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CORRUPTION AND PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY A FOCUS ON THE MINISTRY OF
EDUCATION ENUGU
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences
Alex Ekwueme Federal University
Ndufu- Alike, Ikwo
Abstract The concept of corruption which is expected to be sine-qua-non to nothing in Nigeria Civil Service
Administration as regards to its effectiveness and efficiency of performance has succeeded and considered
since Colonia and Post-Colonial era a successful measure or income increase in the civil service. In facts, all
activities in the civil services have been non-government and governmental organizations, why that of the
civil service is mare delicate because of the role it plays in the government and entire society. A total of three
hundred and eight-eight (388) questionnaires were administered to respondents. 340 (three hundred and
forty) were returned, forty-eight (48) were not returned while some were incomplete. The returned
questionnaire was analysed and computed. Analysis of data obtained from questionnaire was also used in
the test if hypothesis, the researcher accepted Hi because x2 is greater than the critical value. Hi states that
corruption in Enugu State have affected on the entire society and the government of the day. Actively
ensuring that there is no opportunity to abuse offices. There is thus no better way of fighting corruption than
to shut down the avenue of corruption. The closure of such denied an opportunity in the first in the instance,
to the leadership to take advantage of their office to be corrupt.
Keywords; Corruption, Civil Service, Governance and Administration
Introduction Corruption for many years has been in every society, it is a problem which has eaten deep into the
system of every society they some are more province. In some society, while some other society try to cover
their own from been exposed.
The Nigerian Public Service which consists of employees in Nigerian government agencies, is
discovered to be corrupt, it is no longer news because it has become part of the service culture, the system
has become so corrupt that it brought about non-chalet and lackadaisical attitude, recalcitrance and
Profligacy, diversion of funds meant for government work into private purses and bank account, favourtism
and nepotism etc. all these are characterized as corruption existing in the Nigeria public sector.
Education ministry as old as civil service, this is because civilization started with exhibiting extra
knowledge to better conditions of living, narrowed down to Nigeria, “Ministry of education Enugu could be
seen to be as old as the advert of Europeans or Colonia Masters” (Fafuwa A.B 1974). They brought the idea
of acquiring and impacting knowledge formerly and establishing to be sorely inchrage. It came to line light
when the country was operating under the regional system, where we had directorate of education to three
and later four regions of the country. This metamorphosed to ministries in 1967 with 12 states and currently
36 in the country.
Paper Problem
Generally, it is well known fact that corruption which was supposed to be sine-qua-non to nothing in Nigeria
Civil Service Administration as regards to its effectiveness and efficiency of performance has succeeded and
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considered since Colonia and Post-Colonial era a successful measure or income increase in the civil service.
In facts, all activities in the civil services have been non-government and governmental organizations, why
that of the civil service is mare delicate because of the role it plays in the government and entire society.
The general performance of the civil servants in their various offices has been radically
contaminated and as such has stopped the prestige and dignity so low and in a wide spectrum has tarnished
the image of the country (Nigeri) both internationally and globally in her relation with other countries of the
world.
The civil service which can best be described as the life wire of the government has been subjected
to series of reforms over the years. “in fact it has required image of a sick-baby of the various government
and the nation of large, unfortunately this manifest itself in the civil servant, government top officers, police
officers, teachers and lecturers in various institution.
In Enugu State Civil Service corruption takes the shape of
(a) The ghost worker syndrome
(b) Setting of government offices ablaze to cover up crimes committed on records.
(c) Embezzlement of public fund
(d) Committing fraud by some with political leaders
(e) Bribing and assassination of superior officers to take over their position
(f) Bureaucratic red tapism, nepotism and favouritism.
(g) Erosion of discipline
have people in high places.
(i) Collecting bribe to render services which are meant to be free of charge.
(j) Declaration of age and tampering with employment files (records) so as to retire when due.
(k) The open and close reporting syaystem in this case, superiors don’t usually tell the truth in order to
same their lives, or the other way round, they write down their subordinate because he/she does not
know what is written about him or her. The reporter will favour whom he/she like, but whoever they
hate , they write down or off.
