m W e s t e rn f a rm e r s , s c i e n ti s ts , a n d a i d a g e n c i e s u n t il r e c e n tl y .I n H a w a i i , u r b a n i z a t i o n , t o u r i s m , a n d i m m i g r a t io n h a v e t h r e a t e n e d t h ev e r y b a s is o f a g r ic u l t u r e a n d r u r a l f a r m e r s a r e f a c e d w i th n o t o n l yp r e c a r i o u s w e a t h e r ( w it ne s s t h e r ec e n t 1 9 8 3 - 8 4 d r o u g h t) b u t a ls o s o m eo f t h e h i g h e s t c o s t s o f l a n d , l a b o r , c a p i t a l , f e r t i l i z e r s , a n d f e e d i n t h ew o r l d . A s a r e s u lt , H a w a i i h a s b e c o m e a m a j o r f o o d i m p o r t e r , a n d i s v e r yv u l n e ra b l e t o fo o d s h o r t a g e s i f s t r ik e s o r c ro p f a i l u r e s o c c u r , o r ift r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e t w o r k s f a il. I n 1 9 8 3 8 4 % o f t h e f r e s h m a r k e t f r u it s a n d5 8 % o f t h e fr e s h m a r k e t v e g e ta b le s w e r e i m p o r t e d i nt o H a w a i i ( H a w a i iA g r i c u l t u r a l R e p o r t i n g S e r v i c e , 1 9 8 4 ) . O n t h e b r i g h t s i d e , H a w a i i h a st h o u s a n d s o f h e c t a r e s o f l a n d ( e s t im a t e d b y O n o , 1 9 8 3 , t o b e 5 4 0 0 0 h ao f p r i m e l a n d s a n d 2 0 2 0 0 0 h a o f s e c o n d a r y l an d s ) s u it ab le f o r aq u a -c u l t u r e a l o n g w i t h y e a r - r o u n d g r o w i n g t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r n u m e r o u st r o p i c a l a n d t e m p e r a t e s p e c ie s , a n d h a s o n e o f t h e b e s t a q u a c u l t u r e i n f r a -s t ru c t u r e s i n t h e w o r l d .I n t h i s s t u d y , a n i n t e g r a t e d a g r i c u l t u r e - a q u a c u l t u r e f a r m i n g s y s t e mw a s i m p l e m e n t e d o n t h e K o n a ( 'l ee ') s id e o f th e B i g I s la n d o f H a w a i i ina n a r e a o f s e a s o n a l r a i n f a l l a t a n e l e v a t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 3 3 m . As m a l l r e s e r v o i r w a s r e t r o f i t t e d i n t o a f r e s h w a t e r f i s h - p r a w n p o l y c u l t u r ep o n d w i t h r e c i r c u l a t i o n a n d w a s p l u m b e d t o i r r i g a t e a d i v e r s e , m u l t i -s p e c ie s , tr e e c r o p o r c h a r d . O u r o b j e c ti v e s w e r e t o : ( 1 ) d e m o n s t r a t e t h ef e a s i b i l i t y o f i r r i g a t i n g a n d f e r t i l i z i n g a d i v e r s e o r c h a rd f ro m a n e x i s t i n gp o n d u s i n g a n ' o f f t h e s h e l f ' m o d e rn d r i p i r r i g a t i o n s y s t em ; (2 ) c o n s e rv ew a t e r , r e c h a r g e g r o u n d w a t e r , r e d u c e p o l l u t i o n , a n d ' d r o u g h t - p r o o f ' af a r m b y r e - u s i n g w a s t e w a t e r t h a t w o u l d n o r m a l l y b e d i s c h a r g e d ; ( 3 )d e c r e a s e t h e n e e d f o r i m p o r t e d f e r t i l i z e r s a n d w a t e r f o r a g r i c u l t u r e b y


