Cost Concepts for Climate Change Mitigation Nov 2013

8/12/2019 Cost Concepts for Climate Change Mitigation Nov 2013

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DBTQ DBHD@VQT JBU DLKOIQ@ DCIHG@ OKQKGIQKBH

T@UG@[ VILQT@Z*

Oissidcus`tts Khstktut` bj Q dchblbgy77 Oissidcus`tts Iv`, @9;-199, Dioerkag`, OI 6594;, PTI

pilts`vFokt.àu

VIHQ@LKT DIVUBT Hitkbhil Q`dchkdil Phkv`rskty bj Itc`hs

; Krbbh Vblyt`dchkbu Tt., Itc`hs 90774, Gr``d`

Vuelkscà 59 Hbvòe`r 5694

Oinbr dbst dbhd`pts usà jbr `viluitkbh bj direbh pblkdy ir` dbhska`rà, khdluakhg dcihg` khGAV, dcihg` kh dbhsuoptkbh, dcihg` kh w`ljir`, `h`rgy systò dbst, iha irì uha`r oirgkhilieitò`ht dbst (OID) durv`. Qc` kssu`s issbdkità wktc tc` us` bj tc`s` dbhd`pts ir` aks-dussà. W` us` tc` r`sults jrbo tc` oba`ls tcit pirtkdkpità kh tc` @urbpìh @h`rgy Oba`lkhgJbruo (@OJ53) stuay tb kllustrit` tc` dbst dbhd`pts. Qc`r` ks suestihtkil virkieklkty kh tc``stkoit`s bj dbsts e`tw``h tc` oba`ls, wktc sbo` oba`ls scbwkhg suestihtkil dbsts iha sboòba`ls r`pbrtkhg e`h`jkts jrbo oktkgitkbh kh sbo` sd`hirkbs. E`dius` kopidts bj i pblkdy ir``viluità is dcihg`s jrbo i r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb, kt ks kopbrtiht tb a`jkh` i r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb.OID dbst oìsur`s t`ha tb `xdlua` `xkstkhg akstbrtkbhs kh tc` `dbhboy, wckl` `xkstkhg `h`rgytix`s iha sueskak`s ir` suestihtkil kh oihy dbuhtrk`s. W` aksduss tcit direbh prkd`s ir` khia-`quit` oìsur`s bj tc` pblkdy dbsts. W` dbhdlua` tcit dcihg`s kh oidrb`dbhbokd dbhsuoptkbhbr w`ljir` ir` tc` obst ipprbprkit` oìsur`s bj pblkdy dbsts.

M`ywbras > @oksskbhs oktkgitkbh= dbsts bj pblkdy= dlkoit` dcihg`.

9. Khtrbaudtkbh

Kh tc` ies`hd` bj skghkjkdiht ràudtkbhs kh gr``hcbus` gis (GCG) òksskbhs, dbhska-`riel` khdrìs`s kh tc` iv`rig` glbeil tòp`ritur` ey tc` `ha bj tc` d`htury ir`prbn`dtà (KVDD, 5667= Vrkhh `t il. , 5699). Qc` r`sultkhg dcihg`s kh dlkoit` (`.g.,dcihg`s kh pr`dkpktitkbh, sì l`v`l rks`, `td.) oiy pbs` suestihtkil rksms tb hituril ihacuoih systòs ( KVDD, 5667= U`klly `t il. , 5694). Oìhkhgjul òksskbhs ràudtkbhs

r`qukr` skghkjkdiht dcihg`s kh tc` strudtur` bj `h`rgy us` iha liha-us` pridtkd`s ( U`klly`t il. , 5695= Vilts`v `t il. , 566; ). Qc`s` dcihg`s oiy dbo` it i dbst e`dius` tc`yr`qukr` idtkbhs tcit btc`rwks` wbula hbt e` tim`h. Huo`rbus stuak`s eisà bh

* Dbrr`spbhakhg iutcbr.Qcks ks ih Bp`h Idd`ss irtkdl` puelkscà ey Wbrla Tdk`htkjkd Vuelksckhg Dbopihy. Kt ks akstrkeutà uha`r tc` t`ros bj tc` Drìtkv` Dboobhs Ittrkeutkbh 4.6 (DD-E[) Lkd`hs`. Jurtc`r akstrkeutkbh bj tcks wbrm ks p`rokttà, prbvkaà tc`brkgkhil wbrm ks prbp`rly dktà.

Dlkoit` Dcihg` @dbhbokds, Zbl. 1, Tuppl. 9 (5694) 9416664 (5: pig`s) Qc` IutcbrsABK> 96.9915/T5696667394166641

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khakvkauil oba`ls iha oultk-oba`l dbopirksbhs civ` `viluità tc` dbsts bj oktkgitkbhpblkdk`s ikoà it ràudkhg GCG òksskbhs (`.g., @a`hcbj`r `t il. , 5696= Wkhdc`st`r `t il. , 5696= Mrk`gl`r `t il. , 5694= Jiwd`tt `t il. , 5694= Gurg`l iha Vilts`v , 5694).Psuilly tc` stuak`s prbvka` d`rtikh r`sults jbr sbo` dbst o`trkds (`.g., dcihg` kh grbssabo`stkd prbaudt (GAV), oidrb`dbhbokd dbhsuoptkbh, iha oirgkhil ieitò`ht dbst (OID)), eut ab hbt khdlua` i a`tikl a `xplihitkbh bj akjj`r`ht dbst dbhd`pts ihahuihd`s kh ipprbidc`s e`tw``h akjj`r`ht dit`gbrk`s bj oba`ls> g`h`ril `quklkerkuo(G@), pirtkil `quklkerkuo (V@), `h`rgy systòs, `td.

Qc` gbil bj tcks pip`r ks hbt tb jbdus bh tc` r`sults jrbo i pirtkdulir oba`l br oba`lkhg `x`rdks`, eut tb aksduss kh a`tikl tc` `dbhbokd oìhkhg bj tc` dbst dbhd`ptsusà kh tc` `dbhbokd ihilys`s bj oktkgitkbh pblkdk`s ey akjj`r`ht typ`s bj oba`ls. Qcks

pip`r ks i pirt bj tc` @P @OJ53 `x`rdks` ( Mhbpj `t il. , 5694) tcit prbvka`s i dbc`r`ht lbbm it idck`vkhg tc` òksskbhs tirg`ts kh tc` @P ey òplbykhg akjj`r`ht typ`s bj oba`ls. Qc` @OJ bv`rvk`w pip`r ( Mhbpj `t il. , 5694) scbws tc` r`sultkhg huoe`rs jbr s`v`ril dit`gbrk`s bj butputs jrbo akjj`r`ht oba`ls, khdluakhg GAV dbsts. W` prbvka`sbo` @OJ53 r`sults jbr kllustritkv` purpbs`s iha aksduss cbw tb kht`rpr`t oktkgitkbhdbst `stkoit`s iha r`lit` tb tc` r`sults jrbo akjj`r`ht oba`lkhg strudtur`s.

Qc`r` ir` s`v`ril rìsbhs wcy òksskbhs oktkgitkbh oiy ey dbstly jbr ih `dbhboy.Qb suppbrt suestihtkil dcihg`s kh `h`rgy okx, lirg` khv`sto`hts kh h`w `h`rgy kh-

jristrudtur` wbula e` r`qukrà ( K@I, 5695). Vblkdk`s tb ràud` òksskbhs usuilly lìatb i dcihg` kh `h`rgy prkd`s jbr dbhsuo`rs e`dius` direbh tix`s, br direbh prkd`s jrboi dip-iha-tria` systò, iaa tb tc` prkd` bj jbsskl ju`ls iha oim` tcò obr` `xp`hskv`tb dbhsuo` iha tc`r`jbr`, ràudkhg aòiha jbr tcò. Akjj`r`ht stuak`s civ` lbbmà it tc` dbrr`spbhakhg `h`rgy prkd` dcihg`s (`.g., Dlirm` `t il. , 5667= @urbpìh Dbo-oksskbh, 5699i= Vilts`v , 5695). U`gulitbry pblkdk`s tcit prbobt` tc` us` bj z`rb- br lbw-direbh t`dchblbgk`s iha/br koprbvà `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy ilsb dih iaa tb tc` dbst istc`y r`qukr` us` bj t`dchblbgk`s tcit wbula hbt e` òplbyà eisà bhly bh durr`ht

`dbhbokd dbhska`ritkbhs.U`gulitkbhs r`lità tb òksskbhs ràudtkbhs oiy tim` huo`rbus jbros, sudc is

sueskak`s tb `l`dtrkdkty g`h`ritkbh jrbo r`h`wiel` sburd`s (lkm` wkha br sblir), ju`l`jjkdk`hdy stihairas, òksskbhs stihairas, j`à-kh tirkjjs, r`qukrò`ht bj i d`rtikh scir`bj `h`rgy e`khg prbaudà jrbo r`h`wiel`s, `td. Wktc sudc r`gulitkbhs, iaaktkbhil dbstsokgct e` l`ss vkskel` tb dbhsuo`rs kh dbopirksbh tb direbh tix`s br direbh prkd`s (istc` jull kopidt bj r`gulitkbhs okgct hbt e` r`jl`dtà kh tc` prkd` bj `h`rgy tcit dbh-suo`rs jid`). [`t dbhsuo`rs ir` stkll ijj`dtà ey sudc r`gulitkbhs vki btc`r dcihh`ls, is

tc` sueskak`s br j`à-kh tirkjjs h`à tb e` jkhihdà kh bh` wiy br ihbtc`r, iha tc`r`lità gbv`rho`ht br khaustry `xp`haktur`s wkll obst lkm`ly e` dbv`rà ey ckgc`r tix`s br prkd`s tcit wkll e` pissà bh dbhsuo`rs.

Kh tcks pip`r, w` jbdus bh tc` dbsts bj oktkgitkbh, k.`., tc` dbsts bj rìdckhg i d`rtikh(`xplkdkt br koplkdkt) òksskbh ràudtkbh tirg`t. W` ab hbt dbhska`r tc` dbrr`spbhakhgpbt`htkil e`h`jkts bj òksskbhs ràudtkbh. E`dius` bj tc` dbopl`xkty bj r`strudturkhgsystòs tb ràud` òksskbhs, r`sìrdc`rs civ` wka`ly usà oitcòitkdil oba`ls tb

T. Vilts`v & V. Diprbs

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prbn`dt tc` r`qukrà `h`rgy trihsjbroitkbh iha tb `stkoit` tc` issbdkità dbsts bj òksskbh oktkgitkbh is dbopirà tb i e`hdcoirm prbn`dtkbh. Jbllbwkhg i virk`ty bj o`tcbablbgkdil ipprbidc`s, tc`y civ` jbuha ritc`r lirg` virkitkbh kh dbst `stkoit`s.A`spkt` huo`rbus puelkscà stuak`s (`.g., Dr`yts `t il. , 5667= Vilts`v `t il. , 566; =Dlirm` `t il. , 566; = Obrrks `t il. , 5695= M`skdmk iha @mkhs, 5695= Diprbs `t il. ,5695i ,e= Diprbs `t il. , 5695), tc`r` ks stkll lidm bj dbhs`hsus hbt bhly iebut tc`huo`rkdil vilu`s eut ilsb iebut tc` dbr` dbhd`pts bj dbst kopidt iss`sso`ht.

Qcks pip`r ks brgihkzà kh tc` jbllbwkhg wiy. Kh tc` h`xt s`dtkbh, w` prbvka` iaksdusskbh bj oinbr dbst dbhd`pts iha kssu`s issbdkità wktc tcò. T`dtkbh 4 tc`ha`tikls tc` kssu`s r`lità tb `h`rgy systò dbsts. T`dtkbh 1 prbvka`s i aksdusskbh bj oinbr kssu`s issbdkità wktc oidrb`dbhbokd dbst dbhd`pts. T`dtkbh 0 bjj`rs sbo`

kllustritkv` `xiopl`s bj tc` dbsts kh tc` @P @OJ53 stuay. T`dtkbh : dbhdlua`s.

5. Dit gbrk`s bj Dbst Dbhd`pts

Oinbr oktkgitkbh dbst dbhd`pts dih e` erbialy akvkaà khtb twb dit`gbrk`s> `h`rgy systò(br s`dtbril) dbsts iha `dbhboy-wka` (br oidrb`dbhbokd) dbsts. Qc s` dit gbrk`srbugcly dbrr`spbha tb tc` oba`l typ`s tcit ir` usà jbr GCG òksskbhs oktkgitkbhiss`sso`hts. Qc` oba`ls akjj`r kh tc`kr dbv`rig`> `h`rgy systò oba`ls wckdc p`rjbro

V@ ihilysks (tc`s` oba`ls usuilly trìt tc` r`st bj tc` `dbhboy is gkv`h) iha oidrb-`dbhbokd oba`ls wckdc r`pr`s`ht ih `h`rgy systò is i pirt bj tc` `htkr` `dbhboy.