All these are being done in the public or civil service in quest for power, wealth, greed and selfishness among
the leaders and civil servants and as such , the civil servants find it difficult to carry out its task effectively
in this context. In this case, the research work will be concerned with how high levels of corruption in the
civil service contribute to the state of power performance, inefficiency and ineffectiveness.
As a result, these problems ensure maximum achievement of efficiency in the civil service,
government should realize the good measure that should be taken to wipe out corruption.
Research Question
1. To what extent does corruption affects the performance of workers in Enugu State Civil Service?
2. How would corruption be accessed in Enugu civil service?
3. How does corruption affect the entire society and the government of day?
4. To what extent has corruption affected the civil service system?
5. How would a civil servant feel about corruption?
Hypothesis
The study generates one hypothesis which will be stated here both in null (Ho) and alternative (Hi)
form.
(a) Ho: Nigerian leaders are responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service and not the
civil servant.
Hi: The people servants are responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service and not the
leaders.
(b) Ho: Corruption in Enugu State service does not jeopardizes the bureaucratic system.
Hi: Corruption in Enugu State civil service jeopardizes the bureaucratic system.
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Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework adopted for the study is the system theory. The systems theory propounded
by David Easton (1990) best explains the problem effect of corruption in the Nigeria public service. The
systems theory tries to explain that, the input, that is to say that what the civil service or public service gives
to the society will determine what the society will give back to them. Thus, when leaders or those who lead
the way, who ought to show good example to the society (the masses) the masses will definitely follow the
same track and even go worse.
INPUT OUTPUT
FEED BACK
The input when process determines output (feed back) what the civil service injects into the society,
the society returns back to them.
The civil service as stated by Udenta is responsible for the carrying pout the day to day activities of
the government. In order words it is the circulatory system of the political system, the totality of civil
bureaucracy set up by the modern government to administer to execute their policy and programe. In
furtherance Chukwu (2007) stated that the civil service is an organized of government without the civil
service. There is no government. By this we ask, what do the civil service model? Well since they are the
societies is backbone; if they model corruption. The entire society will follow suit when they mode discipline
the society will follow as well.
This system theory from the researchers view is believed to help Biplane the dangers associated
with corruption in the civil service. How it reflects back to the society at large. This is a system, it circulates,
or revolves and whether they push out will return back to them directly or indirectly.
In determining corruption, emphasis is placed on illicit mode of behaviour in which some social,
economic and political ends are sensed. Hence the Oxford dictionary (Advanced Learners) stated that the
word Corruption refers to “people especially with authority or power to act dishonesty or illegally in return
for money, position or personal gains”. Corruption therefore Is a social phenomenons which mange and
manifest itself in various human actions, which will be mentioned in the shape of corruption.
According to Agha (2002) corruption means “delay, to deplete, to rot, to degenerate, to desiccate,
to waste away and to lose dignity and integrity”. This according him negates all virtues and principles of the
civil service. Adding to his view, I will say that it is a denial of justice or common service to humanity,
fairness and good will. Many scholars contributed to this social civil. In fact it is a dere-devil that stares
humanity in the face. It Is also a global problem with destructive tendencies, especially that or the civil
service, because in the role they play in the society.
Funk and Wag nulls (1976) defines corruption as the act of state of being corrupt dishonesty and
lack of integrity; also bribery, moral deterioration: physical decay, not and corruption influence. By this
definition if we compare what is going on in the society, we will say with no doubt that Nigeria is corrupt,
or that the Enugu State Civil Service is corrupt.
Abonyi (2007) defined corruption to be moral laxity or decadence; lack of common standard or
morality, growing cultural and religious decay. He further argues that corruption is not merely a moral issue,
PROCES
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it is essentially a structural problem that drives from and sustained by providing socio-economic organization
of any society.
By this I will add that corruption is virtually in every aspect of the society inluing the religious
sectors, socially and culturally. It is gradually becoming a tradition in every sphere of human endeavour.
History of Corruption The present study tries to relate corruption in the civil service system or in the Nigria public service
to the historical and social condition of the pre-colonial states factors prevalent in the Nigerian political
system. This study rejects the moralist approach which maintains that corruption flourishes generally in
developing nations.
Africa or even Nigeria in particular becomes these societies encourages the persistence survival of
corruption as an accepted way of life. In view of this Nigeria recently accepted the position of the No. 4th
most corrupt nation in the world in 2004. She had no choice than to accept, in order to please the super
power nations and get favour from them.