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bztegrated aqu acul ture o n lava soi ls in Haw aii 173us i ng w as t ew a t e r ; (4 ) dev e l op an i n t eg ra t ed f a rm sys t em and cha r t i tsl o n g - t e r m p r o d u c t i v i t y in t h e K o n a r e g i o n t h a t u s e d ' w a s t e la n d ' ( a 'a la v aso il) ; (5) dem on s t r a t e t he v i ab i l it y o f i n t eg ra t ed f a rm s i n p rov i d i ng am e a n i n g f u l i n c o m e a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l b e n e f i t s t o a g r o w i n g n u m b e r o fsm a l l f a rm s i n H aw a i i .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D ST h e c i r c u la r 1 0 1 2 m 2 p o n d w a s c o n s t r u c t e d i n a ' a l av a b y c r u s h in g t h el ava to a s a nd w i t h a bu l l doze r and excava t i ng the c i nd e r s by d i gg i ng a p i tu n t il th e p o n d w a s u n i f o r m l y 2 .2 m i n d e p th . T h i s p r o c e s s w a s r e p e a t e du n t il t h e d e s i r e d d e p t h w a s r e a ch e d . T h e b o t t o m o f t h e p o n d , c o n s i s ti n go f a' a la v a, w a s n e x t c r u s h e d b y t h e b u l ld o z e r t o a s a n d , a n d s m o o t h e d t or e m o v e a ll j a g g e d e d g e s o f r o ck . T h e p i t w a s t h e n l in e d w i t h a n a p p r o x i -m a t e l y 1 5 0 0 m 2 3 0 m i l b u ty l r u b b e r l in e r a n d t h e e d g e s o f th e l i n e rb u r i e d i n a tr e n c h o u t s id e t h e p i t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 c m d e e p a r o u n d t h et o p o f t h e c i r c u la r p o n d . T h i s t r e n c h w a s b a c k f i ll e d w i t h r o c k a n d l a vasand t o ho l d t he l i ne r a s the g ro und se t tl ed . A t h i n laye r o f cem en t( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 c m ) w a s t h e n ' b lo w n ' o v e r t h e b u t y l r u b b e r l in e r w i t h ap r e s s u r i z e d n o z z l e b y a c o m m e r c i a l c e m e n t f i rm t o p r o t e c t t h e li n e r f r o mf u t u r e e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t i o n . P o n d d e s i g n , e x c a v a t i o n , a n d c o n -s t r u c t i o n w e r e d o n e b y A l t e r n a t i v e E n v i r o n m e n t s I n c . ( P O B o x 8 2 5 ,H o n o k a a , H I) .A b i o l og i ca l f i l t r a t i on / w a t e r fa l l a e ra t i on / o rcha rd i r r i ga t i on sys t emw as c ons t ru c t ed a s fo ll ow s (F ig . 1 ). Tw o 20 m l eng t hs o f 2 i n PV C w erecu t ve r t i ca l l y w i t h a sk i l l s aw a t app rox i m a t e l y 0 .8 cm i n t e rva ls a l ong o nes id e o f t h e P V C p i p e o n l y a n d b o t h p i p e s c a p p e d a n d g l u e d a t o n e e n d .A f t e r cu t t ing t he s l it s i n t he p i pes , they w ere t he n c om pl e t e l y w rap ped i n n p l a s t ic V exa r sc reen a l l a l ong t he i r leng t h . T he sc reen w as secu re l yfa s t ened on t o t he p i pe by use o f e l ec t r i ca l cab l e t i e s . Bo t h p i pes w eret hen p l aced o n t he b o t t om o f the po nd w i t h the ve r t i ca l s li ts f ac i ngu p w a r d t o w a r d s t h e w a t e r c o l u m n . R o c k s a n d ' r e d i - m i x ' c e m e n t w e r eused t o pe rm ane n t l y sec u re t he P V C p i pes w i t h the s l it s i n t h is 'upw ard '( e .g . "pondw ard ' ) d i r ec t i on . Th e l eng t hs o f t he PV C p i pe ex t en dedc o m p l e t e ly a c r o s s t h e b o t t o m o f t h e p o n d . T h e p i p e s w e r e b u r i e d u n d e r -nea t h ap p rox i m a t e l y 100 m 3 o f pea g rave l t ha t w as pu t ac ross t he en t i r ep o n d b o t t o m t o a d e p t h o f 1 0 c m . T h e s e t w o P V C p i p e s c o m p r i s e d t h ei n t a k e s y s te m f o r t h e w a t e rf a ll a e ra t io n , t r e e c r o p o r c h a r d a n d l a n d s c a p ei r r iga t ion sys t ems.O n e o f t h e t w o P V C i n t a k e p i p e s w a s c o n n e c t e d t o a 2 h p p u m p t h a to p e r a t e d t h e tr e e c r o p o r c h a r d a n d l a n d s c a p e i r ri g a ti o n s y s te m s a s w e l l


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174 " B . A . C o s t a - P i e r c e

W a t er fa ll , ~, ^ ~ 2 A e r o t i o n . J - ~ / C it y W a t e r~ ' ~ 1 , ' ~ t nOut

1 - I f

2 " P V C I n t a k e P i! o e s

Drip Em rni tter( , ~ )y / a t e a ch T re e

; ' 2 m Avocado - Papayaj [ + O r c h a r d2 4 m

. ~ : : : : : : ~ : : :

I ~ ~ r i p ~ m m itte r 7 ~ Z Z~ ~ B anana O rc ha rd : : :

Fig. 1. O ve rv iew of the integ rated pond-w aterfall-drip irrigation-orchard system.Pumps 1 and 2 are enclosed in a sm all pum p ho use and run the w aterfall, overhead land-scape irrigation, and tree crop orchard drip irrigation system s. Av ocado s and papayasare ind icated by A and P, respectively.

