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Computer Applications. COSC 1401. William Miller - Instructor. Computer Applications. Logging into Computer first 20 digits of you Email address password - 2010fall . William Miller - Instructor. Computer Applications. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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William Miller - Instructor
COSC 1401
Computer Applications
William Miller - Instructor
Logging into Computer first 20 digits of you Email address
password - 2010fall
Computer Applications
William Miller - Instructor
Username – userpassword - user123
SimNethttps://tccd.simnetonline.com/Students
Computer Applications
Computers and Digital Basics
Chapter 1
1
1 ABACUS 4th Century B.C.
The abacus, a simple counting aid, may have been invented in Babylonia (now Iraq) in the fourth century B.C. This device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack.
1 BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662)
In 1642, the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal invented a calculating device that would come to be called the "Adding Machine".
1 BLAISE PASCAL (1623 - 1662)
Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" or the "Pascaline", Pascal's invention utilized a train of 8 moveable dials or cogs to add sums of up to 8 figures long. As one dial turned 10 notches - or a complete revolution - it mechanically turned the next dial.Pascal's mechanical Adding Machine automated the process of calculation. Although slow by modern standards, this machine did provide a fair degree of accuracy and speed.
1 CHARLES BABBAGE(1791 - 1871)
Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor. In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a machine that would calculate tables for logarithms. With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers took the form of a general purpose machine.
1 HOWARD AIKEN (1900 - 1973)
Aiken thought he could create a modern and functioning model of Babbage's Analytical Engine. He succeeded in securing a grant of 1 million dollars for his proposed Automatic Sequence Calculator; the Mark I for short. From IBM.In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each component.
1 HOWARD AIKEN (1900 - 1973)
The Mark I did transform Babbage's dream into reality and did succeed in putting IBM's name on the forefront of the burgeoning computer industry. From 1944 on, modern computers would forever be associated with digital intelligence.
1 ENIAC 1946
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Under the leadership of J. Presper Eckert (1919 - 1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907 - 1980) the team produced a machine that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than the Mark I was capable of only 2 years earlier. Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints this massive instrument required the output of a small power station to operate it.
1 ENIAC 1946
It could do nuclear physics calculations (in two hours) which it would have taken 100 engineers a year to do by hand.The system's program could be changed by rewiring a panel.
1 ENIAC 1946
1 TRANSISTOR1948
In the laboratories of Bell Telephone, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley discovered the "transfer resistor"; later labelled the transistor. Advantages:
increased reliability 1/13 size of vacuum tubes consumed 1/20 of the electricity of vacuum tubes were a fraction of the cost
1 TRANSISTOR 1948 This tiny device had a huge impact on and extensive implications for modern computers. In 1956, the transistor won its creators the Noble Peace Prize for their invention.
1 ALTAIR 1975 The invention of the transistor made computers smaller, cheaper and more reliable. Therefore, the stage was set for the entrance of the computer into the domestic realm. In 1975, the age of personal computers commenced. Under the leadership of Ed Roberts the Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Company (MITS) wanted to design a computer 'kit' for the home hobbyist.
1 ALTAIR 1975 Based on the Intel 8080 processor, capable of controlling 64 kilobyes of memory, the MITS Altair - as the invention was later called - was debuted on the cover of the January edition of Popular Electronics magazine.Presenting the Altair as an unassembled kit kept costs to a minimum. Therefore, the company was able to offer this model for only $395. Supply could not keep up with demand.
1 ALTAIR 1975 ALTAIR FACTS:
No KeyboardNo Video DisplayNo Storage Device
1 IBM (PC)1981
On August 12, 1981 IBM announced its own personal computer. Using the 16 bit Intel 8088 microprocessor, allowed for increased speed and huge amounts of memory. Unlike the Altair that was sold as unassembled computer kits, IBM sold its "ready-made" machine through retailers and by qualified salespeople.
1 IBM (PC)1981
To satisfy consumer appetites and to increase usability, IBM gave prototype IBM PCs to a number of major software companies.For the first time, small companies and individuals who never would have imagined owning a "personal" computer were now opened to the computer world.
1 MACINTOSH(1984)
IBM's major competitor was a company lead by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne; the Apple Computer Inc. The "Lisa" was the result of their competitive thrust. This system differed from its predecessors in its use of a "mouse" - then a quite foreign computer instrument - in lieu of manually typing commands. However, the outrageous price of the Lisa kept it out of reach for many computer buyers.