Qc` dbst dbhd`pts ilsb akjj`r kh tc`kr dbv`rig`. @h`rgy systòs dbsts dih e` akvkaàkhtb dipktil dbsts, ju`l iha `l`dtrkdkty dbsts (khdluakhg tix`s), piyo`hts jbr GCGòksskbhs, iha aksutklkty dbsts. Oidrb`dbhbokd dbsts ir` usuilly r`pbrtà is i dcihg` khGAV, br i dcihg` kh dbhsuoptkbh, br i dcihg` kh w`ljir`. Qwb btc`r pbpulir o isur`s khtc` òksskbh oktkgitkbh stuak`s ir` direbh (br GCG) prkd`s iha OID durv`s. Qc`sòìsur`s dih e` r`pbrtà ebtc kh `h`rgy systò stuak`s iha oidrb`dbhbokd stuak`s.

U`turhkhg tb tc` dlisskjkditkbh bj tc` oba`ls, `h`rgy systò oba`ls dih e` jurtc`r dlisskjkà khtb systò bptkokzitkbh oba`ls iha `h`rgy oirm`t skoulitkbh oba`ls. Qc`jbro`r, eisà bh auilkty e`tw``h lkhìr prbgriokhg iha p`rj`dt dbop`tktkbh, dildulit``h`rgy prkd`s jrbo auil virkiel`s. Qc` litt`r oba`ls skoulit` aòiha iha supplye`civkbr s`pirit`ly iha dildulit` `h`rgy prkd`s kh ih `xplkdkt wiy a`p`hakhg bh is-suoà oirm`t dbop`tktkbh r`gko`s.

Qc` oidrb`dbhbokd oba`ls dih e` rbugcly dlisskjkà khtb tcr`` dit`gbrk`s> dbo-putiel` g`h`ril `quklkerkuo oba`ls (DG@), ayhiokd grbwtc oba`ls, iha h`b-

M`yh`skih (usuilly `dbhbo`trkd) oba`ls. Qc` DG@ oba`ls dildulit` dboobaktyprkd`s tcit suppbrt `quklkerkuo e`tw``h aòiha iha supply kh ill dboobakty ihajidtbr oirm`ts. DG@ oba`ls dih e` r`durskv`-ayhiokd iha jbrwira-lbbmkhg .

Kh tc` r`durskv`-ayhiokd DG@ oba`ls, a`dkskbhs iebut prbaudtkbh, dbhsuoptkbh,iha khv`sto`ht ir` oia` bhly bh tc` eisks bj prkd`s kh tc` p`rkba bj tc` a`dkskbh,iha tcks ks bjt`h r`j`rrà tb is oybpkd `xp`dtitkbhs. Khv`sto`hts (wckdc ir` dbh-v`rtà tb dipktil kh tc` h`xt p`rkba) ir` oia` is kj khput dbsts iha butput prkd`s wkll

Dbst Dbhd`pts jbr Dlkoit` Dcihg` Oktkgitkbh

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ròikh uhdcihgà kh tc` jutur`. Psuilly kh tc` r`durskv` oba`ls, sivkhgs iha tbtildbhsuoptkbh ir` jkxà scir`s bj khdbo` iha sb dbhsuo`rs ab hbt ilt`r tc`kr sivkhg ihadbhsuoptkbh eisà bh `xp`dtitkbhs bj jutur` r`turhs bh khv`sto`ht br bh `xp`dtitkbhsbj dcihg`s kh tc` prkd` bj dbhsuoptkbh kh tc` jutur`. Kh jbrwira-lbbmkhg DG@ oba`ls,bptkokzitkbh bv`r tko` oìhs tcit a`dkskbhs tbaiy iebut prbaudtkbh, dbhsuoptkbh, ihakhv`sto`ht ir` eisà bh `xp`dtitkbhs tcit ir` rìlkzà kh tc` oba`l skoulitkbh. Qcus,`dbhbokd idtbrs ir` dciridt`rkzà is civkhg p`rj`dt `xp`dtitkbhs tc`y mhbw`xidtly wcit wkll cipp`h kh tc` jutur` (khdluakhg mhbwkhg wktc d`rtikhty ill juturòktkgitkbh pblkdk`s) kh ill p`rkbas bj tko` dbv`rà ey i oba`lkhg `x`rdks`.

Qc` h`b-M`yh`skih oba`ls tbl`rit` aks`quklkerki kh tc` scbrt t`ro iha dildulitàyhiokd oirm`t ianusto`hts tbwira lbhg-t`ro `quklkerkuo. Qc` grbwtc oba`ls p`r-

jbro kht`r-tòpbril w`ljir` bptkokzitkbh iha a`rkv` bptkoil grbwtc (BG). Qc` grbwtcoba`ls dih e` skhgl` s`dtbr oba`ls, wc`r` bh` s`dtbr dbv`rs tc` wcbl` `dbhboy,wckl` jbrwira-lbbmkhg DG@ usuilly tridm oultkpl` s`dtbrs bj tc` `dbhboy. Qcò`tcbablbgkdil akjj`r`hd`s e`tw``h tc` oba`ls usà jbr dlkoit` dcihg` oktkgitkbhdbst iss`sso`ht ir` suestihtkil iha tc`r`jbr`, tc` dbst `stkoitkbhs ir` khjlu`hdà ey tc`khtrkhskd oba`l jìtur`s.

E`jbr` gbkhg khtb tc` a`tikls bj `h`rgy systòs dbsts (T`d. 4) iha oidrb`dbhbokddbsts (T`d. 1), w` aksduss twb pbpulir oìsur`s tcit ir` usuilly r`pbrtà kh `h`rgy

systò iha oidrb`dbhbokd stuak`s> direbh prkd`s iha OIDs.

5.9. Direbh prkd`s

I pbpulir oìsur` r`lità tb oktkgitkbh ks ih òksskbhs prkd`, usuilly stità kh p`r o`trkd tbh bj DB 5 br, kh dis` bj oultkpl` gis`s, p`r o`trkd tbh bj DB 5 -`qukvil`ht. Tudci prkd` oiy e` `stielkscà tcrbugc i oirm`t tcit a`v`lbps jbr òksskbhs illbwihd`skssuà uha`r i dip-iha-tria` systò (tc` illbwihd` prkd`), br tcrbugc ih òksskbhs tixs`t akr`dtly ey i r`gulitkhg ig`hdy. Mhbpj `t il. (5694) r`pbrts tc` direbh prkd`s jrbo

tc` oba`l kh @OJ53 tcit rihg` jrbo 0 tb 16 /tDB5 kh 5656 jbr tc` durr`ht pblkdysd`hirkb (@P96) rkskhg tb 16 tb 916 /tDB5 rihg` ey 5606. Oktkgitkbh sd`hirkbs lìa tboudc ckgc`r prkd`s, `sp`dkilly ijt`r 5606. Jbr `xiopl`, i oàkih vilu` bj i direbhprkd` kh 5606 jbr tc` @P: sd`hirkb ks 059 /tDB5 . W` irgu` tcit direbh prkd`s okgct s`rv` is i v`ry drua` khakditbr bj oktkgitkbh `jjbrts, cbw`v`r, kt ks i v`ry pbbr khakditbr bj tc` tbtil dbst bj i pblkdy.

Vuttkhg iska` tc` oba`lkhg kssu`s kh jully r`pr`s`htkhg tc` oirm`t strudtur`s ihakop`rj`dtkbhs kh bra`r tb prbvka` obr` rìlkstkd prkd` dcihg`s, òksskbhs prkd`s

oìsur` oirgkhil dbst, tcit ks, tc` dbst bj ih iaaktkbhil uhkt bj òksskbhs ràudtkbh.@oksskbhs prkd`s ir` ih khakditbr bj tc` r`litkv` sdirdkty bj tc` illbwihd`s dbopiràwktc tc` aòiha jbr tcò, eut tc`y ir` hbt i oìsur` bj tbtil dbst tb tc` `dbhboy.Vrkd`s dbhv`y hb khjbroitkbh iebut tc` pcyskdil vbluo`s tb wckdc tc`y ipply br tc` oighktua` bj tc` dbst dbopirà tb tc` l`v`l bj idtkvkty. Vrkd`s dih ilsb e` iokslìakhg khakditbr bj tc` dbst wc`h tc`y kht`ridt wktc btc`r pblkdk`s iha oìsur`s

`ktc`r tcbs` akr`dtà it GCG ràudtkbh (jbr `xiopl`, r`h`wiel` pbrtjblkb stihairas


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br sueskak`s tb direbh-jr`` t`dchblbgk`s) br skoply btc`r pblkdy khstruo`hts sudc isbtc`r tix`s bh `h`rgy, liebr, br dipktil. Kht`ridtkbh wktc btc`r pblkdk`s dih ràud` tc`òksskbh prkd`s vkskel` tb dbhsuo`rs, eut tc`y dih khdrìs` tc` bv`rill dbst bj i pblkdy.Dbst ihilysks r`j`rs tb tc` kopidts bj GCG òksskbhs ràudtkbh `jjbrts bh dbhsuo`rsiha tc` `dbhboy. Dbhsuo`rs iha prbaud`rs rìdt tb tc` prkd`s, eut tc` tru` oìsur`bj tc` dbst bj i pblkdy ks r`jl`dtà kh tc` dcihg` kh tc`kr e`civkbr, iha tcks dcihg` ksdipturà ey i dcihg` kh w`ljir` br oidrb`dbhbokd dbhsuoptkbh is aksdussà iebv`.

5.5. Irì uha`r OID durv`s

I OID durv` ks i r`litkbhsckp tcit scbws cbw oihy tbhs bj òksskbhs dih e` ieitàit i d`rtikh prkd`. Pha`r ckgcly skoplkjkà issuoptkbhs, tc` irì uha`r i OID durv`

prbvka`s ih `stkoit` bj tbtil ieitò`ht dbst. Kj tc` ràudtkbh kh òksskbhs ks mhbwh,tc`h iaakhg ill tc` ràudtkbhs tcit wbula bddur e`jbr` rìdckhg i a`skrà tirg`t oultkplkà ey tc` dbst bj tc`s` ràudtkbhs (wckdc dbrr`spbhas tb kht`gritkbh uha`r tcÒID durv`) wbula lìa tb tc` dbst `stkoit` bj i pblkdy. Cbw`v`r, tcks `stkoit` ab`shbt diptur` sbo` akstbrtkbh dbsts r`lità tb pr`-`xkstkhg tix`s iha t`ros-bj-tria``jj`dts. H`gl`dtkhg tc`s` akstbrtkbh `jj`dts dih lìa tb suestihtkil uha`r`stkoitkbh bj tbtil pblkdy dbsts. Jbr `xiopl`, Vilts`v `t il. (5661) scbw tcit akstbrtà dbsts kh tc`dbuhtrk`s wktc ckgc `h`rgy tix`s dih e` 5.0 1.0 tko`s tc` akr`dt dbsts oìsurà ey tc`

irì uha`r tc` OID, wckl` kh dbuhtrk`s wktc lbw `h`rgy tix`s tc` tbtil dbsts ir` dlbs`tb tc` irì uha`r tc` OID.

OID durv`s ir` bjt`h usà jbr kllustritkhg `dbhbokd kssu`s issbdkità wktc òks-skbhs oktkgitkbh. Qc` us` bj tc` OIDs cis e``h pbpulirkzà ey OdMkhs`y & Dbo-pihy ( Dr`yts `t il. , 5667), `sp`dkilly skhd` tc`kr ihilysks cis scbwh sbo` h`gitkvìeitò`ht bppbrtuhktk`s. H`gitkv` pirts bj OIDs civ` r`d`kvà akjj`r`ht kht`rpr`ti-tkbhs iha drktkdkso (s``, jbr `xiopl`, M`skdmk iha @mkhs, 5695). OIDs bjj`r ih ìsywiy tb uha`rstiha iha vksuilkz` cbw dbsts a`p`ha bh tc` l`v`l bj ieitò`ht. Ph-

jbrtuhit`ly, uhl`ss bh` tim`s grìt dir` kh uha`rstihakhg tc` `xidt dbhaktkbhs uha`r wckdc OIDs ir` dbhstrudtà iha dbhstrudts tcò jbr tc` sp`dkjkd us` kh okha, kt ksv`ry ìsy tb oksus` tcò ( Obrrks `t il. , 5695).

