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Cost of Corn as Percent of Total Retail Hide and Offal ValueRetail, Hide, and Offal Value
Source: J. Lawrence, Iowa State University
Corn Prices versusConsumer Price Index
2506
Consumer Price Index
2005
ce In
dex
shel
)
Corn should be priced at $9.25/bu!
100
150
3
4
sum
er P
ric
($ p
er B
us
50
100
2
3
U.S
. Con
s
Cor
n (
01
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
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1990
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U
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Corn Consumer Price Index
4Message 4Biotechnology will increase cropBiotechnology will increase crop
yields and enable easier processing.
Technology Advances Corn Yields
Is 300 bu/AIs 300 bu/A possible –twice today’stwice today s corn yield?
Opportunities for Biotechnology pp gyto Improve Biodiesel
• Design soybeans to produce ready-made biodiesel and biolubricants withmade biodiesel and biolubricants with enhanced performance
• Issues:– cost of conversioncost of conversion– oxidative stability
ld l– cold tolerance
Enhance Biodiesel FeedstockTriacylglycerol Expensive
chemistryByproduct
M lO
O
OO O CH 3
+ GlycerolMonoacyl
ester
O
O
O
O
O
Jojoba genes Bacterial genesO
Monoacyl esters
OH
O
OH
O
O
R
yBranched chain fatty acids
O
O
Branched chain mono-estersO
O
Ready-made fuel, cold tolerant, oxidatively stable
LJ15
Slide 30
LJ15 Larry Johnson, 4/2/2010
Message 5gCorn grain alone cannot meet the US
mandate cell losic ethanol ill be neededmandate – cellulosic ethanol will be needed.
How Can We Meet US Motor Fuel Demand?Motor Fuel Demand?
36 billion gal goal by 202236 billion gal goal by 2022
No single solution, answer requires multiple approaches!
Fuel Ethanol and Other Fermentation
• Large underutilized
Products from Cellulosic BiomassLarge underutilized resource.
• Enzyme conversion toEnzyme conversion to fermentable sugars is difficult.
• One plant in Canada producing fuel ethanol.DOE f d d 27 il t• DOE funded 27 pilot, demonstration and commercial scale plantscommercial scale plants
How Much BiomassCould Be Produced?
• Total potential in Fuel woodTotal potential in U.S. is in excess of 1.3 billion tons
U.S. Biomass Potential (million tons)
132
Fuel wood
Milling residues
U b d id(about 21 EJ)• Could supply
47132
43
58
7996 Urban wood residues
Logging residues
21% of U.S. energy demand, or
55343
Forest thinning
Crop residues
or• 66% of U.S.
transportation
389Dedicated crops
Grains for biofuels
transportation fuel
Ag processing residues &manure
Poet announced it ill b ildwill build a
lignocellulose-to-th l l t iethanol plant in
Emmitsburg, IA
Gen 1
Gen 2Gen 2
Gen 3
Message 6D t t dd d t t d ’ th l dDo not get wedded to today’s ethanol and biodiesel – there may be better biofuels.
Automobile Range for Gasoline & Ethanol Blends (17-gal fuel tank)
E 85
E-10075,400
BTU/Gal
16.2 mpg 275
29717 5 mpg
Not used for cars in the U.S.
E-10
E-8581,600
BTU/Gal
297
410
17.5 mpg
24.1 mpg
Gasoline
112,500BTU/Gal
116,60042525.0 mpg
0 100 200 300 400 500
Miles
BTU/Gal
Low energy value and hygroscopic making transportation challenging
Biofuel Pathways from Biomass
Adapted from Virent Energy Systems (2010)
Message 7It i t j t b t th lIt is not just about ethanol,
its about biorefineries.
A Vision for Biorefineries Biorefinery: Cluster of biobased industriesBiorefinery: Cluster of biobased industries producing chemicals, fuels, power, products and materialsand materials.
Shifts productionShifts productionbetween productsdepending ondepending on market prices to
i i fitSource: NREL
maximize profits.