a s th e w a t e r fa l l a e r a t i o n s y s t e m . T h e o t h e r P V C i n t a k e p ip e w a sc o n n e c t e d t o a 1 .5 h p p u m p t h a t o p e r a t e d o n l y th e w a t er f al l a e r a t i o ns y s te m a n d t h e o u t f lo w d r a i n a g e s y s t e m f o r h a rv e s t in g t h e p o n d . B o t hp u m p s w e r e m o u n t e d o n a c e m e n t s l a b i n a p r o t e c t i v e s h e d a n dc o n n e c t e d b y P V C f i t t i n g s s o t h a t t h e w a t e r f a l l a e r a t i o n s y s t e m c o u l dh a v e a 3 -5 h p p u m p i n g c a p a c it y ; h o w e v e r , th e l a n d s c a p e a n d t r e e c r o po r c h a r d s y s t e m h a d o n l y a 2 .0 h p p u m p i n g c a p a c i t y (F ig . 1). T h e l a n d -s c a p e a n d t r e e c r o p i r ri g a t io n s y s t e m o n l y n e e d e d a 2 h p c a p a c i t y t os at is fy t h e d r i p i r r ig a t io n n e e d s o f t h e 0 . 7 9 h a t r e e c r o p o r c h a r d a n da p p r o x i m a t e ly 0 . 2 h a o f o r n a m e n t a l l a n d s ca p in g .T h e w a t e r f a l l a e r a t i o n s y s t e m c o n s i s t e d o f a n a r t i f i c i a l s t r e a mc o n s t r u c t e d a b o u t 1 0 m a b o v e t h e p o n d c o n t a i n i n g t h r e e a p p r o x i m a t e l y1 m 3 p o o l s ( a b o u t 2 0 c m d e e p ) . W a t e r w a s , t h e r e f o r e , t a k e n f r o m t h ei n ta k e P V C p i p e i n t h e b o t t o m o f t h e p o n d , p u m p e d t o th e t o p o f t h ew a t e rf a ll s a b o u t 1 0 m a b o v e t h e p o n d , a n d c a s c a d e d d o w n t h e h i ll s id e i na n a r t i f i c i a l s t r e a m / p o o l c o m p l e x b e f o r e s p l a s h i n g o n t o t h e s u r f a c e o ft h e p o n d . ' R e d i - m i x ' c e m e n t a n d la v a r o c k s w e r e u s e d t o f o r m p o o l s a n da n a e s t h e t ic a l ly p l e a si n g w a t e rf a ll f o r p o n d a e r a ti o n . T h e t r e e c r o p


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In tegrated aquacul ture on lava so i l s in Ha wa i i 175o r c h a r d a n d l a n d s c a p e i rr ig a t io n s y s t em c o n s i s te d o f e ig h t o v e r h e a d(3 m i n h e ig h t ) r o t a r y s p r i n k l e r s f o r l a n d s c a p e i r r ig a t i o n a r o u n d t h e p o n da n d w a t e r f a ll s a r e a a n d 4 2 8 p l a st ic e m i tt e r s f o r d r i p i r ri g a ti o n o f t h em i x e d t r e e c r o p o r c h a r d ( R o b e r t s I r r i g a t i o n S y s t e m s , K a i l u a - K o n a , H I ) .O n a d a il y b a s is : ( 1 ) w a t e r w a s t a k e n f r o m i n t a k e a t th e b o t t o m o f t h ep o n d a n d p u m p e d b y th e 2 h p p u m p to th e m ix e d tr e e c r o p o r c h a r d a t ar a t e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 4 0 0 l it er s d a y - J ( 3 7 8 0 0 l it er s p e r w e e k ) , (2 ) av a lv e w a s o p e n e d t o ir r ig a t e t h e o r n a m e n t a l l a n d s c a p i n g a r o u n d t h ep o n d a n d w a t e r f a l l s a r e a f o r 2 h a d a y , e q u a l li n g a n i r ri g a t io n r a t e o fa p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 1 0 0 l it er s d a y - 1. P l u m b i n g f o r th i s i r r ig a t i o n s y s t e m w a sq u i t e s i m p l e , a n d t h e f lo w s a r e d e t a il e d i n F i g . 2 . A f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e

K 'Pond Water

GravelB i o f i l t e r ~

PVC Inta ke 1~PVC intak e2~

Ae ration PoolsWote r f o l t S ~

F ig . 2 . P l u m b i n g d i a g r a m fo r t h e i n t e g ra t e d a q u a c u l t u r e - m i x e d t r e e c r o p o r c h a r ds v s t e m . V a l v e s a r e i n d i c a t e d b y t h e c i r c l e s w i t h n u m b e r s i n t h e m . P R V d e n o t e s ap re s su re . re l ie f va lve , and VB V, a va cu um -b re ak e r va lve , F an i n - li ne p l a s t ic f il te r , 61m e s h ( 61 h o l e s p e r c m ) . T h e f il te r w a s w a s h e d d a il y a n d r e p l a c e d i n t h e m o d u l a r u n it .N i g h t ly a e r a t i o n b y u s e o f b o t h p u m p s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d b y c l o si n g v a l v e s 4 , 5 , a n d 9 .D a i l y i r ri g a ti o n o f t h e t r e e c r o p o r c h a r d a n d o r n a m e n t a l l a n d s c a p e w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d b yu s in g t h e 2 h p p u m p o n l y a n d c l o s i n g v al v e 3. P o n d w a t e r l o st d u e t o e v a p o r a t i o n w a sr e p l a c e d b y a d d i n g c i t y w a t e r o n c e w e e k l y b y o p e n i n g v a l v e 8 . D r a i n h a r v e s t w a sacco m pl i she d by c lo s ing va lve s 5 and 9 , and open ing va lve 4 . Wa te r f a l l a e r a t i on w asc o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h o u t d r a i n h a r v e s t s t o m a i n t a in o x y g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d u r i n g d r a i n -d o w n s .