President Olushegun Obsanjo once sacked a minister of Education by name Prof. Fabian Osuji, for
giving out bribe 400,000 dollars to the National house assembly in order for them to approve the budget for
his ministry. Why should that be the case, if he is fighting a just cause, he should not give out bribe for his
ministry’s budget to be approved.
If we trace the history of corruption in Nigeria from independence till date we will find out that
corruption has been. We cannot say precisely when it started, or how it is going to end. To conclude this,
we seek the words of Arua (2003) “corruption is as old as Nigeria itself”.
Corruption is an unofficial visitor which came in unknowingly at a time not known and has gradually
evaded the centre system. it has spread its ways beyond reach for its wing to be called.
Causes of Corruption
According to Onyechi (2005) “corruption in the civil service is as a result of poor communication,
internal conflict and quarrel. Desertion of service, political interference indifference poor working conditions
or service conditions, bribery, nepotism etc, “he further started that the civil service mentality is because the
civil service belongs to the government, people working in it may start feeling that they are just civil servants.
“The Oluoyiibo syndrome” sets in and co-operation losses out.
The emphasis laid by Onyechi is one of the biggest problems of the civil service. One man once
told a lady to my learning, that “This no be my papa work, you scratch may back and I scratch yours too”
imagine that, forgetting that he is supposed to render services to humanity and that the government pays him
for the job. I think by this, the issue of patriotism should come in.
Following the words of Onyechi (2005) “more recitation of the pledge and anthem and casual of the
flay are just mere emotional outburst patriotism should compote love and motivation, it is more surely
developed through the motivation of the citizenry both the young and old, and the strongest foundation for
it is laid through sound education and people, especially the youths.
How would this be? This should be the question because with the way things are going in the system
the generations have no place. Those who have out served or reached their peak in service will not want to
retire so that the younger ones will get in; rather they tamper with their files of falsify their age so as not to
retire. By this, the youths will have no job and in order to get busy, they involve themselves in some social
vices crimes, armed robbery, drug peddling, prostitution etc. this will lead us to the argument of Abonyi.
Injection of Experienced Officers Finally, Nkom (1982) puts it that the belief that corruption emanates from bankrupt and redundant social
value, whether modern or fractional has mistaken the headache forever because a societies social and moral
values reflects and are firmly anchored on specific material conditions. These material conditions are not
determined by the ideas in peoplel’s head, but the society organizes the services. The above ascertain deals
equity and a little of patriotism. When there is money, available goods and services and public utilities are
redistributed equitably when the basic needs of the societies are met, when the government create conducive
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and enabling environment and salaries for workers and every worker and their families and the entire is
happy, the issue of corruption will be grossly reduced. The Nigerian police force will be a good example.
Recently, the salaries of police were increased and having allowance, furniture and transportation allowance
added and paid. The payment took effect, payment from 4years ago were calculated and paid even though it
was approved this year. Every police officer in Nigeria today is happy doing the job. The same is done in
the civil service and in other public sectors I believe it will serve as a motivational and financial tool to
reducing corruption in Nigeria.
The Shape of Corruption
Corruption is a canker worm that has eaten deep, not just only into the fabrics of the civil service
system, but has also soiled the character and personality of the civil servants. Corruption has become a
tradition by this.
Momoh (1991) states that, “If there is anything which operates uniformly effcienctly and smoothly all over
the country. It is the twin engine of the machinery of corruption and bribery. The phenomenon of corruption
seem to be our unofficial ideaology or lingual from the universal language which is spoken and understood
in every nook and crony of Nigeria”.
This open kind of corruption is so rampart in the Nigeria society, that it has become like a tradition or life
style, that even the few ones who still try to maintain their dignity and principles aare seen as foolish people
who have lost sanity. Imagine a worker telling a colleague that you are stupid, if you don’t drop this holier
than thou attitude and colletc that money to sign the documents, you will die in povery just to sign something
and collect money you do sme, sme, this work na your papa own?