Eddyville, IA & Blair, NE –Eddyville, IA & Blair, NE First-generation Biorefineries
• Cargill starch sweeteners• Cargill – starch, sweeteners,ethanol, lactic acid, PLA,it i idcitric acid
• Heartland Lysine – lysine • Aginomoto – MSG
How a Biorefinery Will Operate
FractionationFractionationFiberStarch Oil Protein
ConversionThermochemical Biological ChemicalThermochemical Biological Chemical
Energy Motor Fuels Chemicals Biobased Products Biomaterials
Message 8gBiofuels provide feedstock for value-added industrial chemicals and biobased productsindustrial chemicals and biobased products.
Anything you can make from petroleumAnything you can make from petroleum, you can make from crops – just a matter
of economics!of economics!
Where is the value?
More valueMore value is created from the 3%from the 3% used for industrialindustrial chemicals than thethan the 71% used for fuelfor fuel.
Potential Fermentation Products from Cornstarch
Alcohols Ethanol, butanol, isopropanol
from Cornstarch, , p p
Organic acidsAcetic, citric, lactic, gluconic, malic, succinic fumaric propionic butyricOrganic acids succinic, fumaric, propionic, butyric, ketogluconic, itaconic, kojic
Ketones Acetone, glucosone
2 3 butanediol 1 3 butanediolPolyols 2,3 butanediol, 1,3 butanediol, glycerol, mannitol, arabinitol
Biopolymers Xanthan, pullulan, alginate
Fermentation Products Become Pl tf Ch i l
CH3CH2OHPlatform Chemicals
CH2 = CH2 CH3CHO CH3CO2H
Ethyl benzeneEthyl bromideEthyl chloride
Acetic acidAcetic anhydrideAldo products
AcetamideAcetanildeAcetyl chloride
Ethyl etherEthlyene chlorohydrinEthlyene diamineEthlyene glylcolEth l i i
Butyl acetateButylaldehydeChloralEthyleneimineP idi
Acetic anhydrideDimethyl acetamideCellulose acetatesEsters
EthyleneimineEthylene oxideDiethyl ketoneDiethylene glycolGl l th t
Pyridines
Glycol ethers, estersMEA, DEA, TEAVinyl acetatePolymers, copolyers
Source: NREL
Message 9Integrate livestock production with biorefineries
to enhance food and fuel supplies.pp
Integrate Animal Agriculture into Biorefineries and Retain a RobustBiorefineries and Retain a Robust
Livestock IndustryI it bl th t b t f• Inevitable that some best uses for co-products will be feed.
• Biorefineries will need a healthy livestock industry.
• Marketing wet DDGS savesDDGS savesprocessingenergy but onlygy ypractical withinshort distances.
Learning How to Substitute DDGSf C i Li t k R tifor Corn in Livestock Rations
One-third of grain mass is DDGS, so ethanol production actually uses 22% of crop. Not 33%.
Source: FAPRI2000 2004 2008
M 10Message 10The bioeconomy must be done in a sustainableThe bioeconomy must be done in a sustainable
way – not replace unsustainable petroleum production with another unsustainable system.
T d ’ CToday’s CornProduction is Unsustainable1
Perennial Cover CropsPerennial Cover CropsD l i l
Biomass Crop RotationsBiomass Crop RotationsD l l d
New Crop DevelopmentNew Crop DevelopmentD l hi hl d tiDevelop perennial cover
crops that are temporally and spatially compatible
with row crops
Develop long and short-term corn-biomass crop rotations and strips
that stabilize soil
Develop highly productive alternative bioenergy crops
1 Professor Kendall Lamkey, Chair, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University
ISU BioCentury Research Farm – First Integrated Biomass Production and Processing FacilityBiomass Production and Processing Facility
First research biorefinery
The BioeconomyWill science make it a good revolution?
YES but there is plenty work to be done!YES, but there is plenty work to be done!
One-use carbon Reusable carbonOne use carbon Reusable carbon