Cory Tanner

Consumer Horticulture Agent/Master Gardener Coordinator

Terminology

Botany: the science of plants

Anatomy: internal structure

Morphology: external structure/form

Taxonomy: the classification of plants

Physiology: study of plant growth and development

Vascular Plants

Ferns

Cone Bearing Plants

Flowering Plants

DicotsMonocots

TerminologyGymnosperm – “naked seed”

Has no flower or ovary (fruit); only conesAll conifers (pines, cedars, arborvitae)

Angiosperm – “vessel seeded”Has a flower with an ovary (fruit)All flowering plantsDivided into Monocots and Dicots

TerminologyDicotyledons (Dicots):

- flowering plants that contain two seed leaves

Monocotyledons (Monocots): - flowering plants that possess

one seed leaf

Monocot Dicot

Plant Parts

Plant parts fall into two categories:

a) vegetative

b) sexual reproductive

Apical Meristems (aka Terminal Buds)• Found at shoot and root tips• Produce stems, roots, leaves, and lateral buds• Responsible for shoot/root length (Primary Growth)

Lateral Meristems (aka Cambium)• Located laterally along stems and roots• Responsible for increases in stem/root girth (Secondary

Growth)

Xylem – transports water and mineral nutrients from roots to stems and leaves.

Phloem – transports sugars (photosynthates) from leaves to other plant parts. Can move “sap” up or down.

Xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles.

Roots Functions of Roots:

1. absorption (water and mineral)

2. structural support3. storage

Types of Roots:1. radicle – seed root2. primary root – tap root3. lateral root

Root Anatomy

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Stem Parts

Stem Anatomy

Types of Buds

Vine Morphology

blade

petiolemidrib

Leaf Arrangement Leaf Types

Leaf Venation• Venation refers to the pattern in which the veins are distributed in the leaf blade

• Parallel or Net-veined

• Net-veined can be either pinnate or palmate

• Sepals - small, green, leaf-like structures on the base of the flower

• Petals - highly colored parts of the flower

• Stamen - male reproductive parts

• Pistil - female reproductive parts

Flower Anatomy

Flower Anatomy

• Perfect flower - has a stamen, pistil, petal and sepals.

• Incomplete flower - missing one of the four parts

• Complete flower - has a stamen and pistil

• Imperfect flower - has either stamen (staminate) or a pistil (pistillate)

• Dioecious - have staminate (male) and pistillate (female) on separate plants i.e., hollies.

• Monoecious - have male and female flowers on the same plant i.e., squash and

cucumbers.

Flower Anatomy

Inflorescences: flower arrangements

PollinationCross-pollination - pollen from one plant

is transferred to the stigma of another.Self-pollination - the stigma is pollinated

by pollen from the same plant.

Fertilization - ovule (egg) is fertilized by the sperm from the pollen grain.

Fruit

Seed

An enlarged ovary.-Simple-Aggregate-Multiple

A mature ovule, that contains the embryo and cotyledons (starch filled food source).

Growth Cycles Annual: A plant that completes its lifecycle in one growing

season. Winter annuals survive the winter, summer annuals survive the summer.

Biennial: A plant the requires two growing seasons to complete its lifecycle.

Herbaceous perennial: A non-woody plant that lives for several years. It’s shoots die back every winter.

Woody perennial: A tree or shrub