The man was seen as one who is stupid that ahs probably lost his sense of reasoning simply because
he does not want to compromise. This simply shows the kind of corruption which has eaten deep into the
fabrics of the society and has eaten deep into the fabrics of the society and has become a way of life a must
do “everyone is expected to do, and whereby one refuses to do, he/she becomes an outcast. Some, after
holding on for a while will succumb to pressure, which comes probably from above or n order to become
safe from the torgue lash of fellow colleagues.
Huntington through Amalu (2003) views this as an illegal means of making demands open to the
system and illegal means of satisfying the demands.
Thus Onyechi (2005) claims it “exist in every society in different shapes and scales, but they appear
to be more prevalent during the most intense phase of modernization. Infact, it is most common during the
execution of society”. Furthermore, “civil servants have most executive, legislative and judicial functions of
government contracts, the role of law etc. in those areas those servants engage in this evil to argue their
meager income that is irregularly paid. I will want to conclude with this, any act which violates or neglects
the peinciples and virtues of the civil service or any organization should be regarded as corruption.
Corruption in Enugu State Civil Service
Just as stated in chapter one 1.2 corruption in Enugu State Civil Service could appear in the form of
embezzlement of public funds; committing fraud by some or with some political leaders maiming and
assassination of superior officers to take over their positions, bureaucratic red-tapism, nepotism and
favouritism, erosion of discipline injection of gesture in experienced working officers and indiscriminate
promotions and transfers because they ahev people in high places, the ghost workers syndrome, setting of
government officers ablaze to cover up crimes committed, on records, collection of bribe under declaration
of age, open/closed reporting system. these are some firms of corruption going on in the Enugu State Civil
Servcie. There are so many others, but these are most common within the civil service system.
Due to the prestigious nature of the civil service people tend to hide under the umbrella of the civil
service to perpetuate crimes and achieve their selfish and criminal motive. They will not want to make quick
money and occupy higher positions and enjoy the benefit which accrues to the position.
According to Udenta (1999) “The civil service is therefore putting into effects the governments not
only that but also ensuring that the services already in existence are carried on effectively and efficiently.
The civil service also monitors sectoral developments with a view of improving upon existing standards and
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practices, correcting observed pit falls and ensuring a forward movement. Thus the civil services operates
considerably less on the whims and caprices of idiosyncrasies of individual officer holders and more on a
clearly defined and established operational guidelines”.
By this, the civil service is expected to operate strictly on principles and charcter, impartiality,
liberality, permance none a political, non partisan, anonymity Udenta, Chukwu and Onyechi.
i. Impartiality: They should not be partial in making and implementing policies.
ii. Permanence: The job of the civil service is a lasting one.
iii. Liberality: It should be open to other people: views, ideas, opinions, etc. the job should be
comprehensive.
iv. Non political: They should not openly participate in political or support and political party.
v. Non Partisan: They should no belong to any political party.
vi. Anonymity: Whatever job they carryout should be whether good or bad to the interest of the
supervisor or the government in power.
Form all observations, these principles are only in the book pages, they are only paper works and a paper
tiers, they don’t provide for chance, which is the only constant element and making for stability which is
necessary for directionality and incapability for political and social change.
Momoh (1991) if there is anything which operates efficiently, smooth and uniformly all over the
country. It is the twin Engine of the machinery of corruption and bribery.
If ministries bribe the national house of assembly to approve budget for their ministries, where will this
lead the civil service? It will only and corruption the more, because the mantle of corruption will flow from
the top to the bottom.
The total population of Enugu State civil service is made up of 13,301 staffs which information available to
the researcher is form Enugu State Civil Service Commission abstract of the consolidated man power static
is as follows.
1 Administrative class 1,840 14%
2 Executive class 2,305 17%
3 Secretarial class 4,25 36%
4 Auxiliary class 4,331 33%
Total 13.301 100%
Sample Size and Sample Techniques
Since the population of Enugu State Civil Service is on the while, the news consider it necessary
to determine the sample size. Therefore in order to determine the sample size for this study, the researcher
employed a statistical formular by Yamani (1964)
n = N
I = Constant
This was voluntary chosen by the researcher. Therefore in substituting the formular above we
obtain.
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13,301 1
13,301 1
13,301 1
13,301 1
Data Presentation The presentation and analysis of the questionnaire is carried out . A total of three hundred and
eight-eight (388) questionnaires were administered to respondents. 340 (three hundred and forty) were
returned, forty-eight (48) were not returned while some were incomplete. The returned questionnaire will
be used for the computation.