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1 7 6 B. A. Costa-Piercepo nd w as f il led t o a dep t h o f 2.2 m (2226 m 3 ) and t he w a t e r fa l l ae ra t i ons y s t e m s t a r t e d . T h e w a t e r f a l l a e r a t i o n s y s t e m w a s r u n c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r3 w e e k s u n t i l t h e b e g i n n i n g s o f a p h y t o p l a n k t o n b l o o m w e r e n o t i c e d .T h e w a t e rf a ll a e r a t i o n s y s t e m w a s t h e r e a f t e r c o n n e c t e d t o a ti m e r a n dr u n o n l y i n th e e v e n i n g f r o m 2 1 . 0 0 t o 0 6 . 0 0 h . C i t y w a t e r w a s u s e d t om a k e u p e v a p o r a t i o n l o s s e s a s th e y w e r e r e c o r d e d w e e k l y ( a p p r o x i-m a t e l y 7 .5 m 3 p e r w e e k ).

To s t a r t up t he b i o f i l t e r and t e s t t he sys t em ' s po t en t i a l t ox i c i t y t oaqua t i c an i m a l s , app ro x i m a t e l y 30 kg t o t a l o f aqua r i u m f i sh (m o l li e s andg o b i e s ) w e r e s t o c k e d i n t h r e e s t o c k i n g s i n M a r c h a n d A p r i l 1 9 8 2(s t ock i ng b i om ass o f 0 .1 kg m -3 o f b i o f i l te r vo lum e) . T he se f i sh w eres e e n t o f l o u r i s h i n t h e s y s t e m a n d w e r e a l l o w e d t o e x i s t u n h a m p e r e dun t i l t he cu r re n t f ea s i b i li t y s t udy co m m ence d . A t t he t i m e o f ha rves t t heo w n e r o f t h e fi s h p o n d h a s m a r k e t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 5 k g of 2 0 - 5 0 gm o l l i e s a n d 5 - 1 0 g g o b i e s t o l o c a l a n d r e g i o n a l p e t s t o r e s a t s o m eS 0 " 2 5 - 1 "5 0 p e r fis h. T h e p o n d w a s s t o c k e d f r o m 4 J u n e 1 9 8 2 t o 1 3 M a y1 9 8 3 w i t h p r a w n s a n d a m i x e d p o p u l a t i o n o f m u l l e t a n d C h i n e s e c a r pa n d h a r v e s t e d b y d r a i n i n g o n 1 4 A p r i l 1 9 8 4 . S t o c k i n g d e n s i t i e s o f t h eva r i ous spec i e s a re de t a i led i n Tab l e 1 . F i sh w ere f ed 3% pe r day o f t he i rs t o c k e d b i o m a s s i n t w o d a i ly f e e d in g s ( 0 7 . 0 0 - 0 9 . 0 0 h a n d 1 6 . 0 0 -19 .00 h ) un ti l 1 M arc h 1983 ; t he rea f t e r t he f i sh w ere f ed a d l i b i t u m e a c hday a t t he sam e t i m es o f day un t i l s a t i a t ion ( 10 -16 kg day - ~ w i t h a fl oa t-i ng ca t f ish ra t ion . Co m m on ca rp (10 ) and s i l ve r ca rp (2 ) w ere a dd ed a s' s an i t a ry f ish ' (Cos t a -P i e rce e t a l . , 1984) t o t he sys t em s i nce it w as an t i c i -pa t ed t ha t l a rge am oun t s o f pa r t i cu l a t e s w ou l d ga t he r on t he su r face o ft he pea g rave l . These f i sh w ere s t ocked t o he l p keep t h i s m a t e r i a l i ns u s p e n s i o n .W a t e r q u a l i t y m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e s y s t e m w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e e a r l ym o r n i n g ( 0 6 . 0 0 - 0 8 . 0 0 h ) o c c a s i o n a l l y ( e v e r y 2 - 3 d a y s ) b y c h e c k i n gd i s so l v e d o x y g e n w i t h a Y S I o x y g e n m e t e r , p H w i t h a C h e m t r ix p o r t a b l ep H m e t e r , a n d a m m o n i a - n i t r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b y u s e o f a H a c h k i t .O n f o u r o c c a s i o n s 5 0 0 m l w a t e r s a m p l e s f o r t o t a l a n d s o l u b l e n i t r o g e na n d p h o s p h o r u s a n d t o t a l p o t a s s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e t a k e n a n da n a l y z e d . T o t a l n i t r o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e m e a s u r e da c c o r d i n g t o C o s t a - P i e r c e e t a l . ( 1 9 8 4 ) a n d p o t a s s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b yf l a m e e m i s s i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y . S o l u b l e n i t r o g e n a n d p h o s p h o r u sc o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e m e a s u r e d a f t e r f i l t r a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e s a c c o r d i n gt o S t r i ck l and and Pa r son s (1972) .

T he o rc ha r d w as p l an t ed i n t he fo l low i ng m a nn er (F ig . 1 ). A v ocad osw ere p l an t ed o n 7 .3 m cen t e r s w i th 7 .2 m be t w ee n row s o f t r ee s (40a v o c a d o s) . P a p a y a s w e r e p l a n t e d b e t w e e n t h e a v o c a d o s o n 2 . 4 m c e n te r ss o t h a t tw o p a p a y a t re e s w e r e e q u a l l y s p a c e d b e t w e e n e a c h a v o c a d o t re e .