Jkgur` 9 prbvka`s i skoplkjkà `xplihitkbh, wcy tc` irì uha`r OID oiy lìa tbih uha`r`stkoitkbh bj tc` tbtil dbst bj tc` pblkdy. C`r`, w` r`pr`s`ht tc` aòiha jbr idirebh-dbhtikhkhg ju`l, iha kts supply. W` dbhska`r i sktuitkbh wktc ih `xkstkhg ju`l tixtcit drìt`s i aìaw`kgct lbss (br `xd`ss eura`h bj tixitkbh au` tb illbditkv` kh`jjk-dk`hdy) r`pr`s`htà ey irì I kh Jkg. 9. Ih khtrbaudtkbh bj ih iaaktkbhil òksskbh

dbhstrikht lìas tb ih iaaktkbhil khdrìs` kh ju`l prkd` (r`pr`s`htà ey i obvò`ht jrbo VJ t tb VJ t Vd kh Jkg. 9). Qc` irì uha`r OID kh V@ oba`ls usuillydiptur`s `h`rgy systò r`pr`s`htitkbh, wckl` dbhsuo`r a`dkskbhs khdlua` dbhska`ritkbhbj `xkstkhg tix`s kh kht roàkit` iha jkhil dbhsuoptkbh. Is o`htkbhà, òksskbhoktkgitkbh dcihg`s tc` `h`rgy prkd`s iha tc` @P ilrìay cis ckgc ju`l tix`s. Qcòba`ls tcit us` irì uha`r OID jbr tc`kr dbst oìsur` wkll dbhska`r tc` akr`dt `dbhbokd lbss issbdkità wktc tc` direbh dbhstrikht (lie`là is irì D kh Jkg. 9).


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Cbw`v`r, kt ks bhly i pirt bj tc` dbst issbdkità wktc tc` pblkdy. Qc` jull dbst wkll ilsbkhdlua` ih iaaktkbhil aìaw`kgct lbss issbdkità wktc tc` `xkstkhg ju`l tix (lie`là isirì E kh Jkg. 9).

Durr`htly, i oinbrkty bj GCG òksskbhs òihit` jrbo jbsskl ju`l dboeustkbh jbr `h`rgy purpbs`s ( K@I, 5695). Qc`r`jbr`, oihy stuak`s jbdus bh skoulitkhg `h`rgyaòiha iha supply r`strudturkhg iha `viluit` dbst koplkditkbhs bj sudc r`strudturkhg.Tudc `stkoitkbhs ir` t`roà `h`rgy systò dbst koplkditkbhs wckdc usuilly ab hbt dlbs` tc` lbbp wktc tc` r`st bj tc` `dbhboy. Qc` h`xt s`dtkbh dbhska`rs tc` dbsts`stkoità kh `h`rgy systò oba`lkhg.

4. @h rgy Tystò Dbsts

Kh ih `h`rgy systò tc`r` ir` aòiha`rs iha supplk`rs bj `h`rgy. Jbr `h`rgy systòihilysks iha kh bra`r tb iss`ss tc` dbst kopidts jrbo i oidrb`dbhbokd p`rsp`dtkv`, tc`drudkil `lò`ht ks tc` iobuht tcit hbh-`h`rgy s`dtbrs (cbus`cblas iha jkros, ebtcs`rvkd`s iha khaustrkil) ir` r`qukrà tb piy kh bra`r tb g`t tc` `h`rgy s`rvkd`s tc`yh`à. @h`rgy s`rvkd`s ir` a`jkhà ey cbw `h`rgy ks usà, jbr `xiopl`, kj tc` `h`rgysuppbrts cìtkhg, dbblkhg, `ht rtikho`ht, obeklkty iha trihspbrtitkbh, khaustrkil

Tburd` > Vilts`v `t il. (5661).

Jkgur 9. @jj`dts bj `xkstkhg ju`l tix`s bh tc` dbst bj i direbh pblkdy. Qc` `dbhbokd dbst bj tc`ju`l tix ( t ) iaaà tb tc` ju`l prkd` ( VJ ) ks gkv`h ey irì i . Iaakhg i direbh dbhstrikht, wktc iprkd` bj direbh ( VD ), riks`s tc` tbtil ju`l prkd`, khdluskv` bj tc` tix iha direbh prkd`, tbVJ t VD . Wktcbut tc` ju`l tix, tc` `dbhbokd dbst bj tc` direbh pblkdy wbula e` nust tcìrì lie`là d. Eut, tc` pr`-`xkstkhg tix oìhs tcit tc` dbst r`pr`s`htà ey tc` irì e , kh `xd`ssbj tc` idtuil dbst bj tc` ju`l, ks ilsb ih iaaà `dbhbokd dbst bj tc` pblkdy. I OirgkhilIeitò`ht Durv` (OID) jbr direbh wkll khdlua` bhly irì d.


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prbaudtkbh, k.`., us`s tcit `hiel` utklkty iha idtkvkty jbr jkhil `h`rgy dbhsuo`rs. @h`rgys`rvkd`s ir` a`lkv`rà ey uskhg purdcisà `h`rgy dboobaktk`s, tc` iobuhts bj wckdca`p`ha bh tc` a`gr`` bj `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy it tc` dbhsuoptkbh l`v`l. Jkhil `h`rgydbhsuo`rs purdcis` `h`rgy dboobaktk`s jrbo `h`rgy prbaudkhg iha triakhg s`dtbrs.Issuokhg tcit tc` `h`rgy supplykhg iha triakhg s`dtbrs r`dbv`r `h`rgy prbaudtkbhiha triakhg dbsts tcrbugc dbhsuo`r prkd`s, h`t piyo`ht jbr `h`rgy dboobaktk`s khtc` wcbl` `dbhboy ks `quil tb tc` dbst bj purdciskhg `h`rgy bhly ey jkhil `h`rgydbhsuo`rs.

Qc` kopbrtihd` bj `h`rgy dbsts jbr tc` `dbhboy is i wcbl` lk`s kh tc` jidt tcit `h`rgy ks i prkoiry prbaudtkbh jidtbr wckdc dihhbt e` p`rj`dtly suestktutà wc`h ktsr`litkv` dbst khdrìs`s. Is GAV ks tc` suo bj vilu` iaaà (ròuh`ritkbh bj dipktil iha

liebr), ckgc`r dbsts bj `h`rgy koply lbw`r GAV skhd` ròuh`ritkbh bj dipktil iha liebr wkll civ` tb ràud` tb dbop`hsit` jbr ckgc`r `h`rgy dbsts issuokhg hbh-`h`rgy butput prkd`s ir` uhdcihgà. Kj hbh-`h`rgy butput prkd`s khdrìs` jbllbwkhg `h`rgy dbst khdrìs`s, aòiha wkll e` a`pr`ssà au` tb lbw`r purdciskhg pbw`r bj khdbo` iha lbssbj dbop`tktkv`h`ss kh jbr`kgh oirm`ts. Tkhd` cbus`cbla dbhsuoptkbh ks tc` lirg`st dbopbh`ht bj GAV, kt a`drìs`s wc`h ckgc`r `h`rgy dbsts r`qukr` cbus`cblas tb sp`hal`ss bh hbh-`h`rgy gbbas iha s`rvkd`s. Qc`r`jbr`, kh `h`rgy systòs ihilysks tc` dbstswckdc ir` kopbrtiht tb iddbuht jbr ir` tcbs` khdurrà ey jkhil `h`rgy dbhsuo`rs. Qc`s`

dbsts scbula khdlua` ill dbsts r`lità tb tc` prbvkskbh bj `h`rgy s`rvkd`s, khdluakhg`qukpo`ht iha `h`rgy sivkhg dbsts iha hbt bhly `h`rgy dboobakty purdciskhg dbsts.

Jrbo i jkhil `ha-us`r p`rsp`dtkv`, `h`rgy systò dbsts dih e` akvkaà jbr ìdcs`dtbr khtb tc` jbllbwkhg dit`gbrk`s, jbr wckdc a`tikls ir` gkv`h e`lbw> (9) Dipktildbsts= (5) Ju`l iha `l`dtrkdkty dbsts khdluakhg tix`s= (4) Akr`dt iudtkbh piyo`hts jbr DB5 br btc`r p`rokt systòs, wc`r` ipplkdiel`= iha (1) Aksutklkty dbsts.

4.9. Dipktil dbsts

Dipktil dbsts jbr `ha-us`rs ir` tc` dbsts wckdc ir` khvblvà kh purdciskhg `h`rgy-uskhg`qukpo`ht, ipplkihd`s, is w`ll is tc` dbsts r`lità tb khv`sto`hts kh `h`rgy sivkhgs.@h`rgy-uskhg `qukpo`ht ilsb s`rv`s hbh-`h`rgy purpbs`s sudc is `ht rtikho`ht,obeklkty, br khaustrkil prbaudtkbh. Wc`r` pbsskel`, dbst iddbuhtkhg oust akstkhguksce`tw``h sp`dkjkd `h`rgy-r`lità iha hbh-`h`rgy-r`lità pirts bj `qukpo`ht dbsts.

@h`rgy systòs oba`ls koplkdktly br `xplkdktly khvblv` dipktil-euag`tkhg a`dkskbhsbj jkhil dbhsuo`rs, jbr `xiopl` tb a`t rokh` `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy khv`sto`ht br tc`dcbkd` bj obr` `jjkdk`ht eut dbstlk`r t`dchblbgk`s. Qc` dbhsuo`r s khv`sto`ht e`civkbr a`p`has bh ihhukty piyo`hts jbr dipktil dbopirà tb virkiel` dbsts sb tc`y a`p`ha bhpr`s`ht vilu`s aksdbuhtà uskhg ih kht`r`st rit`. Tbo` oba`lkhg ipprbidc`s us` akj-j`r`ht kht`r`st rit`s ey aòiha s`dtbr kh ih ittòpt tb okokd rìl-lkj` dipktil euag`tkhga`dkskbhs, wc`rìs btc`r ipprbidc`s us` uhkjbro kht`r`st rit`s iha bjt`h sbdkil aks-dbuht rit` vilu`s, is bppbsà tb prkvit` aksdbuht rit` vilu`s, kh ih ittòpt tb `viluit`


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tc` bptkouo khv`sto`ht jrbo i sbdkil w`ljir` p`rsp`dtkv` (Tihstia iha OdOicbh,5663= Qc` @h`rgy Nburhil , 5699).

@oksskbhs ràudtkbh g`h`rilly r`qukr`s ckgc`r dipktil dbsts jbr purdciskhg obr``jjkdk`ht `qukpo`ht iha jbr `h`rgy sivkhg purpbs`s, jbr `xiopl` kh bra`r tb khdrìs`tc`roil kht`grkty bj euklakhgs. Qc` `hsukhg `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy prbgr`ss koplk`s lbw`r aòiha jbr `h`rgy c`hd` lbw`r virkiel` dbsts jbr purdciskhg ju`ls iha `l`dtrkdkty. Qc`h`t dbst bj òksskbhs ràudtkbh, wckdc dbopir`s ihhukty piyo`hts jbr dipktil ihavirkiel` dbsts, a`p`has bh tc` dcbkd` bj tc` kht`r`st rit`. I lbw rit` oiy `v`h koplyh`gitkv` h`t dbsts uha`r òksskbhs ràudtkbh issuoptkbhs, dbopirà tb i eis` dis`.

4.5. Ju`l iha `l`dtrkdkty dbsts

Qc` kopidts bj òksskbhs ràudtkbh bh tc` ju`l iha `l`dtrkdkty dbsts khdurrà ey jkhildbhsuo`rs a`p`ha bh aòiha vbluo`s, wckdc g`h`rilly a`drìs` kh òksskbh r`-audtkbh sd`hirkbs dbopirà tb i eis` dis`. Qc` kopidts bh ju`l iha `l`dtrkdkty dbstsilsb a`p`ha bh tc` j`àeidm `jj`dts bj ràudà aòiha bh `h`rgy dboobaktk`s prkd`s.