Analysis of data obtained from questionnaire Distribution to the selected civil service in Enugu
State.
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 210 62%
Female 130 38%
Total 340 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
Tables 1 above 210 of the respondents representing 62% are male while 130 respondents
representing 38% are female.
Table 2: Marital Status
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Table 2: shows that 200 respondents 59% are single, while 100 respondents representing 29%
were married , the remaining 40 respondents representing 12% were divorced.
Table 3: Staff Levels of Cadre
Class/Levels Frequency Percentage
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
Table 3: shows that 110 respondents representing 39% belongs to the administrative class, 80
respondents representing 24% belong to the executive class, while 80 respondents representing 24%
belong to the remaining 70 respondents representing 20% being to the auxiliary class.
Table 4: Personal Data of Respondents (Number of years in service)
Years in Service Frequency Percentage
5yes-9yrs 80 23%
10yrs-19yrs 179 53%
Total 340 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
Table 4: Shows that 23% representing 80 respondents have serve 5 and below years of service
interval, while 179 respondents representing 53% have serve up to and below years of service interval, the
remaining 81 respondents representing 24% have serve 10 and above years of service interval.
Table 5: Presentation of Data According to Research Questions
Question 1: Do you agree that the level of corruption in Nigeria determines the performance of the civil
service worker especially in Enugu State?
Range Class/Levels Frequency Percentage
Strongly Agree 220 65%
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
The above table shows that 220 respondents representing 65% of the total response strongly agree
that the level of corruption in Nigeria actually determines the performance of the civil service workers
especially in Enugu State, 100 respondents representing 29% of the total responses agree to it. the
remaining 20 respondents representing 6% objected to it.
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Question 2: The level of corruption in Nigeria affect the civil service especially in Enugu State?
Range Class/Levels Frequency Percentage
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
It is quite obvious form the table that levels of Nigeria do not affect the civil service system
especially in Enugu State with 180 respondents representing 53% of the total responses attesting to the
fact, while 110 respondents representing 32% of the total responses disagree to it. to the remaining 50
respondents representing 15% of the total responses agree to it.
Question 3: Do you agree that corruption affects the entire and the government of the day?
Range Frequency Percentage
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
180 respondents representing 53% of the responses strongly agreed that corruption affects the
entire society and the government of the day mostly in Enugu State while 100 respondents representing
29% of the responses agree to that, 30 respondents representing 29% strongly disagreed, 20 respondents
representing 9% strongly disagreed, 20 respondents representing 6% disagree and the remaining 10
respondents 3% where undecided as to whether corruption affects the entire society and the government of
the day.
Question 4: The Corruption in Enugu State Civil Service jeopardize the bureaucratic System?
Range Frequency Percentage
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
It Is quite obvious from the table that corruption in Enugu State Civil Service jeopardize the
bureaucratic system with 130 respondents representing 38% of the total responses attesting to this facts,
while 120 respondents representing 35% of the total responses agree to it, 40 respondents representing
12% of the total respondents strongly disagreed to it, while 30 respondents representing 9% disagreed. The
remaining 20 respondents representing 6% are undecided.
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Question 5: Dou you agree that civil service are responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service
and not the political leaders
Range Frequency Percentage
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
From the above table, it was observed that 60 respondents representing 18% strongly agree that
the civil service responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service and not the political leaders
while 40 respondents presenting 12% of the total responses agree to it, 130 respondents representing 38%
strongly disagree to civil service responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service and not the
political leaders lastly 110 respondents representing 32% disagree to it.
Question 6: Do you agree that corruption has led to a high degree of unproductively in Nigeria civil service
especially in Enugu State?
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
The above table shows that 190 respondents representing 56% of the view that corruption has led
to a high degree of unproductively in Nigeria civil service in Enugu State. While 10 respondents
representing 35% agree to it then study lastly, 30 respondents representing 9% disagree.
Test of Hypothesis In the course of this work, three hypotheses is put forward to give direction o r the already stated
hypothesis.
The chi-square (x2) statistical test was employed. The hypotheses is being tested , the formula for
chi-square (x2) and the decision rule were stated in chapter three of the research work. In testing the
hypothesis, the research used question.