7/12

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Nm

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30

6

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60

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15

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4

70

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1

30

5

1

1

32

20

1F8

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2

12

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1

37

20

1F8

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1

28

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37

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23

34

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26

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8/12

178 B. A. Costa-Pierce

T h e o r c h a r d w a s p l a n t e d i n t h is m a n n e r t o t a k e fu l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h ed i ff e r in g m a t u r i t ie s a n d g r o w t h f o r m s o f th e t w o t r e e c r o p s . P a p a y a sm a t u r e a t 1 3 - 1 8 m o n t h s a n d g r o w a s ta ll , s k i n n y t re e s w i t h s m a l lc a n o p ie s , w h e r e a s a v o c a d o s m a t u r e a t 2 4 - 3 6 m o n t h s a n d a r e b u s h y w i ths p r e a d i n g c a n o p i e s . T h e r e f o r e , a s t h e a v o c a d o s m a t u r e a n d t h e i rc a n o p i e s s p r e a d o u t t h e y c r o w d a n d s h a d e o u t t h e p a p a y a s . A f t e r 2 4m o n t h s o n e o f t h e tw o p a p a y a s w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e r ow s a n d u s u al lya t 36 m o n t h s a ll p a p a y a s w e r e r e m o v e d . G r o w e r s i n H a w a i i u s u a ll yr e p l a n t p a p a y a s i n 's p a c e s ' in a f u ll y - d e v e l o p e d a v o c a d o o r c h a r d a t t h a tt i m e . In ou r s chem e w e used c i t ru s t r ee s i n s t ead o f papayas a s f i l l e r s i nt h e o r c h a r d . A t i n it ia l p l a n t i n g ( M a r c h - S e p t e m b e r "1 98 3) t h e a v o c a d oo r c h a r d c o n t a i n e d 2 2 5 s e e d l in g p a p a y a s , 4 0 a v o c a d o s , 11 c it ru s t re e s (6o ranges , 1 pom e l o , 1 l em o n , 2 t ange r i nes , 1 g rape f ru it ) , 6 m a t u rem a n g o s , a n d 2 j a b o t i c a t a o n 0 . 6 0 h a . O n 0 . 1 9 h a 1 5 0 h y b r i d W i ll ia m sb a n a n a s w e r e p l a n t e d o n 1 m c e n t e r s w i t h 2 m b e t w e e n r o w s. A l l o f t h e428 seed l i ngs w ere p rov i ded w i t h p l a s t i c em i t t e r s f rom t he d r i p i r r i ga -t i on sys tem ; t he 6 m a ngo s w ere fu l l y e s t ab l i shed t r ee s app ro x i m a t e l y 10y e a r s o l d a n d w e r e n o t p r o v i d e d w i t h e m i t te r s .

R E S U L T SP r o d u c t i v i t y o f p a p a y a s a n d b a n a n a s w a s e x c e l l e n t d u r i n g t h e h a r v e s t sw h i c h c o m m e n c e d 1 2 m o n t h s a f t e r p l a n t i n g . P a p a y a s a v e r a g e d 2 7 f r u i tp e r t r e e a n d b y 1 2 m o n t h s , 3 4 2 k g o f p a p a y a s a n d 3 7 4 k g o f m a r k e t a b l eb a n a n a s h a d b e e n h a r v e s t e d . In 2 y e a r s 1 0 9 0 k g o f p a p a y a s a n d 6 5 8 k go f b a n a n a s w e r e h a r v e s t e d . B a n a n a s t a l k s h a d a n a v e r a g e o f 1 8 k g o fh a r v e s t a b l e b a n a n a s e a c h . H a n d s a v e r a g e d 2 0 b a n a n a s o n t h e l ow e r , a n d30 o n t he t op ha l f o f s t a lk s . S t a lk s ave raged 12 hands each and eachb a n a n a t r e e a v e r a g e d 5 s t a l k s . B a s e d u p o n i n t e r v i e w s w i t h l o n g - t e r mf a r m e r s o n t h e K o n a c o as t, th e n u m b e r o f b a n a n a s p e r h a n d , h a n d s p e rs t a l k , and s t a l k s pe r banana w ere a l l above ave rage fo r t he a rea . Thee a r l y m a t u r a t i o n o f t h e p a p a y a t r e e s ( a t 1 2 m o n t h s r a t h e r t h a n 1 3 - 1 8m o n t h s ) w a s a ls o n o t e w o r t h y .S u r v i v a l o f p r a w n s i n t h e p o n d w a s 1 5 % o f t h e s t o c k e d p o s t - l a r v a e(PL) ; w he reas su rv i va l o f t he ' s an i t a ry ' c a rp w as 100% and g rey m u l l e t s8 3 % ( T a b le 1 ). T h e m a j o r i t y o f h a r v e s t e d p r a w n s ( 6 3% ) w e r e m a r k e t a b l ein s i ze (> 10 .5 cm) and averaged 60 .0 g in weight (Table 2) . Yie ld ofp raw ns fo r t he app rox i m a t e l y 2 -yea r g row t h pe r i od w as 133-0 kg . A l ls u m m e r m u l le t s t o c k e d i n to t h e p o n d d i r e c tl y f r o m b r a c k i s h w a t e r d i e d(Tab l e 1 ). T he f a rm m ana ge r on du t y du r i ng t h i s pe r i od , how eve r , ne ve rreco rded a s ing l e dead ' f loa t e r ' . G rey m u l le t , i n con t ra s t , w e re s t ock ed