Pha`r òksskbhs ràudtkbh issuoptkbhs, òksskbhs jrbo `l`dtrkdkty g`h`ritkbh wkllilsb civ` tb e` ràudà, usuilly tb i lirg`r `xt`ht tcih tc` r`st bj tc` `h`rgy systò,is sugg`stà ey obst oba`l r`sults. A`direbhkzitkbh bj pbw`r g`h`ritkbh koplk`sckgc`r dbsts p`r uhkt bj butput dbopirà tb i eis` dis`, is direbh-jr`` g`h`ritkbh ksobr` `xp`hskv` tcih dbhv`htkbhil g`h`ritkbh. Qcks koplk`s tcit `l`dtrkdkty prkd`s wkllt`ha tb khdrìs` uha`r òksskbhs ràudtkbh issuoptkbhs. Obst `h`rgy oba`ls igr``tcit uskhg `l`dtrkdkty khstìa bj jbsskl ju`ls kh jkhil aòiha jidklktit`s òksskbhs r`-audtkbh, ebtc kh stitkbhiry iha obeklkty `h`rgy us`s, prbvkaà tcit pbw`r g`h`ritkbh kssujjkdk`htly a`direbhkzà. Kh tcks dbht`xt, obst oba`ls jkha jbr `xiopl` cìt puops(Psc`r iha Ttridcih, 5696) iha `l`dtrkd v`ckdl s (@urbpìh Dbooksskbh, 5699i=Diprbs `t il. , 5695i = Lua`r`r `t il. , 566; ) is ittridtkv` a`direbhkzitkbh bptkbhs tb-g`tc`r wktc `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy koprbvkhg khv`sto`ht. @l`dtrkjkditkbh bj aòiha dbo-ekhà wktc khdrìskhg `l`dtrkdkty g`h`ritkbh dbsts koplk`s khdrìs`s kh `l`dtrkdkty ekllsbj `ha-us`rs, dbopirà tb i eis` dis`. Cbw`v`r, tc` tbtil `ha-dbhsuo`r ekll jbr purdciskhg ju`ls iha `l`dtrkdkty ks usuilly jbuha tb e` lbw`r kh òksskbhs ràudtkbhsd`hirkbs dbopirà tb i eis` dis`, e`dius` `ha us` bj `l`dtrkdkty ks obr` `jjkdk`ht tcihjbsskl ju`ls. Jbr `xiopl`, `l`dtrkd v`ckdl`s iha cìt puops ir` oudc obr` `jjkdk`ht tcih kht`rhil dboeustkbh `hgkh`s br ebkl`rs wc`h iddbuhtkhg bhly jbr jkhil `h`rgydbhsuoptkbh.

Jbsskl ju`l prkd`s ir` `ss`htkilly uhijj`dtà ey òksskbhs ràudtkbh is jir is s`d-bhairy trihsjbroitkbh ks dbhd`rhà (`.g., r`jkh`rk`s wc`r` dbsts slkgctly khdrìs` uha`r òksskbhs ràudtkbh pblkdk`s). Tkghkjkdiht kopidts bh jbsskl ju`l prkd`s oiy bddur kj òksskbhs ràudtkbh koplk`s suestihtkil ràudtkbh bj aòiha it i glbeil sdil` sb is tbkhjlu`hd` glbeil br r`gkbhil jbsskl ju`l oirm`ts. Kt ks durr`htly `xp`dtà tcit glbeilsupply bj cyarbdirebhs wkll khdrìskhgly r`ly bh obr` `xp`hskv` r`sburd`s khdluakhguhdbhv`htkbhil r`sburd`s, wckdc ir` obr` dbstly tcih dbhv`htkbhil bh`s. Qc` a`drìs`


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kh glbeil aòiha jbr cyarbdirebhs, is i dbhs`qu`hd` bj glbeil òksskbh ràudtkbh,wkll koply lbw`r prbaudtkbh dbsts, dbopirà tb i eis` dis`. Cbw`v`r, is dbhv`htkbhilr`sburd`s ir` obr` dbhd`htrità tcih uhdbhv`htkbhil bh`s, blkgbpbly pbw`r kh cy-arbdirebh supply ks lkm`ly tb khdrìs` kh òksskbh ràudtkbh dis`s. Qcus tc` h`t kopidt bh wbrla jbsskl ju`l prkd`s a`p`has bh wc`tc`r tc` `jj`dt jrbo aòiha a`pr`sskbh wkllabokhit` tc` `jj`dt jrbo oirm`t dbhd`htritkbh. Obst oba`ls scbw a`drìskhg jbssklju`l prkd`s kh glbeil òksskbhs-ràudtkbh sd`hirkbs, dbopirà tb i eis` dis` prbn`dtkbh.Jrbo ih `ha-us` p`rsp`dtkv`, kt ks tc`r`jbr`, obr` lkm`ly tb s`` a`drìskhg prkd`s bj jbsskl ju`ls, au` ebtc tb aòiha ràudtkbh iha tb dbst ràudtkbh, a`p`hakhg bh tc``xt`ht bj ràudtkbh bj glbeil aòiha jbr jbsskl ju`ls.

Tuooirkzkhg, òksskbhs ràudtkbh koplk`s ckgc`r dipktil dbsts jbr `h`rgy `ha-us`rs

iha obr` lkm`ly lbw`r virkiel` dbsts, dbopirà tb i eis` dis`. Wc`tc`r tc` h`t `jj`dt bh l`v`lkzà dbsts ks h`gitkv` br pbsktkv` a`p`has bh tc` kht`r`st rit` wckdc ks usà tbihhuilkz` dipktil dbsts. Qc` h`t `jj`dts bh l`v`lkzà dbsts ir` scbwh ey obst oba`ls tbe` pbsktkv` (ckgc`r dbsts) jbr `ha us`rs bj `h`rgy, `xd`pt wc`h sbdkil aksdbuht rit`s irùsà is kht`r`st rit`s. Qcks oiy koply `v`h h`gitkv` h`t dbsts kh tc` dis` bj v`ryprbjktiel` `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy khv`sto`ht.

Qc` dcihg`s kh tc` dbst strudtur` jbr `h`rgy bj `ha-us`rs koplkà ey òksskbhràudtkbh ir` ròirmiel`> jkhil dbhsuo`rs ir` lkm`ly tb khdrìskhgly sp`ha kh tc`kr

pròks`s br jbr tc`kr v`ckdl`s khstìa bj sp`hakhg obh`y jbr purdciskhg dboobaktk`sjrbo tc` `h`rgy khaustry. Wktc tc` prbeiel` `xd`ptkbh bj tc` `l`dtrkdkty khaustry, illbtc`r `h`rgy supplk`rs ir` lkm`ly tb s`` akokhksckhg vbluo` bj sil`s kh òksskbhràudtkbh prbn`dtkbhs dbopirà tb i eis` dis`. Qc` `ha-us`rs bj `h`rgy wkll e` ilsblkm`ly tb sp`ha obr` jbr dipktil iha l`ss jbr virkiel` dbsts, wckdc koplk`s tcit tc`y wklljid` khdrìskhg obh`y ebrrbwkhg h`às. Qcks ks kopbrtiht jbr akstrkeutkbhil `jj`dtsr`girakhg jbr `xiopl` khdbo` dliss`s br jbr soill iha oàkuo `ht`rprks`s.

4.4. Iudtkbh piyo`hts jbr DB 5

@oksskbhs ràudtkbh ks usuilly arkv`h ey prkdkhg direbh òksskbhs. Qc` typ` bj tc`pblkdy khstruo`ht usà tb `hjbrd`/koplò`ht òksskbhs ràudtkbh ijj`dts pblkdy dbsts,is akjj`r`ht khstruo`hts koply trihsj`rs e`tw``h akjj`r`ht ig`hts. I direbh tixkhdrìs`s tc` dbst bj jbsskl ju`ls iha khaud`s suestktutkbh iwiy jrbo jbsskl ju`ls, eut direbh tix piyo`hts koply trihsj`r piyo`hts tb tc` stit` jurtc`r koplykhg lbw`r dbhsuo`r purdciskhg pbw`r iha lbw`r `xp`haktur`s kh ill typ`s bj `h`rgy r`litàktòs. Kj òksskbhs triakhg ks òplbyà is i oìhs bj direbh prkdkhg, tc` kopidtsa`p`ha bh wc`tc`r òksskbh illbwihd`s ir` illbdità tb dbhsuo`rs jbr jr`` (jbr `x-iopl` iddbrakhg tb grihajitc`rkhg prkhdkpl`s) br ijt`r iudtkbhkhg. Kh tc` jbro`r dis`,illbwihd` prkd`s r`pr`s`ht ih bppbrtuhkty dbst jbr tc` `h`rgy `ha-us`r iha wkllstkoulit` suestktutkbh iha `h`rgy sivkhgs, a`p`hakhg bh `dbhbokd dbhaktkbhs, wktcbut akr`dt euag`t koplkditkbhs, dbhtriry tb iudtkbhkhg sdcò`s wckdc koply trihsj`r piyo`hts tb tc` stit` skoklir tb i direbh tix.


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@h`rgy `ha-us`rs eìr dbsts kh iaaktkbh tb tc` dbhs`qu`hd`s bj direbh prkdkhg bhdboobakty dbsts iha prkd`s, jbr `xiopl`, wc`h `l`dtrkdkty g`h`ritkbh ks ilsb suen`dt tbdirebh prkdkhg. @l`dtrkdkty prbaud`rs ir` lkm`ly tb piss dbsts khdurrà kh g`h`ritkbh au`tb direbh prkdkhg tcrbugc tb dbhsuo`rs. Kh tc` dis`s bj direbh tix`s br tc` purdciskhgbj illbwihd`s kh iudtkbhs, prbaud`rs ir` lkm`ly tb piss 966% bj direbh dbsts bh tbdbhsuo`rs. Vrbaud`rs ir` lkm`ly tb piss bh l`ss tcih 966% bj dbsts kh i dis` wc`rìllbwihd`s ir` illbdità jbr jr``, a`p`hakhg bh tc` a`gr`` bj oirm`t dbop`tktkbh.

Jrbo ih `ha-us`r p`rsp`dtkv` tc`r` ir` twb typ`s bj iudtkbh piyo`hts> akr`dt iudtkbh piyo`hts iha khakr`dt iudtkbh piyo`hts. Qc` litt`r, is o`htkbhà iebv`, ir`pissà bh tb tc` dbhsuo`r tcrbugc tc` `l`dtrkdkty prkd`s iha ir` hbt r`dbghkziel` eytc` `ha dbhsuo`r. Qc` iobuht bj piyo`ht jbr direbh prkdkhg, ebtc akr`dtly iha

khakr`dtly, a`drìs`s bv`r tko` kh i a`direbhkzitkbh dbht`xt `v`h kh dis`s wc`r` tc`direbh prkd` khdrìs`s e`dius` `h`rgy griauilly e`dbo`s l`ss direbh kht`hskv`.

Kh t`ros bj dbst iddbuhtkhg, iudtkbh iha direbh tix piyo`hts oiy e` `xdluaà jrbotbtil `h`rgy systòs dbsts wc`h tc`y ir` ihilyzà jrbo i oidrb`dbhbokd p`rsp`dtkvè`dius` tc` r`v`hu`s jrbo iudtkbh br direbh tix piyo`hts oiy e` `jjkdk`htly r`dydlàkh tc` `dbhboy iha r`turhà eidm tb jkhil dbhsuo`rs. Kh tcks s`hs`, tc`y r`pr`s`ht itrihsj`r piyo`ht kh tc` `dbhboy. Cbw`v`r, oidrb`dbhbokd stuak`s 9 uskhg `dbhboy-wka` oba`ls civ` scbwh tcit akjj`r`ht pbsskel` sdcò`s bj r`dydlkhg stit` r`v`hu`s

jrbo direbh tixitkbh br iudtkbh eidm tb tc` `dbhboy oiy civ` skghkjkdihtly akjj`-r`ht kopidts bh GAV iha kh pirtkdulir bh akjj`r`ht s`dtbrs iha tc` khdbo` bj jkhildbhsuo`rs.

4.1. Aksutklkty dbsts

Iddbuhtkhg jbr aksutklkty dbsts kh `h`rgy systòs ihilysks ks `ss`htkil kh kopidt iss`sso`hts kh bra`r tb `hsur` dbopirieklkty e`tw``h akjj`r`ht sd`hirkbs. Au` tbckgc`r `h`rgy prkd`s, g`h`rilly arkv`h ey ckgc`r `h`rgy-r`lità dbsts issbdkità wktcòksskbhs ràudtkbh, dbhsuo`rs oiy j``l tc` h`à tb ràud` tc`kr `h`rgy r`qukrò`htse`ybha tc` l`v`l bj `h`rgy sivkhgs `hielà ey `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy khv`sto`ht= tckskoplk`s i ràudtkbh kh tc` utklkty bj tc` dbhsuo`rs. Qc` aksutklkty dih e` iddbuhtà is idbst wckdc dih e` dildulità is khdbo` dbop`hsitkhg virkitkbh. Qcks o`tcba obh-`tkz`s utklkty lbss, au` tb tc` khdrìs` bj i dboobakty prkd`, ey `viluitkhg tc` iobuht bj khdbo` tcit tc`br`tkdilly scbula e` gkv`h tb dbhsuo`rs kh bra`r tb illbw tcò tbrìdc, uha`r khdrìsà prkd` dbhaktkbhs, tc` sio` utklkty l`v`l is e`jbr` tc` prkd`khdrìs`. Tb tc` iaaktkbhil khdbo` dbop`hsit`s dbhsuo`rs jbr tc` lbss bj utklkty au` tbtc` virkitkbh bj prkd`s.