*Ronald Wayne gave up his share of the new company for a total of $2,300.
1 MACINTOSH (1984)
Apple's brainchild was the Macintosh. Like the Lisa, the Macintosh too would make use of a graphical user interface. Introduced in January 1984 it was an immediate success. The GUI (Graphical User Interface) made the system easy to use.
1 MACINTOSH(1984)
The Apple Macintosh debuts in 1984. It features a simple, graphical interface, uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-in 9-inch B/W screen.
1
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 25
The Digital RevolutionDigital revolution - an ongoing process of social, political, and
economic change brought about by digital technology, such as computers and the Internet
Revolves around a constellation of technologies, including digital electronics, computers, communications networks, the Web, and digitization
1
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 26
The Digital Revolution Digital electronics use electronic circuits to represent data Digital electronic devices include computers, portable media
players such as iPods, digital cameras and camcorders, cell phones, radios and televisions, GPSs, DVD and CD players, e-book readers, digital voice recorders, and handheld gaming consoles
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 27
The Digital Revolution
Computer Ownership in the USA
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 28
The Digital RevolutionWhat Caused the sudden upswing in computer ownership? The second phase of the digital revolution materialized when
the Internet was opened to public use– E-mail– Bulletin boards– Chat groups
• Blogs– Online social
networks
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 29
The Digital Revolution
A computer network is a group of computers linked by wired or wireless technology to share data and resources
The Web is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet
Cyberspace is a term that refers to entities that exist largely within computer networks
Digitization is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos, and video into data that can be processed by digital devices
Some Terms:
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 30
ConvergenceTechnological convergence -process by
which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product
Convergence tends to offer enhanced functionality and convenience
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 31
Digital Society Digital technologies and communications networks make it
easy to cross cultural and geographic boundaries Anonymous Internet sites, such as Freenet, and anonymizer
tools that cloak a person’s identity, even make it possible to exercise freedom of speech in situations where reprisals might repress it
Citizens of free societies have an expectation of privacy Intellectual property refers to the ownership of certain types
of information, ideas, or representations
1
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 32
Digital Society Digital technology is an important factor in global and
national economies, in addition to affecting the economic status of individuals
Globalization - the worldwide economic interdependence of countries that occurs as cross-border commerce increases and as money flows more freely among countries
1
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 33
Digital Society Individuals are affected by the digital divide, a term that
refers to the gap between people who have access to technology and those who do not
Digital technology permeates the very core of modern life
1 SECTION B
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 34
Digital Devices
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 35
Computer Basics A computer is a multipurpose device that accepts input,
processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions
1
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 36
Computer Basics Input - whatever is typed, submitted, or
transmitted to a computer system Output the result produced by a computer Data - refers to the symbols that represent facts,
objects, and ideas Computers manipulate data in many ways, and
this manipulation is called processing– Central Processing Unit (CPU)– Microprocessor
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 37
Computer Basics Memory - area of a computer that temporarily holds data
waiting to be processed, stored, or output Storage - area where data can be left on a permanent basis
when it is not immediately needed for processing File - named collection of data that exists on a storage
medium Computer program - series of instructions that tells a
computer how to carry out processing tasks.– Software
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 38
Computer Basics Stored program - a series of instructions for a computing
task can be loaded into a computer’s memory– Allows you to switch between tasks– Distinguishes a computer from other simpler devices
1
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 39
Computer Basics Application software - set of computer programs that helps
a person carry out a task System software - helps the computer system monitor itself
in order to function efficiently– Operating system (OS)
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 40
Personal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers
A personal computer is a microprocessor-based computing device designed to meet the computing needs of an individual
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 41
Personal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers
The term workstation has two meanings:– An ordinary personal computer that is connected to a
network– A powerful desktop computer used for high-performance
tasks
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 42
Personal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers
Videogame console: not generally referred to as personal computers because of their history as dedicated game devices.– Nintendo’s Wii– Sony’s PlayStation– Microsoft’s Xbox
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 43
Personal Computers, Servers, Mainframes, and Supercomputers
Server - serves other computers on a network (such as the Internet or a home network) by supplying them with data.