9/12

In tegrated aquacul ture on lava so i ls in Haw ai iT A B L E 2

P r a w n Y i e ld C h a r a c t er i s ti c s f r o m t h e P o n d S y s t e m

1 7 9

Characteristic Sto ck ing HarvestM e a n s i z e ( c m ) - - 1 3 .4 + 2 -1M e a n w e i g h t ( g) 0 . 5 6 0 . 0S iz e r a n g e ( c m ) ( P o s t - l a r v a e ) 8 "0 - 1 7 .0% H a r v e s t s i ze ( > 1 0 .5 c m ) N A 6 3P r o d u c t i v i ty ( k g h a - i y r - J) N A 7 0 7

f r o m a f r e s h w a t e r p o n d i n t o t h e K o n a p o n d a n d h a d a g o o d s u r v i v a l( T a b le 1 ). T h e w a t e r fa l l a e r a t i o n s y s te m w a s o p e r a t e d e a c h e v e n i n g a n d ar e m a r k a b l y h e a l th y p h y t o p l a n k t o n b l o o m w a s m a i n t a in e d t h r o u g h o u tt h e 2 - y e a r p e r i o d . O c c a s i o n a l c h e c k s o n e a r l y m o r n i n g d i s s o lv e d o x y g e n ,p H , a n d a m m o n i a r e v e a l e d n o c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s w i t h w a t e r q u a l i t ydur in g the 2 -yea r exp e r im en ta l pe r iod . How ever , i t i s poss ib l e t ha t ea r lym o r n i n g r e a d i n g s d i d n o t a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t p o s s i b l e h i g h u n - i o n i z e da m m o n i a c o n c e n t r a t io n s s in c e t h e t h ic k p h y t o p l a n k t o n b l o o m i n c re a s e dp H c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e a ft e r n o o n .

D I S C U S S I O ND e v e l o p m e n t o f a q u a c u l t u r e in r e s e rv o i r p o n d s c o u l d n o t o n l y i n s u r e ar e l i ab l e sou rce o f i r r i ga t ion wa te r i n a r eas sub jec t t o s ea sona l d rough tbu t a l so p rov ide so me f e r t il i z e r va lue in t he i r r i ga t ion p roces s . Deve lop -m e n t o f f is h p o l y c u l t u r e in i r r ig a t i o n r e s e r v o ir s h a s b e c o m e w i d e s p r e a din I s r ae l (Sa rig, 1984) . Th e m a in f i nanc i a l i ncen t ive fo r t h i s p rac t i ce i st h a t t h e c o s t o f p r o d u c t i o n o f fi sh p r o d u c t i o n n e e d n o t i n c l u d e t h e c o s to f wa te r s ince i t is bo rn e b y the u l t ima te consum er , t he i r r iga t ed ag r i cu l -t u r e . I n a d d i t i o n f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f a q u a c u l t u r e o n l a v a l a n d s o ro the r 'was t e ' ag r i cu l tu re l ands cou ld g rea t ly expand the r ange o f foodp r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m ~ i n t h e a r i d t r o p i c s . T h e K o n a r e g i o n o n t h e B i gI s l and o f Haw a i i is a r eg ion w i th an exce l l en t c l ima te fo r t rop i ca l aqua -cu l tu re ; howe ve r , i t is m os t ly cov e red by ex t ens ive l ava fi e lds and expe r i -e n c e s f r e q u e n t a n d s e a s o n a l d r o u g h t . T h i s f a r m , h o w e v e r , m a i n t a i n e dv e r y h ig h o r c h a r d p r o d u c t iv i ty d u ri n g a r e c e n t d r o u g h t ( J u n e - N o v e m b e r1 9 8 4 ) t h a t w as a m o n g t h e w o r s t in r e c e n t m e m o r y .I n a d d i t i o n t o ' d r o u g h t - p r o o f i n g ' a t r e e c r o p o r c h a r d , t h e a q u a c u l t u r ere se rvo i r adde d som e f e r t il i z e r va lue to t he o rch a rd wi th t he i r r iga t ionwa te r app l i ed . D i scha rge o f aquacu l tu re was t ewa te r s i s a g rowing


10/12

180 B. A. Costa-Piercep r o b l e m i n m a n y a r e a s (B o y d , 1 9 7 8 ; B e r g h e i m e t a l . , 1982) and r e -use o fwas t ewa te r s downs t r eam fo r i r r i ga t ing ag r i cu l tu re ope ra t ions cou ldreduce po l lu t ion in r ece iv ing wa te r s , a s we l l a s con se rve the va luab lenu t r i en t s i n t he was t ew a te r and r ecyc l e t hem to ag r i cu ltu re . Ho we ver , i nt h i s s t u d y n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e a q u a c u l t u r e w a s t e w a t e rcompr i sed a ve ry low fe r t i l i ze r va lue (Tab le 3 ) ; commerc i a l 1 -1 -1f er ti li ze r c o n ta in s 1 0 0 0 0 p p m N : 1 0 0 0 0 p p m P 2 0 5 : 1 0 0 0 0 p p m K 2 0 .Ev en a t t he h ighes t nu t r ie f i t l eve ls r eco r de d in t h is s tudy, quan t i t i e s a r en o t e n o u g h t o s u s ta in h i g h p ro d u c t i v it y o f a m i x ed a v o c a d o - p a p a y a -b a n a n a o r c h a r d ( S c h w i t z g e b e l , p e r s . c o m m . ) . T h e r e f o r e e x t r a c o m p o s ttop d re s s ing i s e s sen t i a l t o ma in t a in h igh p roduc t iv i t i e s . We app l i edc o m p o s t e d c h i c k e n m a n u r e a n d m a c a d a m i a n u t h us k s a t a r at e o f 6 0 0 k gh a - ~p e r m o n t h t o t h e o r c h a r d t o m a i n t a i n t h is h i g h p r o d u c ti v it y .