Jrbo i jkhil `h`rgy dbhsuo`r p`rsp`dtkv , utklkty ks arkv`h ey tc` iobuht bj dbojbrt iha s`rvkd`s a`rkvà jrbo uskhg `h`rgy jbr us`jul `h`rgy purpbs`s wckdc

9 I r`d`ht `xiopl` ks tc` OBA@LT @P JV: r`sìrdc prbn`dt wckdc cis usà s`v`ril oba`ls tb `viluit` tc` kopidts bj akjj`r`ht r`dydlkhg sdcò`s bj direbh iudtkbhkhg r`v`hu`s (s`` cttp>//www.`doba`ls.ù/kha`x jkl`s/OBA@LT Jkhil%56Vuelksciel`%56U`pbrt.paj).


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khdlua` jbr `xiopl` lkgctkhg, cìtkhg, obeklkty, khaustrkil prbaudtkbh, `td. Qc` t`h-a`hdy bv`r tko` ks tb khdrìs` utklkty wktc khdrìskhg khdbo`> tcks lìas tb ckgc`r obeklkty, ckgc`r rbbo tòp`ritur`s, lirg`r iobuhts bj cìtà spid` kh aw`llkhgs, `td.

I ràudtkbh bj utklkty kh tc` `h`rgy systò dih e` arkv`h ey ckgc`r `h`rgy prkd`s(`.g., ckgc`r tixitkbh, ckgc`r bkl prkd`s, `td.) iha/br ckgc`r `h`rgy-r`lità dbsts (dbstsjbr purdciskhg `qukpo`ht, khv`sto`ht dbsts kh cbus` khsulitkbh, `td.). Qc` iaaktkbhil`h`rgy dbst (`ktc`r e`dius` bj ckgc`r prkd`s br e`dius` bj i h`t dbst bj `jjkdk`hdykhv`sto`ht) koplk`s ràudtkbh bj sp`hakhg jbr hbh-`h`rgy purpbs`s is dbhsuo`rs

akspbsiel` euag`ts ks uhdcihgà. Qb oixkokz` bv`rill utklkty, tc` dbhsuo`r t`has tbràud` tc` pirt bj utklkty issbdkità wktc `h`rgy iha sb tc` dbhsuo`r ràud`s luok-hbskty jrbo lkgctkhg, a`drìs`s tc`robstit dbhtrbls jbr cìtkhg, `v`htuilly cìts bhly

pirt bj tc` cbus`, ràud`s obeklkty br ràud`s khaustrkil prbaudtkbh, `td. Ill tc`s`ràudtkbhs ir` utklkty lbss`s wckdc dbrr`spbha tb i dbst jbr tc` dbhsuo`r r`litkv` tb tc`dis` wktcbut iaaktkbhil `h`rgy dbsts ( Cioiobtb , 5694).

Wc`h tc` dbhsuo`r p`rd`kv`s i e`h`jkt jrbo `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy khv`sto`ht, kh btc`r wbras, wc`h tc`r` ks i h`t prbjkt, tc`h bv`rill euag`t khdrìs`s, iha tc` dbhsuo`r cistc` t`ha`hdy tb sp`ha obr` bh `h`rgy iha hbh-`h`rgy prbaudts tb g`t ckgc`r l`v`ls bj utklkty illbwà ey tc` khdrìsà akspbsiel` euag`t. Kh tcks dis`, tc` dbhsuo`r cis iutklkty e`h`jkt wckdc dih ilsb e` obh`tkzà tcrbugc tc` khdbo` dbop`hsitkbh o`tc-

bablbgy. @ktc`r kh vk`w bj ckgc`r `h`rgy prkd`s br kh vk`w bj ih belkgitkbh tb siv` bh`h`rgy dbhsuoptkbh, tc` dbhsuo`r s r`spbhs` ks jkrst tb koprbv` `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdytcrbugc khv`sto`ht= kj sudc khv`sto`ht koplk`s h`t dbsts, tc`h tc` dbhsuo`r ilsba`drìs`s tc` l`v`l bj us`jul `h`rgy s`rvkd`s iha sb `hdbuht`rs i aksutklkty lbss.

Qb jurtc`r `xplikh tc` kopbrtihd` bj aksutklkty dbsts wc`h dbopirkhg twb sd`hirkbdis`s, iha ilsb jbr `viluitkhg e`h`jkts iha dbsts bj pblkdy oìsur`s, w` tim` i skopl``xiopl` bj i tix kopbsà `quilly bh ill pbsskel` ju`ls dbhsuoà ey dirs= issuo` tcit `jjkdk`hdy prbgr`ss bj dirs ks hbt pbsskel` iha ilsb issuo` tcit tc`r` ks hb trihspbr-

titkbh oba` btc`r tcih uskhg i dir. Kh tcks skopl` `xiopl` tc`r` ks hb pbsskeklkty bj r`spbhakhg tb ckgc`r tixitkbh ey suestktutkhg e`tw``h ju`l typ`s br e`tw``h trihs-pbrtitkbh oba`s. Qc` bhly pbsskel` r`spbhs` ks tb ràud` obeklkty. Qc` dbhsuo`r tc`hpiys obr` jbr `h`rgy dbopirà tb tc` dis` wktcbut tc` iaaktkbhil tixitkbh eut l`ss tcihuha`r uhdcihgà obeklkty. Bevkbusly tb iss`ss tbtil dbst bj tixitkbh jbr tc` dbhsuo`r,bh` cis tb iaa iaaktkbhil disc jlbw piyo`hts iha aksutklkty dbsts.

Ihbtc`r dciridt`rkstkd `xiopl` ks tc` iss`sso`ht bj ebttbo-up dbhtrbl pblkdk`s.Issuo` tcit i ritkbhkhg typ` bj dbhtrbl ipplk`s is i pblkdy tb ràud` `h`rgy dbh-

suoptkbh, jbr `xiopl` soill`r jus`s ab hbt illbw tc` us` bj ill `l`dtrkd ipplkihd`s ihalkgctkhg kh i typkdil cbus`. Qc` dbhsuo`r ks belkgà tb e`tt`r oihig` tc` us` bj `l`dtrkdkty, wckdc koplk`s ilsb lbw`r bv`rill `l`dtrkdkty dbhsuoptkbh. Tb jrbo i disc-jlbw p`rsp`dtkv`, tc` dbhsuo`r ks e`tt`r-bjj. Eut wc`h khdluakhg aksutklkty dbsts tc`dbhsuo`r bevkbusly eìrs dbsts e`dius` bj tc` ritkbhkhg.

Qc`r` ir` irguo`hts, cbw`v`r, igikhst khdluakhg aksutklkty dbsts kh lbhg-t`ro sd`-hirkbs, kh pirtkdulir r`girakhg `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy koprbvò`hts kh euklakhgs. Bh` typ`


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bj irguo`ht dbhd`rhs tc` pbsskel` dcihg` bj utklkty juhdtkbhs (`.g., akjj`r`ht r`litkv`w`kgcts bh tc` virkbus s`rvkd`s `hielkhg utklkty) bv`r tko` kh tc` dbht`xt bj a`d-irebhkzitkbh sd`hirkbs dbopirà tb i eis` dis`. Jbr `xiopl`, tc` a`direbhkzitkbhdbht`xt oiy ilsb pusc dbhsuo`rs tb ittrkeut` ckgc`r vilu` tb prbaudts iha dbh-suoptkbh dbhaktkbhs tcit ab hbt `xkst kh euskh`ss-is-usuil (EIP)= jbr `xiopl` dbh-suo`rs oiy g`t utklkty jrbo sbjt obeklkty (wilmkhg, ekdydl`s, `td.), jrbo tc` lkvkhgdbhaktkbhs kh w`ll khsulità cbus`s, jrbo h`w `jjkdk`ht lkgctkhg pitt`rhs, jrbo jl`xk-eklkty kh uskhg soill `l`dtrkd dirs kh dkty-d`ht`rs, `td. Kt ks tru` tcit tc` `dbhbokds ab hbt prbvka` ihy o`tcba jbr obh`tkzkhg h`w utklkty-`hielkhg dbhaktkbhs. Ihbtc`r typ` bj irguo`ht pbkhts tb s`dbhairy e`h`jkts prbvkaà ey koprbvà `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy= jbr `xiopl` tc` vilu` bj i cbus` oiy e` ckgc`r kj w`ll r`hbvità jbr `h`rgy purpbs`s.

Qc`s` ihdklliry e`h`jkts bj `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy ir` hbt iddbuhtà jbr kh `h`rgy oba`lsiha sb aksutklkty dbsts oiy e` bv`r-`stkoità kh sbo` dis`s.

4.0. Akstrkeutkbhil iha khv`sto`ht-r`lità kopidts

Qc` sckjt tbwira ckgc`r dipktil dbsts iha tc` khdrìs` bj khv`sto`ht wckdc dciridt`rkz`òksskbhs ràudtkbh sd`hirkbs oiy riks` s`rkbus dbhd`rhs r`girakhg akstrkeutkbhil`jj`dts bh akjj`r`ht khdbo` dliss`s, khaustrk`s bj akjj`r`ht skz`s iha dbuhtrk`s eisà bhtc`kr GAV, wckdc ir` hbt h`d`ssirkly ihilyzà uskhg stihaira `h`rgy systò oba`ls.Qc` issuoptkbh iebut i skhgl` r`pr`s`htitkv` dbhsuo`r p`r s`dtbr iha dbuhtry, wckdcks i dboobh issuoptkbh kh obst `h`rgy iha `dbhbokd oba`ls, lkokts tc` oba`lpbsskeklktk`s jbr dipturkhg tc` akstrkeutkbhil kopidts.

Qwb oikh kssu`s oiy dius` prbelòs kh tcks r`sp`dt> (9) Qc` khdrìskhg ritkb bj `h`rgy s`rvkd` dbsts tb khdbo`> wc`h `h`rgy s`rvkd`s ab hbt khdrìs` is oudc iskhdbo` e`ybha i d`rtikh tcr`scbla, k.`., e`ybha i d`rtikh khdbo` l`v`l tc` khdbo``listkdkty ks lbw`r tcih bh`, `h`rgy s`rvkd`s dihhbt e` dbopr`ssà e`lbw i d`rtikhl`v`l, k.`., e`lbw i d`rtikh khdbo` l`v`l tc` khdbo` `listkdkty bj `h`rgy ks iebv` bh`.Qcks koplk`s tcit kh i sktuitkbh wc`r` `h`rgy e`dbo`s skghkjkdihtly obr` `xp`hskv` tc`lbw`r khdbo` dliss`s oiy e` obr` strbhgly ijj`dtà. Qcks oiy ilsb e` i prbelò jbr soill`r-skzà `ht rprks`s br khaustrk`s wktc ckgc `h`rgy kht hskty wc`r` khdrìskhg`h`rgy dbsts oiy `haihg`r tc`kr dbop`tktkv`h`ss. (5) Qc` khdrìs` bj dipktil dbsts jbr `h`rgy s`rvkd`s> Kh i sktuitkbh, sudc is i a`direbhkzitkbh sd`hirkb, wc`r` dipktil dbstskhdrìs` skghkjkdihtly dbopirà tb virkiel` dbsts, tc` prbelòs jbr lbw khdbo` dliss`soiy khdrìs` is lbw khdbo` dliss`s civ` kh g`h`ril l`ss idd`ss tb dipktil= kh dis`s sudcis a`direbhkzitkbh tcks oiy koply tcit sbo` pirts bj tc` pbpulitkbh oiy hbt e` iel` tbijjbra iavihdà t`dchblbgk`s iha `h`rgy sivkhg khv`sto`hts oìhkhg tcit tc`y oiy e``htkr`ly dut but jrbo d`rtikh t`dchblbgy a`v`lbpo`hts. Jbr khaustrk`s tcks oiy oìhtcit soill `ht`rprks`s ir` dut but bj tc` euskh`ss.