Mainframe computer (or simply a mainframe) is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users
Supercomputer - at the time of construction, one of the fastest computers in the world
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 44
PDAs, Smart Phones, and Portable Media Players
PDA (personal digital assistant) - pocket-sized digital appointment book with a small qwerty keyboard or a touch-sensitive screen, designed to run on batteries and be used while holding it.– Palm Pilot
Handheld computer - essentially a PDA enhanced with features such as removable storage, e-mail, Web access, voice communications, built-in camera, and GPS– Apple iPhone, Palm Treo, RIM Blackberry
1 PDAs, Smart Phones, and Portable Media Players
Smart phone - in addition to voice communication, includes features such as full qwerty keypad, text messaging, e-mail, Web access, removable storage, camera, FM radio, digital music player, and software options for games, financial management, personal organizer, GPS, and maps
Portable media players - device that their main strength is playing music, showing videos, and storing photos such as iPods.
______ ________ ___ ______ _____Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 4545
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 46
Microcontrollers Microcontroller - a special-purpose microprocessor that is
built into the machine it controls Microcontrollers - can be embedded in all sorts of everyday
devices
1 SECTION C
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 47
Digital Data Representation Data Representation Basics Representing Numbers, Text, and Pictures Quantifying Bits and Bytes Circuits and Chips
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 48
Data Representation Data representation refers to the form in which data is
stored, processed, and transmitted Digital devices work with distinct and separate data Analog devices work with continuous data
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 49
Representing Numbers, Text, and Pictures
Numeric data– Binary number system
Character data – Composed of letters, symbols and numerals that are not involved in arithmetic operations. Digital devices employ several types of coeds that represent character data: – ASCII, Extended ASCII, EBCDIC,
and Unicode Digitizing - process of converting
analog data into digital format
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 50
Data Representation
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 51
Quantifying Bits and Bytes
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 52
Circuits and Chips Integrated circuit (computer chip) - super-thin slice of
semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 53
Circuits and Chips System board – The
“main” circuit board of a digital device. This is where most of the electronics are typically.
1 SECTION D
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 54
Digital Processing Programs and Instruction Sets Processor Logic
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 55
Programs and Instruction Sets Computer programmers - create programs that control
digital devices. These programs are usually written in a high-level programming language
Source code - The human-readable version of a program created in a high-level language by a programmer.
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 56
Programs and Instruction Sets
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 57
Programs and Instruction Sets Instruction set - a collection of preprogrammed activities a
microprocessor is hardwired to perform Each instruction has a corresponding sequence of 0s and 1s The end product is called machine code
– 1s and 0s
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 58
Programs and Instruction Sets Op code (short for operation code) - command word for an
operation such as add, compare, or jump Operand - specifies the data, or the address of the data, for
the operation In the following instruction, the op code means add and the
operand is 1, so the instruction means Add 1
1 Programs and Instruction Sets
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 59
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 60
Processor Logic ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - the part of the microprocessor
that performs arithmetic operations Registers - what the ALU uses to hold the data that is being
processed Control unit - The microprocessor’s control unit fetches
each instruction, just as you get each ingredient out of a cupboard or the refrigerator
Instruction cycle - refers to the process in which a computer executes a single instruction
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 61
Processor Logic
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 62
Processor Logic
1 SECTION E
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 63
Password Security Authentication Protocols Password Hacks Secure Passwords
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 64
Authentication Protocols Authentication Protocol - method that confirms a person’s
identity using something the person knows, something the person possesses, or something the person is– A person can also be identified by biometrics, such as a
fingerprint, facial features (photo), or retinal pattern– A user ID is a series of characters—letters and possibly
numbers or special symbols—that becomes a person’s unique identifier
– A password is a series of characters that verifies a user ID and guarantees that you are the person you claim to be
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 65
Authentication Protocols
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 66
Password Hacks Identity theft - When someone gains unauthorized access
to your personal data and uses it illegally Hackers employ a wide range of ways to steal passwords Dictionary attack - helps hackers guess your password by
stepping through a dictionary containing thousands of the most commonly used passwords
Brute force attack - uses password-cracking software, but its range is much more extensive than the dictionary attack
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 67
Password Hacks Sniffing - If hackers can’t guess a password, they can use
another technique called sniffing, which intercepts information sent out over computer networks
Phishing - attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.
Keylogger - software that secretly records a user’s keystrokes and sends the information to a hacker
1 Password Security
Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 68
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 69
Password Security Strive to select a unique user ID that you can use for more
than one site Maintain two or three tiers of passwords
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Chapter 1: Computers and Digital Basics 70
Password Security Password manager - stores user IDs with their
corresponding passwords and automatically fills in login forms
Chapter 1 CompleteComputers and Digital Basics