T A B L E 3Nutrient Concentrations of Aquaculture Wastewaters

Date Total Organic-N Soluble-N b Total Phosp hat e-P Totalnitrogen (ppm) (ppm) phosphorus ( p p m ) potassium(ppm) (ppm) (ppm)5 Nov 83 568 238 330 36 11 228Jan 84 493 227 266 30 8 176Feb 84 523 247 276 31 9 2710 Ma r8 4 674 263 411 44 14 26Range 493-67 4 227-263 266-411 30-44 8-14 17-27Mean 564 244 321 35 10 23S.D. 79 15 66 6 3 4"Organic-N values obtained by subtraction of soluble-N values from tota l-N values.hSoluble-N values are the additions o f ammonia-N, nitrite-N, and nitrate-N values.

Tota l p rawn ha rves t was subop t ima l cons ide r ing tha t f i r s t yea r f a rmsof 0 . 4 -0 . 81 ha in s i ze i n Hawa i i ave rage 1670 kg ha -~ y r -~ (Malecha ,1 9 8 3 ) w h i le e x t r a p o l a t e d p r o d u c t i o n w as o n l y 7 0 7 k g h a - t y r - t ( T a b le2 ). P raw n su rv iva l f rom PL to adu l t was a l so sub op t im a l (15%) con s ide r -ing Shang ( 1981 ) r epo r t ed an av e rage su rv iva l o f 25% of the 165 000 PLspe r ha i n i t ia l l y s tock ed in Haw a i i an p raw n p ond s . Possib le r easons fo rthese subop t ima l y i e lds were l ower t empera tu re s a t t he s i t e s ince thefo r t hese subo p t im a l y i e lds were l ower t em pera tu re s a t t he s i t e s ince thep o n d w a s l o c a t e d a t 3 3 3 m i n el e v a ti o n , a n d t h e l o n g p e r i o d o f g r o w - o u to f t h e p r a w n s w h i c h c e r t a i n ly in c r e a s e d c o m p e t i t i o n a n d p r e d a t i o n . T h es t and ing c rop o f p rawns a t ha rves t was 131 g m -2 (133 kg pe r 1012 m 2)wh ich is e s t ima ted to be c lose t o t he ' c ri t ica l s t and ing c rop" o f 14 5- 20 7 gm -2 (M alecha , 1983) .


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In tegrated aqua cul ture on lava so i l s in Ha wa i i 181D e a t h o f a l l s u m m e r m u l l e t s t o c k e d w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d t o r e s u l t f r o msa l in i t y sho ck s i nce t hese f inge r l ings w ere s t ocked d i r ec t l y f rom b rac k i shw a t e r i n t o t h e f r e s h w a t e r p o n d . A l t h o u g h t h e s e m u l l e t w e r e m e n t i o n e d

t o t he au t ho r t o be ab l e t o t o l e ra t e d i r ec t t r ans fe r t o f r e shw a t e r (Coope r ,pe r s . com m . ) , sym pt om s o f s t r e s s appea red a f t e r s t ock i ng . I t i s poss i b l et h a t n o d e a d f is h w e r e o b s e r v e d b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e e a t e n b y th e p r a w n sw h e n t h e y s a n k t o t h e p o n d b o t to m . D e a t h o f th e f is h d u e t o p o o r w a t e rqua l it y , how ever , ca nn o t be ru l ed ou t .

C O N C L U S I O NIn sum m ary t h i s i n i ti a l s t udy has dem on s t ra t ed t ha t w as t e lava land i nH a w a i i a t a 3 3 3 m e l e v a t io n a n d i n a n a r e a o f f r e q u e n t d r o u g h t c a np r o d u c e s ig n i fi c a n t i n c o m e f r o m d i v e r se p r a w n a q u a c u l tu r e a n d t r e ec r o p f a r m i n g o p e r a t i o n s , I n c o m e f r o m t h e s a l e o f p r a w n s , b a n a n a s , a n dp a p a y a s f r o m M a r c h 1 9 8 3 - M a r c h 1 9 8 4 h a s e x c e e d ed t h e c o sts o fopera t ing the fa rm ( inc luding s tock , water , compost , fe r t i l i zer , e l ec t r i c i ty ,l a b o r) a n d p a y i n g its ta x e s. P r o d u c t i o n o f th e s e c o m m o d i t ie s h a s a l so m e tt h e s u b s i s te n c e n e e d s o f t h e l a n d o w n e r a n d h is fa m i ly s in c e 1 9 8 3 . T h efa rm success fu l l y m e e t s t he S t a t e o f H aw a i i ' s c r it e r ia o f su f f i c ien t ag r i cu l-t u ra l p roduc t i v i t y t o keep t he l and zoned a s ' ag r i cu l t u ra l ' and p rov i dest he f i nanc i a l i ncen t i ve needed t o r e s i s t t he pe r s i s t en t p re s su re fo rc o m m e r c i a l o r t o u r i s m - r e l a t e d d e v e l o p m e n t . G i v e n t h e a b i li ty o f th i ss m a l l p o n d - o r c h a r d i n t e g r a t e d s y s t e m t o p r o v i d e e n o u g h i n c o m e t oexceed t he cos t s o f it s yea r l y ope ra t i ng expenses , t h i s f a rm sys t em m ayse rve a s a v i ab l e ag r i cu l t u ra l sy s t em fo r con ve r t i ng H aw a i i 's t housa nds o fhec t a re s o f m arg i na l and "w as t e ' l ava l ands i n t o p roduc t i ve f a rmen t e rp r i se s .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T SThe expe r t t echn i ca l a s s i s t ance o f J . W agner , C . O ' N e i l l , E . D ung , ESchu l tz , and C . W i ng e i s g ra t e fu ll y app rec i a t ed . Spec i a l A l oh a t o L . H o-P i e r c e f o r t y p i n g a n d r e v is in g t h e m a n u s c r i p t a n d D r E . A . L a w s f o rp rov i d i ng l ab o ra t o ry f ac il it ie s .