Kh sudc i dbht`xt kt oiy e` tcit `h`rgy pbv`rty bddurs. Vbv`rty ks g`h`rillya`jkhà is e`khg e`lbw i d`rtikh tcr`scbla ( Obrgih `t il. , 5696). Kh i dbht`xt bj khdrìskhg `h`rgy s`rvkd` prkd`s, `h`rgy pbv`rty oiy bddur arkv`h ey tc` jidt tcit


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p`bpl` oiy hbt e` iel tb ijjbra tb purdcis` `xp`hskv` `jjkdk`ht t`dchblbgy. Ist`dchblbgy bjt`h dbo`s kh dlust`rs, lidm bj dipktil oiy koply tcit sbo` pirts bj sbdk`ty oiy e` dbopl`t`ly a`prkvà bj d`rtikh t`dchblbgk`s r`qukrà jbr sivkhg `h`rgy.

I jurtc`r kopidt bj a`direbhkzitkbh bh tc` wka`r `dbhboy ks tc` r`sult bj i dcihg`kh tix r`v`hu`s> Issuokhg tcit tc` tixitkbh systò ròikhs is kt durr`htly ks, r`v`hu`sjrbo ju`l tixitkbh wkll jill. Kh tc` dbht`xt bj a`direbhkzitkbh tc`r` wkll e` i sckjt iwiyjrbo ckgcly tixà ju`ls sudc is bkl tbwira ju`ls/`h`rgy dirrk`rs wktc lbw`r tixitkbhsudc is `l`dtrkdkty br r`h`wiel`s. Iltcbugc ZIQ jrbo tc` iaaktkbhil dipktil khv`st-o`hts kh cbus`cblas wkll khdrìs`, kt wkll koply skghkjkdihtly lbw`r r`v`hu`s jbr tc`stit` tcih tc` r`v`hu` tcit wkll e` lbst au` tb tc` dcihg`s kh ju`l dbhsuoptkbh. Qc`r`v`hu`s jrbo tc` iudtkbhkhg bj òksskbh illbwihd`s wkll hbt dbop`hsit` jbr tc` lbst

r`v`hu , is tcrbugc a`drìskhg òksskbhs tc` iudtkbh r`v`hu`s wkll a`drìs`tcrbugcbut tc` tko` p`rkba tb 5606. Is tc` stit` wkll r`qukr` tc` tixitkbh r`v`hu` tbròikh uhdcihgà jrbo i eis` dis`, ih iaaktkbhil dbst wckdc ks hbt khdluaà kh `h`rgysystò oba`lkhg ks tcit tix`s wkll prbeiely e` riksà `ls`wc`r` (kh hbh-`h`rgy id-tkvktk`s) lìakhg tb i jurtc`r khdrìs` bj tbtil dbsts wktc uhd`rtikh akstrkeutkbhil kopidts.

4.:. Ih kllustritkv` `xiopl` bj `h`rgy systò oba`lkhg r`sults bh oktkgitkbh dbsts

Oba`ls jbduskhg bh `h`rgy systòs ab hbt tridm tc` r`st bj tc` `dbhbokd s`dtbrs,tc`r`jbr , GAV, dbhsuoptkbh, iha w`ljir` ir` usuilly trìtà is gkv`h. Qc`h, tcòba`ls tim` khtb dbhska`ritkbh `h`rgy systò dbsts r`lità tb akjj`r`ht pblkdk`s. Ia`jkhktkbh bj `h`rgy systò dbsts virk`s e`tw``h akjj`r`ht oba`ls. A`p`hakhg bhoba`l sp`dkjkditkbh, kt khdlua`s tc` dbsts jbr> (9) purdciskhg `h`rgy dboobaktk`s it prkd`s wckdc khdlua` r`dbv`ry bj iudtkbhà illbwihd`s= (5) purdciskhg `h`rgy`qukpo`ht= (4) khv`stkhg kh `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy koprbvò`ht iha sivkhgs= iha (1) piykhgtix`s iha l`vk`s. Is `h`rgy prkd`s ijj`dt ill s`dtbrs bj tc` `dbhboy, tcks oìsur`

prbvka`s bhly i pirtkil dbv`rig` bj tc` dbst bj i pblkdy.Jbr kllustritkv` purpbs`s, dbst `stkoitkbhs uskhg tc` VUKO@T oba`l jbr @urbpìh

Dbooksskbh s @h`rgy Ubiaoip sd`hirkbs (@urbpìh Dbooksskbh, 5699e) ir` pr`-s`htà kh Qiel`s 9 iha 5 (Diprbs `t il. , 5695i ,e). Qc` dbst jkgur`s pr`s`htà kh Qiel` 5wckdc r`j`r tb tc` `htkr` `h`rgy systò ir` tc` suooitkbh bj dbst jkgur`s bhly jbr jkhildbhsuo`rs (k.`., cbus`cblas, s`rvkd`s, igrkdultur`, khaustry, iha trihspbrt) wckdc ir`pr`s`htà kh Qiel` 9. Qc` `l`dtrkdkty iha ju`l supply dbsts (scbwh kh Qiel` 9) ir`bevkbusly khdluaà kh tc` piyo`hts ey jkhil dbhsuo`rs jbr purdciskhg `l`dtrkdkty iha

ju`ls.Ps`jul khskgcts wckdc kllustrit` tc` dbhd`pts o`htkbhà iebv` dih e` ariwh ey

dbhska`rkhg tc` list dbluoh bj Qiel`s 9 iha 5 wckdc scbws tc` dbst akjj`r`hd`s e`-tw``h a`direbhkzitkbh iha tc` r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb kh duoulitkv` t`ros bv`r tc` p`rkba5660 5606. Kt dih e` s``h tcit jbr ill jkhil dbhsuo`rs a`direbhkzitkbh koplk`s ckgc`r dipktil dbsts iha lbw`r virkiel` iha ju`l dbsts. Ju`l dbsts ir` a`drìsà kh a`d-irebhkzitkbh r`litkv` tb tc` r`j`r`hd` hbt bhly e`dius` bj lbw`r ju`l aòiha eut ilsb


9416664-94

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9416664-91

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Q i e l ` 9 . ( D b h t k h u ` a )

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9416664-90

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16/26

Q i e l ` 5 . @ x i o p l ` b j ` h ` r g y s y s t ` o d b s t a ` d b o p b s k t k b h i d d b r a k h g t b V U K O @ T o b a ` l r ` s u l t s

.

E k l l k b h @ P U B s b j 5 6 6 3

5 6 9 6



U ` j ` r ` h d `

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5 6 5 6

5 6 4 6

5 6 0 6

D u o u l .

5 6 6 0 5

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@ h t k r ` ` h ` r g y s y s t ` o

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6

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V i y o ` h t s t b ` h ` r g y s u p p l k ` r s

9 9 1 ;

9 4 3 5

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9 4

, 9 6 6

Q b t i l ` h ` r g y s y s t ` o d b s t s k h d l .

i u d t k b h k h g

9 1 5 7

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5 3 4 ;

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9 9 . ;

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9 1 . 7

6

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9 0 . 7

6

9 0 . 6

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Q b t i l ` h ` r g y s y s t ` o d b s t s ` x d l .

i u d t k b h k h g

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9416664-9:

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j r b o

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b r l a s d

k ` h t

k j k d

. d b o

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. 5 0 5 b h

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e`dius` bj ràudtkbh bj jbsskl ju`l prkd`s au` tb lbw`r glbeil aòiha jbr jbsskl ju`ls, istc` a`direbhkzitkbh sd`hirkb issuo`s glbeil dlkoit` idtkbh.

Qc` dbst jkgur`s dlìrly scbw tcit tc` iaaktkbhil dbsts bj a`direbhkzitkbh khdurràey jkhil dbhsuo`rs oikhly dbhd`rh dbhsuo`rs `qukpo`ht, euklakhgs, iha v`ckdl`s,wc`rìs `l`dtrkdkty iha ju`l purdciskhg eklls t`ha tb a`drìs`. Qc` `h`rgy systò h`t iaaktkbhil dbsts bj a`direbhkzitkbh is i p`rd`htig` bj GAV ks soill, bhly 6.56% khduoulitkv` (hbh-aksdbuhtà) t`ros uhtkl 5606. Cbw`v`r, tc` dbst jkgur`s scbw tcit tcìaaktkbhil dbst khdurrà ey cbus`cblas is p`rd`htig` bj cbus`cblas khdbo` ks oudclirg`r> 6.76% kh duoulitkv` t`ros uhtkl 5606. Qc` jkgur`s ilsb scbw a`drìskhg stit`r`v`hu`s kh a`direbhkzitkbh (r`litkv` tb r`j`r`hd`) jrbo `h`rgy iha direbh tixitkbh.

Kt ks wbrtc hbtkhg tcit aksutklkty dbsts ir` ih kopbrtiht `lò`ht tb dbhska`r wc`h

dbopirkhg dbsts e`tw``h a`direbhkzitkbh iha tc` r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb. Bokttkhg aks-utklkty dbsts wbula l ia tb okslìakhg dbhdluskbhs iebut dbst kopidts bj a`d-irebhkzitkbh kh pirtkdulir jbr cbus`cblas. DB 5 iudtkbh piyo`hts ir` ritc`r soill ihaa`drìs` kh a`direbhkzitkbh r`litkv` tb tc` r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb a`spkt` ckgc`r direbhprkd`s kh tc` jbro`r sd`hirkb. Qc` r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb issuo`s tcit tc` @P @oksskbhQriakhg Tdcò` ipplk`s uhtkl 5606 eut prbn`dts òksskbhs tb stiy it ckgc`r l`v`ls tcihkh tc` a`direbhkzitkbh prbn`dtkbh.

1. Oidrb`dbhbokd Dbsts

Qc` khdrìs` bj `h`rgy s`rvkd` dbsts kh tc` dbht`xt bj a`direbhkzitkbh strit`gy idt eydrbwakhg but `jj`dts tb tc` r`st bj tc` `dbhboy iha ràudkhg aòiha jbr hbh-`h`rgygbbas iha s`rvkd`s. Bh tc` btc`r ciha, tc` koplò`htitkbh bj dlìh `h`rgy t`dchbl-bgk`s iha `h`rgy `jjkdk`hdy khv`sto`ht idt tbwira khdrìskhg aòiha jbr hbh-`h`rgygbbas iha s`rvkd`s. Kh iaaktkbh, tc` ràudtkbh bj jbsskl ju`l dbhsuoptkbh ràud`s tc`dbst bj kopbrts wc`h jbsskl ju`ls ir` kopbrtà iha ràud`s `xpbrt r`v`hu`s kh dis`jbsskl ju`ls ir` `xpbrtà. Qc` h`t `jj`dt bh tc` `dbhboy ks uhd`rtikh, tc`r`jbr`, nus-tkjykhg tc` us` bj oidrb`dbhbokd oitcòitkdil oba`ls. Qc` dbst dbhd`pts tcit ir`bjt`h usà kh tc` oba`lkhg stuak`s ir`> dcihg` kh GAV, dcihg` kh dbhsuoptkbh, dcihg`kh w`ljir`, `h`rgy systò dbst (ilrìay o`htkbhà), iha irì uha`r OID durv`. E`lbww` erk`jly aksduss tcò.

1.9. GAV dcihg`

GAV ks i dbuhtry-l`v`l oìsur` bj ih `dbhbokd idtkvkty tcit ks tc` obst jioklkir tb i

g`h`ril iuak`hd`. Qc`r`jbr`, i dcihg` kh GAV is i oìsur` bj dbst ks bjt`h usà e`dius`tc` puelkd dih ìskly r`lit` tb kt. Qb `stkoit` i GAV dcihg`, bh` jkrst h`às tb g`t iprbn`dtkbh bj i l`v`l bj GAV kh i d`rtikh yìr uha`r tc` issuoptkbh tcit hb òksskbh-ràudtkbh r`lità pblkdy ks khtrbaudà. Tudc prbn`dtkbh ks usuilly r`j`rrà tb is i r`j-`r`hd`, br EIP sd`hirkb. Qc`h, ih khtrbaudtkbh bj i GCG òksskbhs ràudtkbh pblkdylìas tb i akjj`r`ht l`v`l bj GAV prbn`dtkbh kh tcit yìr. I dbopirksbh bj twb prbn`dtkbhskh iesblut` br p`rd`htig` t`ros prbvka`s ih `stkoit` bj tc` GAV dbst bj i pblkdy.