Hypothesis 1
Ho: Corruption state civil service does not jeopardize the bureaucratic system.
Hi: Corruption in Enugu State civil service jeopardizes the bureaucratic system.
In testing hypothesis 1, the researcher used 4 in tables to determine the distribution.
Chi-square formula
∑ = Expected Frequency in corresponding
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Option O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2
E
Agree 120 68 52 2704 39.8
Strongly Disagree 40 68 -28 784 11.5
Disagree 30 68 -38 1444 21.5
Undecided 20 68 -48 2304 33.9
Total 340 X2 = 162.9
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
Critical Value = 4 at 0.05 of significance= 9.488
Decision: From the test if hypothesis one, the researcher accepted Hi because x2 is greater than the critical
value. Hi states that Nigeria corruption in Enugu State Civil Service jeopardizes the bureaucratic system.
Hypothesis II
Ho: Nigeria leaders are responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service and not the civil
servants.
Hi: Nigeria leaders are not responsible for the spread of corruption in the civil service and not the civil
servants.
In testing hypothesis 2, the researcher used question 5 in table 9 to determine the distribution.
Chi-square formula
Option O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2
E
Agree 40 -85 -45 2025 23.8
Strongly Disagree 130 -85 45 2025 23.8
Disagree 110 -85 25 625 7.4
Undecided - -85 - - -
Critical Value = 4 at 0.05 of significance= 9.488
Decision: From the test if hypothesis two, the researcher accepted Hi because x2 is greater than the critical
value.
Hypothesis III
Ho: Corruption in Enugu State does not affect the entire study and the government of the day.
Hi: Corruption in Enugu affects the entire study and the government of the day.
In testing hypothesis 3, the researcher used question 3 in table 9 to determine the distribution.
Chi-square formula
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Option O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2
E
Agree 100 68 32 1024 15.1
Strongly Disagree 30 68 -38 1444 21.2
Disagree 20 68 -48 2304 33.9
Undecided 10 68 -58 3364 49.5
Total 340 X2 = 3014.2
Source: Field Survey, 2019.
Critical Value = 4 at 0.05 of significance= 9.488
Decision: From the test if hypothesis Three, the researcher accepted Hi because x2 is greater than the
critical value. Hi states that corruption in Enugu State have affected the entire society and the government
of the day.
Conclusion
Having enumerated or discussed various causes and effects of corruption on Nigeria public service and
recommended ways to get them solved, it is now earnestly desired that the appropriate quarters involved
should mount campaign towards checking this dangerous trend in our society not minding the previous anti
corruption panel.
It is important that public servants in Nigeria begin to see the civil of corruption at this point in time
and try to avert it to save the public service of being described as a citadel of crime and un0ethnics. If our
officials can inculcate the fear of God in them, embrace principles and ethics and discard their mentality of
various character of our government can be sympathetic enough to detect the suffering of the poor masses
and if our conscience could be clear towards the improvements of the standard of living, when all these are
in existence in the public service we can talk of less corrupt government and public service which in effect
will lead to a hive of sign of relief in the Nigerian public service.
The paper recommendations
The study made some recommendations in order to get rid of these social maladies.
1. Actively ensuring that there is no opportunity to abuse offices. There is thus no better way of
fighting corruption than to shut down the avenue of corruption. The closure of such denied an
opportunity in the first in the instance, to the leadership to take advantage of their office to be
corrupt.
2. There is the adage that said “Absolute power corrupt absolutely” there is over centralization of
power in Nigeria. the nature of the political process in exorable produces corruption when the
state is high the cost is also high. The excessive centralization of resources makes the public
treasuring a tempting source of private accumulation hence the ruling class readily succumbs
to their temptation. There should be proper decentralization of power and resources.
3. There should be legislation planning a limit to private accumulation and enhancement in the
affected countries. Private accounts should be audited yearly to ensure probity and
accountability, money laundering should attract death sentence.
4. Public officer’s entitlement (Salaries and allowances) should be paid to them as at when due to
reduce the temptation of following back corrupt practices.
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5. A frantic effort should be made to change the value orientation of public officers who place
more importance and self environment than patriotism national unity and development.
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