R E F E R E N C E SBergheim, A., Sivertsen, A. & Selmer Olsen, A. R. (1982). Estimated pollutionloadings from Norwegian fish farms. I. Investigations 1979-1982. Aqua-culture, 28, 347-61.


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182 B. A. Costa-PierceBoyd, C . E . (1978) . Eff luents f rom ca t f i sh ponds dur ing the f i sh harves t . J .Env iron . Qual . , 7 , 5 9 - 6 2 .Costa-Pierce, B. A., Clay, L. , Malecha, S. R. & Laws, E. A. (1984). Polycul ture

of f ish and praw ns a t com m erc ia l dens i t ies and red uc ed feedin g rates . I . Waterand sed im ent mic rob io logy . J . WorldMaricul . Soc . , 1 5 , 3 6 7 - 9 0 .D ehn end o , M. N. (1980) . A rev i ew of i n t egra t ed l ive s tock- fowl f ish fa rmingsystems. In: I n te gra ted Agr i c u l tu re - Aq uac u l tu re Farm ing Sy st ems , ed s R. S. V.PuUin and Z . H . Shehadeh , In t e rna t i ona l Cent re fo r L iv ing Aqua t i cResou rces Manag em ent , M anil a, Ph i li pp ines, pp . 59 -72 .Ed w ards , E , W eber , K. E . , McC oy, E . W. , Ch antachae ng, C ., Pacharaprakit i, C . ,Kaewpai toon, K. & Ni t smer , C . (1983) . Smal l -Sca le Fishery Projec t inPa thum thani P rov ince , Cent ra l Tha i l and : A Soc io-E cono m ic and Techno -logica l Asses sm ent of Status and Potential. A sian Ins t i tu te of Technology,B a ngkok .Hawai i Agricul tura l Repor t ing Service (1984) . Sta ti st ic s o f H awa i ian Ag r i -culture , 1983. H a w a i i D e pa r t m e n t o f A gr i cu l tu r a l M a r ke ti ng a nd C on s um e rServices Divis ion, Ho nolu lu, Hawaii.M a lecha , S . R . (1983) . Com m erc i a l po nd prod uc t i on of t he f re shw a te r p rawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergi i , in Hawaii . In: C R C H a n d b o o k o f A q u a c u lt u re ,Vol. I, Crus tacean Aquacul ture , ed. J . E McVey, CRC Press , Boca Raton.F l o r ida , pp . 231 - 5 9 .Ono, S . (1983) . Hawai i ' s aquacul ture indus t ry: 1983. A q u a c u l t u r e i n H a w a i iNewsletter, 1 (5) , 1 -3 .Sar ig , S . (1984) . The integra t ion of f i sh cul ture into genera l fa rm i r r iga t ion

system s in Israel. B a m i d g e h , 36 , 16 - 20 .Shang, Y. C . (19 81 ). Freshw ater Praw n (Macrobrachium rosenbergi i ) Produc t i onin Hawai i : Prac t ices and Economics . Univers i ty of Hawai i Sea Grant Misc .R e p o r t U N I H I -S E A G R A N T - M R - 8 1 - 0 7 , 3 6 p p .Shang, Y. C . & Costa-Pierce , B . A. (1984) . Integra ted agr icul ture-aquacul turefarming systems: S om e econ om ic aspec ts , J . W orld Ma ricul . Soc . , 14, 523 - 30 .Strickland, J . D. H. & Parsons, T. R. (1972). A pract ical handbook of seawateranalysis. Bull . Fish. Res. Bd Can. , 167 .Tan, E . S . E & Ko o, K. H. (1980) . T he integra t ion of f i sh fa rming wi th agricul-ture in Malaysia . In: In tegrated Agr icu l ture -A qu acu l ture Farm ing Sys tems ,eds R. S . V. Pul l in and Z. H. Shehadeh, Inte rna t iona l Cent re for LivingAq ua t i c Resou rces M anagem ent , Manila , Ph i l ipp ines , pp . 175 -88 .Zw eig, R . D. (1983) . Aq uac ul ture s t ra tegies in China . Ocean us, 26 , 33-9 .

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Costa Pierce 1987 Aquacultural Engineering