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GAV ks a`jkhà is tc` suo bj dbhsuoptkbh, khv`sto`ht, gbv`rho`ht sp`hakhg, ihah`t `xpbrts (`xpbrts okhus kopbrts). Kt ks i oìsur` bj `dbhbokd idtkvkty kh i dbuhtrydbuhtkhg tbtil jkhil butput. I dcihg` kh GAV ks hbt i jully-sitksjidtbry khakditbr bj dbst, e`dius` `dbhboksts iha pblkdy-oim`rs pr`j`r tb iss`ss i pblkdy eisà bh ktskopidt bh dbhsuo`rs ritc`r tcih bh tc` tbtil butput kh i dbuhtry. Kh iaaktkbh tbdbhsuoptkbh, GAV oìsur` khdlua`s khv`sto`ht idtkvkty tcit ab`s hbt iaa tb dbh-suoptkbh kh i gkv`h yìr, eut oiy iaa tb iviklieklkty bj gbbas bv`r tko`. Gbv`rho`ht sp`hakhg oiy e` prbaudtkv` br hbt iha dih kopidt dbhsuoptkbh kh i akjj`r`ht wiy. H`t `xpbrts oiy khdlua` suestihtkil dcihg`s kh t`ros-bj-tria`, wc`h prkd`s bj `xpbrts ihakopbrts dcihg`. Wktc i dcihg` kh t`ros-bj-tria`, jbr tc` sio` iobuht bj abo`stkddurr`hdy, dbhsuo`rs oiy e` iel` tb purdcis` obr` br l`ss jbr`kgh gbbas, iha tcks

dcihg` kh dbhsuoptkbh bj gbbas ks hbt akr`dtly r`jl`dtà kh tc` h`t bj `xpbrt piyo`htsbv`r kopbrt piyo`hts.

Is dlkoit pblkdy ijj`dts `h`rgy prkd`s, dbuhtrk`s wktc lirg` `h`rgy `xpbrts br kopbrts dih `xp`rk`hd` lirg` t`ros-bj-tria` `jj`dts. Jbr `xiopl`, eisà bh tc` MybtbVrbtbdbl ihilysks Zkguk`r `t il. (5664) scbw tcit òksskbhs tirg`ts koprbv` t`ros-bj-tria` jbr obst bj tc` @P dbuhtrk`s is tc`y ir` ijj`dtà ey a`dlkhkhg kopbrt prkd`s jbr `h`rgy, wckl` tc` PM iha tc` H`tc`rlihas, wckdc ir` `h`rgy `xpbrt`rs, jid` a`t`rkb-ritkhg t`ros-bj-tria`. Qc`y scbw tcit p`rd`ht dcihg`s kh GAV dih e` twkd` is ekg is

p`rd`ht dcihg`s kh dbhsuoptkbh jbr sbo` @urbpìh dbuhtrk`s. Kh `xtrò` dis`s,dcihg`s kh GAV iha dbhsuoptkbh oiy e` kh bppbskt` akr`dtkbhs is scbwh ey Eiekm`r `t il. (5666), wc`r` jbr sbo` dbuhtrk`s suestihtkil dcihg`s kh t`ros-bj-tria` lìa tbgikhs kh GAV jrbo i dlkoit` pblkdy, wckl` iggr`git` dbhsuoptkbh (i dbopbh`ht bj GAV) a`drìs`s r`litkv` tb i hb-pblkdy sd`hirkb.

1.5. Dbhsuoptkbh dcihg`

I dcihg` kh oidrb`dbhbokd dbhsuoptkbh ks a`t`rokhà kh i skoklir jisckbh is idcihg` kh GAV. Kt ks i dbopirksbh bj twb prbn`dtkbhs> Bh` ks i prbn`dtkbh bj itbtil dbhsuoptkbh l`v`l kh ih `dbhboy wktc ih issuoptkbh bj hb direbh ràudtkbhpblkdy, iha tc` btc`r ks i prbn`dtkbh bj dbhsuoptkbh wktc direbh pblkdy khtrbaudà. Kt ksirguiely i e`tt`r oìsur` bj dbst tcih GAV is kt lbbms it tc` kopidt bh i dbuhtry spbpulitkbh, h`ttkhg but t`ros-bj-tria` `jj`dts, khv`sto`ht, iha gbv`rho`ht `xp`hak-tur`s tcit sbo`wcit akstbrt tc` koplkditkbhs bj i pblkdy bh tc` dbhsuo`rs.

I akr`dtkbh bj tc` akjj`r`hd` e`tw``h dbhsuoptkbh iha GAV dcihg`s ks ioekgubus.Jbr `xiopl`, sbo` oba`ls tcit r`pbrt ebtc GAV iha dbhsuoptkbh kh tc` @OJ53 civ`dcihg`s kh bh` oìsur` lirg`r br soill`r (kh p`rd`htig` t`ros) tcih tc` btc`r oìsurà`p`hakhg bh tko` p`rkba iha sd`hirkb. Jbr sbo` oba`ls kh tcks `x`rdks`, p`rd`htig`dcihg` kh dbhsuoptkbh ks dbhskst`htly soill`r tcih p`rd`htig` dcihg` kh GAV.

I abwhska` bj oìsurkhg dbst is i dcihg` kh oidrb`dbhbokd dbhsuoptkbh ks tcit kt usuilly r`pr`s`hts bhly oirm`t idtkvktk`s. Bh tc` btc`r ska`, i viluitkbh bj hbh-oirm`t idtkvktk`s (sudc is l`ksur` tko`, dbhsuoptkbh bj puelkd gbbas, hbh-jbroil `dbhbokd


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idtkvktk`s, `td.) ks suen`dt tb uhd`rtikhty iha sbo` dbhtrbv`rsy, wckl` oidrb`dbhbokddbhsuoptkbh ks e`tt`r oìsurà. Qc`r`jbr`, dbhsuoptkbh dcihg` ks i pbpulir oìsur`bj dbst tcit ks uha`rstihaiel` ey pblkdy-oim`rs iha tc` g`h`ril puelkd.

1.4. W`ljir` dcihg`

Jbr oihy `dbhboksts tc` pr`j`rrà oìsur` bj dbst ks i dcihg` kh w`ljir`. Kt dih eòìsurà is `qukvil`ht virkitkbh br dbop`hsitkhg virkitkbh iha dih e` lbbs`lykht`rpr`tà is tc` iobuht bj `xtri khdbo` dbhsuo`rs wbula h`à tb dbop`hsit` tcòjbr tc` lbss`s diusà ey tc` pblkdy dcihg`. W`ljir` oìsur` ks dlbs` tb i dcihg` khdbhsuoptkbh eut kt ilsb usuilly khdlua`s dcihg`s kh l`ksur` tko` (k.`., tc` obh`tiryvilu` bj tc` dcihg` kh hbh-wbrmkhg tko`) tcit bddur kh r`spbhs` tb tc` pblkdy. Obst bj tc` oba`ls tcit dih tridm ebtc dbhsuoptkbh iha w`ljir` us` `qukvil`ht virkitkbh

is i oìsur` bj w`ljir` dcihg`. Kj tc` oba`l ab`s hbt khdlua` hbh-oirm`t idtkvktk`s(lkm` l`ksur`, `td.), tc`h tc` dcihg`s kh dbhsuoptkbh iha kh w`ljir` ir` tc` sio`. Wktc`xplkdkt r`pr`s`htitkbh bj l`ksur`, w`ljir` dcihg`s ir` usuilly soill`r tcih dbhsuop-tkbh dcihg`s e`dius` ih khdrìs` kh tc` prkd`s bj dbhsuoptkbh gbbas (au` tb ihkhdrìs` kh `h`rgy prkd`s) lìas tb r`-illbditkbh bj ivikliel` tko` tb hbh-oirm`t id-tkvktk`s khdrìskhg l`ksur`. Qc` oighktua` bj tc` sckjt a`p`has bh tc` liebr supply`listkdkty.

1.1. @dbhbokd idtkvktk`s tcit ijj`dt oktkgitkbh dbsts

Oktkgitkbh pblkdk`s oiy ijj`dt `dbhbokd idtkvktk`s kh akjj`r`ht wiys. @oksskbh kht`hsktyràudtkbhs ir` idck`và ey r`plidkhg jbsskl `h`rgy t`dchblbgk`s wktc lbw direbhilt`rhitkv`s sudc is r`h`wiel` br hudlìr `h`rgy, br ey khtrbaudkhg direbh diptur` ihas`qu`stritkbh. Tudc lbw direbh t`dchblbgk`s ir` g`h`rilly obr` `xp`hskv`, tcus tc`kr wka`sprìa khtrbaudtkbh wkll khdrìs` oirm`t prkd`s jbr `h`rgy. Tkoklirly, obr` `jjk-

dk`ht `ha-us` t`dchblbgk`s ràud` `h`rgy kht`hskty, eut oiy civ` ckgc`r khstillitkbhdbsts. ^`rb dbsts br e`h`jkdkil `jjkdk`hdy koprbvò`hts ir` ilsb pbsskel`, eut usuillytc`y ir` lkoktà tb i pirtkdulir `dbhbokd s`dtbr br bwh`rs bj pirtkdulir t`dchblbgk`s.

Qc` dcihg`s kh tc` prkd` bj `h`rgy iha `h`rgy s`rvkd`s wkll ijj`dt dbhsuoptkbh.Cbus`cblas jidkhg obr` `xp`hskv` `h`rgy okgct e` jbrdà tb dut eidm bh btc`r idtkvktk`s. @h`rgy kht hskv` gbbas iha s`rvkd`s wkll e` sdilà eidm iha r`plidà,tb sbo` `xt`ht, ey l`ss `h`rgy-kht`hskv` gbbas iha s`rvkd`s. H`w oirm`t bppbrtuhk-tk`s jbr direbh iha `h`rgy-sivkhg prbaudts wkll ò`rg`, wckdc h`à tb e` w`kgcàigikhst oirm`t lbss`s jbr btc`r prbaudts. Khv`sto`hts strìos bh tc` supply slka` wkllianust tb i dcihg` kh r`litkv` prkd`s, wktc khdrìsà khv`sto`hts kh ilt`rhitkv` `h`rgyt`dchblbgk`s iha `h`rgy-`jjkdk`ht gbbas iha s`rvkd`s. E`dius` tcks r`qukr`s bv`rillckgc`r khv`sto`hts, khv`sto`hts kh btc`r s`dtbrs, sudc is oàkdkh` iha dbhstrudtkbh,oiy e` drbwaà but. Khv`sto`hts kh liebr iha `h`rgy-iugo`htkhg khhbvitkbh prb-d`ss`s wkll ilsb e` ilt`rà, ijj`dtkhg ebtc tc` sdil` iha tc` akr`dtkbh bj t`dchblbgkdilprbgr`ss.


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20/26

Kht`rhitkbhil tria` jlbws iha tc` t`ros bj tria` bj dbuhtrk`s wkll e` ijj`dtà, wktc ipirtkdulirly strbhg kopidt bh `h`rgy oirm`ts. Bwh`rs bj jbsskl r`sburd`s wkll s`` ia`pr`dkitkbh bj tc`kr r`sburd` r`hts. Qb tc` `xt`ht tcit oktkgitkbh pblkdk`s ijj`dt lihaus` (`.g., vki jbr`st dbhs`rvitkbh br a`plbyo`ht bj ekb`h`rgy) liha r`hts iha tc` prkd`bj igrkdulturil dboobaktk`s wkll e` kopidtà. Jrigo`htà dlkoit` pblkdy idtkbh oiygkv` rks` tb GCG lìmig` wc`h akrty iha `h`rgy kht`hskv` khaustrk`s okgrit` tbdbuhtrk`s wktc l`ss strkhg`ht dlkoit` pblkdy r`gko`s. Dlkoit` pblkdy dih ilsb prbaud`h`w r`v`hu` strìos, `.g., vki direbh tix`s br tc` tria` bj òksskbhs illbwihd`s. Qcbs`r`v`hu`s iddru` tb tc` gbv`rho`ht br tb tc` illbwihd` cbla`r iha oiy e` r`dydlà khtc` wka`r `dbhboy br usà jbr tc` prbvkskbh bj puelkd gbbas.

Oidrb`dbhbokd oba`ls r`pr`s`ht tc` `dbhbokd idtkvktk`s a`sdrkeà iebv` tb `stk-

oit` tc` dbsts. Huo`rbus stuak`s ( Vilts`v `t il. , 5663= Dlirm` `t il. , 566; = @a`hcbj`r `t il. , 5696= Jiwd`tt `t il. , 5694= Mrk`gl`r `t il. , 5694) scbw tcit oktkgitkbh dbstsa`p`ha drktkdilly bh issuoptkbhs iebut> (9) khhbvitkbh iha tc` iviklieklkty bj lbw-direbh ilt`rhitkv`s tb dbhv`htkbhil jbsskl ju`ls, (5) jl`xkeklkty bj suestktutkbh wktckh tc``h`rgy-`dbhbokd systò, (4) tc` dràkeklkty bj jutur` pblkdk`s tcit trkgg`r lbhg t`rokhv`sto`hts, (1) iaaktkbhil gbv`rho`ht stihairas iha r`gulitkbhs, iha (0) tc` koo`-akit` idtkbh bj ill dbuhtrk`s br bj oinbr òktt`rs. Dbsts ilsb a`p`ha bh `dbhbokda`v`lbpo`ht iha issuoptkbhs iebut tc` `jjkdk`hdy bj oirm`ts kh i hb-dlkoit`-pblkdy

(r`j`r`hd`) sd`hirkb.

0. Kssu`s wktc @stkoitkhg Oktkgitkbh Dbsts

Dbst `stkoit`s bj pblkdk`s r`qukr` issuoptkbhs iebut eis`lkh`s (ilsb dillà U`j`r-`hd` br EIP ). Kt ks tru` `v`h jbr `stkoit`s bj dbsts jbr pblkdk`s kh tc` pist wc`h tc`rìlkzà butdbo`s ir` mhbwh, e`dius` jbr dbst iss`sso`hts bh` h`às i dbopirksbhe`tw``h tc` rìlkzà butdbo` iha i cypbtc`tkdil sktuitkbh bj wcit wbula civ` e``h

btc`rwks . Qc` `stkoit`s bj sudc butdbo` bj

wcit wbula civ` e``h btc`rwks`

sbo`tko`s akjj`r arioitkdilly. Jbr `xiopl`, jbr tc` P.T. Dlìh Ikr Idt, i prbgrio tcit ràudà ikr pbllutkbh kh tc` PTI, tc` @VI (9;;; ) cis `stkoità e`h`jkts bj $57.:trkllkbh, wckl Oitus `t il. (5663) cis `stkoità tc` e`h`jkts it $0.1 7.; trkllkbh.

Iss`sso`hts bj tc` jutur` prbgrios civ` `v`h obr` uhd`rtikhtk`s is ebtc eis`lkh`

iha pblkdy sd`hirkbs ir` tc` r`sults bj tc` oba`lkhg ritc`r tcih mhbwh jrbo rìlkzitkbh.@oksskbhs ràudtkbh tim`s plid` kh i dbuht`rjidtuil sd`hirkb iha kopidts ir` `viluitàis dcihg`s jrbo i U`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb, tc`r`jbr`, i a`jkhktkbh bj tc` r`j`r`hd` oitt`r.

Jbr `xiopl`, @OJ53 `x`rdks` a`jkh`s tc` hb-pblkdy eis`lkh` (a`hbtà is @P 99) wktchb dbhstrikhts bh òksskbhs is kj hb durr`ht pblkdk`s w`r` khtrbaudà, iha tc` r`j`r`hd`sd`hirkb (@P 9) wckdc khdlua`s durr`ht pblkdk`s eut `xdlua`s pbsskel` iaaktkbhilpblkdk`s. Is scbwh kh Mhbpj `t il. (5694), tc` durr`ht pblkdk`s civ` ilrìay khdurràsbo` dbsts iha ih iss`sso`ht bj iaaktkbhil pblkdk`s dih e` abh` r`litkv` tb `ktc`r hb-pblkdy wbrla br tb tc` durr`ht pblkdk`s wbrla. Kh tc` `xiopl` bj tc` @OJ53,kj bh` wihts tb `stkoit` tc` jull dbsts bj oktkgitkbh, tc` prbp`r dbopirksbh ks tb tc`


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hb-pblkdy sd`hirkb. Bh tc` btc`r ciha, bh` okgct irgu` tcit tc` dbsts bj tc` durr`ht pblkdk`s civ` e``h ilrìay rìlkzà br wkll cipp`h kh tc` jutur` ihywiy, sb tc` prbp`r dbopirksbh ks wktc tc` durr`ht pblkdk`s r`j`r`hd` . Is tc` hb-pblkdy iha durr`ht pblkdy sd`hirkbs a`vkit` bv`r tko`, i akjj`r`hd` kh `stkoitkhg tc` dbsts bj oktkgitkbhokgct e` suestihtkil.

Ihbtc`r kssu` r`lità tb tc` durr`ht pblkdy sd`hirkb ks tcit kt issuo`s tcit tc` pblkdyks jully koplò`htà is l`gkslità. I ckstbry bj oihy prbgrios (jbr `xiopl`, tc`r`qukrò`ht bj i d`rtikh iobuht bj s`dbha-g`h`ritkbh ekbju`ls kh tc` P.T. @h`rgyKha`p`ha`hd` iha T`durkty Idt bj 5667) scbws tcit r`qukrò`hts dih e` ianustà br ieihabhà, tc`r`jbr`, tc` durr`ht pblkdy r`j`r`hd` ilsb okgct e` ilt`rà bv`r tko`.

Is o`htkbhà e`jbr`, dbst kopidt iss`sso`ht a`p`has bh oba`lkhg o`tcbablbgy.

Oba`ls tcit jbdus bh `h`rgy systòs ab hbt dbhska`r tc` wcbl` `dbhboy iha tc`r`-jbr`, usuilly ab hbt prbvka` GAV, dbhsuoptkbh, br w`ljir` dcihg`s. Bh tc` btc`r ciha,`dbhboy-wka` oba`ls t`ha tb skoplkjy a`tikls bj tc` `h`rgy s`dtbr tcit ir` r`pr`s`htàkh dbopr`c`hskv` `h`rgy oba`ls iha, is i r`sult, oiy uha`r`stkoit` tc` dbopl`xktk`siha rkgkaktk`s bh tc` `h`rgy systò. Kt cis e``h scbwh tcit kht`ridtkbh bj akjj`r`ht pblkdk`s (jbr `xiopl`, òksskbhs dbhstrikhts, r`h`wiel` `l`dtrkdkty r`qukrò`hts, ihaju`l `jjkdk`hdy stihairas jbr iutbobekl`s) oiy lìa tb khdrìsà br a`drìsà dbsts tcit ir` sbo`tko`s hbt vkskel` tb dbhsuo`rs ( Jiwd`tt `t il. , 5694). Qc` issuoptkbhs iebut

t`dchblbgkdil lìrhkhg, iha g`h`rilly tc` oba`lkhg bj khaudà t`dchblbgy prbgr`ss`hielà ey a`direbhkzitkbh strit`gk`s, civ` skghkjkdiht koplkditkbhs bh tc` `stkoitkbhbj oktkgitkbh dbsts kh i oidrb`dbhbokd dbht`xt (is kllustrità kh Diprbs `t il. , 5695=Ebs`ttk `t il. , 5699= A` Dkih iha Qivbhk , 5695= Lsdc`l iha Tdcyouri , 5694).

Bh` ilsb oiy e` kht`r`stà kh i suooiry oìsur` bj tc` dbst ebrh` bv`r tc` lkj`bj tc` pblkdy. Qb dbopir` dbsts bv`r tko`, dbhv`htkbhil `dbhbokd pridtkd`s ipply iaksdbuht rit` tb jutur` dbsts bh tc` eisks tcit obh`y tbaiy wbula ìrh i r`turh bv`r tko`. Ihhuilkzkhg dipktil dbsts jrbo ih `ha-us`r p`rsp`dtkv` khvblv`s i aksdbuht rit`

(ihhukty), iha i dildulitkbh bj tc` w`kgctà iv`rig` dbst bj dipktil (WIDD) khvblv`ssuen`dtkv` aksdbuht rit`s iha r`jl`dtkhg tc` lbhg-t`ro strudtur` bj dipktil ritc`r tcihtc` durr`ht dipktil strudtur . Jbr oidrb`dbhbokd grbwtc oba`ls, eilihdà grbwtc`qukvil`hts dih e` usà tb diptur` i dcihg` bj kht`r-tòpbril w`ljir` kh t`ros bj ihhuil iv`rig` dbhsuoptkbh dcihg`s. I obr` erbialy ipplkdiel` oìsur` ks tc` iv-`rig` ihhuil aksdbuhtà GAV, w`ljir`, br dbhsuoptkbh dcihg` `ktc`r is i p`rd`htig`,ih iggr`git` tbtil br p`r cbus`cbla. I r`lità oìsur` ks i h`t pr`s`ht vilu` (HVZ) bj w`ljir` (dbhsuoptkbh, GAV) br w`ljir` dcihg`, wc`r` ill virkiel`s ir` suooà bv`r i

d`rtikh p`rkba iha aksdbuhtà tb tc` pr`s`ht vilu`s. I m`y virkiel` kh tcks dildulitkbh ksi aksdbuht rit`, k.`., cbw oudc l`ss w` vilu` tc` jutur` piyo`hts kh dbopirksbh tb tc`pr`s`ht piyo`hts bj tc` sio` skz`, iha tc`r` ir` akjj`r`ht vk`ws bh wcit tc` ipprb-prkit` rit` ks jbr dlkoit` pblkdy (s``, jbr `xiopl`, Hbracius (5667) jbr i aksdusskbhiebut i aksdbuht rit`).

Qc` oba`ls kh tc` @OJ53 `x`rdks` dih e` erbialy akvkaà khtb tcr`` dit`gbrk`s>r`durskv`-ayhiokd G@ oba`ls tcit dbv`r ill `dbhbokd s`dtbrs (@VVI, JIUO @P,


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G@O-@4, VID@), BG oba`ls (O@UG@-DVE, WKQDC), iha V@ oba`ls bj tc` `h`rgys`dtbr (VBL@T, QKIO-PDL, QKO@T-ZQQ, VUKO@T, QKO@T Vih @P, V@Q, @O@LK@-@T[). G@ iha BG oba`ls r`pbrt GAV, dbhsuoptkbh iha w`ljir` dbsts, V@ oba`lsr`pbrt `ktc`r irì uha`r OID br `h`rgy systò dbsts. Jkgur` 5 pr`s`hts tc` r`sults(kh ekllkbh @PUBs bj 5696) jbr dbhsuoptkbh dcihg`s iha irì uha`r OID jbr tc`òksskbh oktkgitkbh sd`hirkb @P: (tcks sd`hirkb issuo`s 36% GCG ràudtkbh ey 5606)r`litkv` tb tc` r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb @P9 (w` prbvka` tc` jkgur` jbr kllustritkv` purpbs`s tbdbopir` tc` dbst oìsur`s, jbr sd`hirkb a`jkhktkbh s``, Mhbpj `t il. (5694)).

Jkgur` 5 ks khakditkv` bj tc` r`sults jbr btc`r sd`hirkbs kh tc` @OJ53. G@ oba`lst`ha tb scbw ckgc`r dbsts is tc`y diptur` `dbhboy-wka` kht`ridtkbhs iha akstbrtkbhs.BG oba`ls issuo` p`rj`dt jbr`skgct iha p`rj`dt khjbroitkbh iha tc`y bptkokz` bv`r

tko` p`rkbas, wckdc r`sults kh lbw`r dbsts tcih kh G@ oba`ls. V@ oba`ls t`ha tb scbwlbw`r dbsts is tc`y r`pr`s`ht bhly akr`dt dbsts iha usuilly h`gl`dt tc` dbsts kopbsà bhbtc`r s`dtbrs bj tc` `dbhboy iha btc`r akstbrtkbhs. Is a`jkhktkbhs bj `h`rgy systòdbsts akjj`r iobhg tc` oba`ls w` ab hbt r`pbrt tcò c`r` is tc`y ir` hbt akr`dtlydbopiriel`. Ilsb, jbr G@ iha BG oba`ls c`r` w` scbw tc` dbhsuoptkbh dcihg`sbhly. Is obst bj tc` oba`ls ab hbt dbhska`r l`ksur`, w`ljir`, iha dbhsuoptkbhoìsur`s dbkhdka`. Dcihg`s kh GAV iha dcihg`s kh dbhsuoptkbh g`h`rilly scbw i

Tburd` > @OJ53 aitieis`.

Jkgur 5. Dbhsuoptkbh dcihg` (jbr G@ iha BG oba`ls) iha irì uha`r OID (jbr V@ oba`ls)kh tc` oktkgitkbh sd`hirkb @P: r`litkv` tb tc` r`j`r`hd` sd`hirkb @P9. G@ oba`ls dbhskst bj @VVI, JIUO @P, G@O-@4 iha VID@. BG oba`ls dboprks` O@UG@-DVE iha WKQDC. Qc`bhly V@ oba`l c`r` ks VBL@T.


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Cost Concepts for Climate Change Mitigation Nov 2013